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RF Basics, RF For Non-RF Engineers: Dag Grini Program Manager, Low Power Wireless Texas Instruments
RF Basics, RF For Non-RF Engineers: Dag Grini Program Manager, Low Power Wireless Texas Instruments
Dag Grini
Program Manager, Low Power Wireless
Texas Instruments
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 1
Agenda
Basics
Basic Building Blocks of an RF System
RF Parameters and RF Measurement
Equipment
Support / getting started
Rule of thumb:
Double the power = 3 dB increase
Half the power = 3 dB decrease
Europe:
433.050 434.790 MHz (ETSI EN 300 220)
863.0 870.0 MHz (ETSI EN 300 220)
2400 2483.5 MHz (ETSI EN 300 440 or ETSI EN 300 328)
Japan:
315 MHz (Ultra low power applications)
426-430, 449, 469 MHz (ARIB STD-T67)
2400 2483.5 MHz (ARIB STD-T66)
2471 2497 MHz (ARIB RCR STD-33)
TX
TX
RX
TX RX
TRX
TX
TX
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 8
RF Communication Systems
Half-duplex RF Systems
Operation mode of a radio communication system in which each end can
transmit and receive, but not simultaneously.
Note: The communication is bidirectional over the same frequency, but
unidirectional for the duration of a message. The devices need to be
transceivers. Applies to most TDD and TDMA systems.
Examples: Walkie-talkie, wireless keyboard mouse
Low Frequency
Information Signal
(Intelligence)
Modulator Amplifier
High Frequency
Carrier
Communication
Channel
Receiver
Demodulator Output
Amplifier Amplifier
(detector) transducer
analog
baseband
digital
signal
data digital analog
101101001 modulation modulation Radio Transmitter
radio
carrier
analog
baseband
digital
signal
analog synchronization data
demodulation decision 101101001 Radio Receiver
radio
carrier
Source: Lili Qiu
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
t
Source: Lili Qiu
Frequency separation
= 2 x df
Various types:
Low Power crystals (32.768 kHz)
Used with sleep modes on e.g. System-on-Chips
Crystals
Thru hole
Tuning fork
SMD
Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillators (TCXO)
Temperature stability some narrowband applications
Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillators (VCXO)
Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillators (OCXO)
Extremely stable 2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 22
Balun & Matching
Differential signal
SI 20
GND 19
DGUARD 18
RBIAS 17
10 XOSC_Q2
8 XOSC_Q1
6 GDO0
9 AVDD
7 CSn
Whip antennas
Expensive (unless piece of wire)
Good performance
Hard to fit in may applications
Chip antennas
Expensive
OK performance
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 24
Antennas
The antenna is VERY important if long range is
important
CC2420 ANT
TX path
CC2420EM CC2420EM
PA w/PA
RF_P
TX/RX Switch LP filter TX/RX Switch TX current 17.4 mA 30.8 mA
RF_N BALUN RX current 19.7 mA 19.7 mA
RX path
TXRX_SWITCH
Output 0 dBm 9.5 dBm
power
Sensitivity -94 dBm -93.1 dBm
Control
logic and Line of 230 meter 580 meter
bias
network Sight Range
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 27
Radio Range Free Space Propagation
How much loss can we have between TX and RX?
Pt Gt Gr 2
Pr = Pt + Gt + Gr + 20 log 20 log d or Pr =
4 ( 4 ) 2 2
d
Rule of Thumb:
6 dB improvement ~ twice the distance
Double the frequency ~ half the range
433 MHz longer range than 868 MHz
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 29
Radio Range Important Factors
Factors
Antenna (gain, sensitivity to body effects etc.)
Sensitivity
Output power
Radio pollution (selectivity, blocking, IP3)
Environment (Line of sight, obstructions, reflections,
multipath fading)
c c
IF
o Wanted signal Down-converted bands
Wanted signal
consist of two overlapping
LO signal (with phase noise) spectra, with the wanted
Interferer signal suffering from
significant noise due to
the tail of the interferer
o IF
Wanted signal
Interferer end up within the IF bandwidth and cannot be filtered out
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 32
Phase Noise
Transmitters:
Transmitters
Nearby transmitter
Ideal oscillator
Frequency
Bad Good
Frequency
Low phase noise key parameter for low ACP
ETSI: Absolute ACP requirement (dBm),
ARIB: Relative (dBc)
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 35
Receiver, Co-channel Rejection
How good is the receiver at handling interferers at
same frequency?
Co-channel rejection, CC1020/CC1021 : -11dB
Test method: Modulated interferer
Wanted signal 3 dB above sensitivity limit
Co-channel rejection in dB
Frequency
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 36
Receiver Selectivity
ACR = Adjacent Channel Rejection or
ACS = Adjacent Channel Selectivity
Adjacent channel
Frequency
Channel separation
Selectivity
Desired channel
Frequency
IF-frequency
CC1000
No image rejection IF
CC1020
Image rejection
IF 2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 41
Receiver Sensitivity
How to achieve good RF sensitivity?
LC
Poor linearity (IP3) RF_P
Poor blocking/selectivity
Removes the losses in the
SAW filter
(narrowband) LPF
T/R Switch
Blocking/linearity not changed RF_OUT
Input Data
Output Data
Channel Communication Channel
Modulator Demodulator
Encoder Channel Decoder
Spreading Spreading
Code Code
Pseudorandom Pseudorandom
Noise Noise
-10
-20
-30
1AVG 1SA
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
Center 2.45 GHz 1 MHz/ Span 10 MHz
Power
Power
Power 1 2
Frequency
2006 Texas Instruments Inc, Slide 54
Agenda
Basics
Basic Building Blocks of an RF System
RF Parameters and RF Measurement
Equipment
Support / getting started
Questions?
Products Applications
Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Audio www.ti.com/audio
Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Automotive www.ti.com/automotive
DSP dsp.ti.com Broadband www.ti.com/broadband
Interface interface.ti.com Digital Control www.ti.com/digitalcontrol
Logic logic.ti.com Military www.ti.com/military
Power Mgmt power.ti.com Optical Networking www.ti.com/opticalnetwork
Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security
RFID www.ti-rfid.com Telephony www.ti.com/telephony
Low Power www.ti.com/lpw Video & Imaging www.ti.com/video
Wireless
Wireless www.ti.com/wireless
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265
Copyright 2007, Texas Instruments Incorporated