CHAPTER 1
Scientist: Exploring basic knowledge in the field of physics,
chemistry, biology, geography etc. study the world.
Engineer: Application of applied science, applied
mathematics for the creation of economically viable goods.
Create the world that never has been.
Engineering: Profession like medicine, law, etc. that aspires
to high standards of conduct and recognizes its
responsibility to the general public.
Roles Of Engineer
Research-explore, discover and apply new principles
Development -transform ideas or concepts into
production processes
Design-link the generation of ideas and the production
Production and testing -manufacture and assemble
components or products
Sales-market engineering products
Operations -maintain equipment and facilities
Management -optimize the use of resources (equipment,
labour, finances)
Education-teach engineering principles in university and
industrial settings
Consulting -provide specialized engineering services the
clients. May work alone or in partnership other engineers.
Construction-prior to construction organizes bids, during
construction supervises certain components of process
Quality Of Engineer
Character:
Honesty & Integrity (virtues)
Responsibility (reliability)
Skills & knowledge:
Technical knowledge (eng. Knowledge)
Analytical skills (analyse prob)
Computation skills (presents idea, technical drawing, IT
tools,CAD,CIM)
Communication skills (convey,express idea)
Successful factors to be a Manager
Performance
Personality
Communication Skills
Human Relation Skills
Make Tough Decisions
Work Experience
Self-Control
Technical Skills/Ability
Health and Energy Level
Personal Appearance
IEM
Institution of Engineers Malaysia is a professional learned
society for the aspiring engineering students and practicing
engineers to work together for the betterment of the
engineering profession.
CHAPTER 2
Purpose Of Engineers Act 1967
To protect public by legislative control so that the practice
of engineering, which has a bearing public on public
safety, health and welfare can only be carried out by
licensed professional engineers.
To create regulatory body with mandate to carry out
licensing of professional engineers and regulation of the
profession.
To set regulations pertaining to the practice of
engineering qualifications for licensing and code of
professional conduct for registered engineers.
To maintain public confident in the standard of service
provided by licensed professional engineers.
Steps Prof Eng W Practicing Certificate
Register graduate engineer - BEM
Register graduate member - (IEM)
At least has 3 min relevant work experiences provide
together with the log book scheme at least once a month
mentor sign
Attend professional interview - IEM
Get IEM corporate member
Attend professional competency examination (PCE) -BEM
Being professional engineer
Continue professional development
Attend professional competency examination (PCE) -BEM
Get professional engineer w practicing cert
1) REGISTRATION
Under The Registration Of Engineers Act 1967(Act 138)
And Subsequent Amendments, The Most Recent Being Year
2002, It Is A Requirement Of The Law That Any Person
Providing Engineering Services Be A Qualified Person And
Registered With The Board Of Engineers Malaysia. This
Requirement Extends To Foreigners Who Are Required To
Seek Registration As Temporary Engineers.
Do's
An engineering graduate with accredited engineering
degree must register with the board of engineers to take up
employment
Donts
1.1 Should not be the submitting person for designs
beyond his/her area of competency
1.2 Should not endorse his PE stamp and sign on reports or
plans not prepared by him.
1.3 Should not enter into partnership with any party not
permitted under the engineers act.
1.4 An engineering consultancy practice should not provide
professional services in any branch of engineering where
none of its directors are registered to practise in that
branch of engineering.
1.5 Engineer must not practise in the branch of engineering
he is not registered in
 Professional competency
examination (PCE) - BEM
Professional Engineering w
Practicing
2) CONSULTANCY
In The Registration Of Engineers Act 1967(Revised
2002), Provision Is Included For The Registration Of
Accredited Checkers And The Requirement Of
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Beginning
Year 2005.
Do's
2.1 Engineer should be transparent and receptive to
peer review or checking of his work if
requested/required by the client/authorities.
2.2 A checker engineer must be open to the views and
design concept of the original designer and in areas of
disagreement, the checker must give justification for his
disagreement.
2.3 A checker engineer should take full responsibility for
the checking of the work himself.
2.4 Engineer should undertake continuing professional
development to enhance his knowledge and capability.
2.5 An employer engineer should ensure that his
employee engineers are bona fide engineers registered
with BEM.
2.6 An engineer should report unethical practice to
BEM.
2.7 An engineer who is a submitting person must ensure
the accuracy and be responsible for all works delegated
to others by him.
2.8 An engineer should make optimum use of manpower,
materials and money.
2.9 An engineer should be aware of government
requirement to use local materials, wherever possible.
Donts
2.1 A checker engineer should not accept checking of
work not within his area of competency as well as work
that he is not familiar with.
2.2 An engineering consultant should not carry out
projects for fees below the minimum outlined in the scale
of fees.
2.3 Should not endorse any work not performed and/or
supervised by him.
2.4 An engineer should not supplant another engineer.
2.5 Should not compromise on public safety.
2.6 Should not offer his opinion on engineering matters
unless he has full facts to support the opinion.
2.7 Should not base his design on unsubstantiated data,
for example designing foundation without soil
investigation.
2.8 Should not have any conflict of interest whatsoever in
connection with the work he is undertaking unless prior
approval from BEM and client are obtained.
2.9 Should not accept work outside his regular work
without the expressed permission of his employer.
3) SUPERVISION 5) CODE OF ETHICS
The Supervision Of Works Designed By The Submitting All Engineers Are Expected To Uphold The Integrity Of
Engineer Is A Requirement Under The Uniform Building The Profession By Behaving In A Manner Expected Of Him
By-Law 5 (UBBL 5). This by law states That Supervision In The Code Of Conduct Of Engineers.
Must Be Provided By The Submitting Engineer To Ensure Do's
That The Works Carried Out Are As Intended In the 5.1 An engineer must be conversant with the code of
Design. Delegation Of Supervision Is Permitted But The conduct of engineers.
Responsibility Of This Supervision Still Rests With The 5.2 An engineer must understand the need for
Submitting Engineer. responsibility and liability as stipulated in the code of
Do's conduct.
3.1 An engineer who is the submitting person should be 5.3 An engineer must respond promptly to complaints
responsible for the project regardless of whether it is self- and enquiries by clients /authorities.
supervised and/or delegated supervision. Donts
3.2 Must be meticulously proper and correct in 5.1 An engineer should not solicit/ tout.
certification of works. 5.2 An engineer should not knowingly mislead the public
3.3 Must be familiar with and knowledgeable in the work by giving misrepresented information so as to gain
he is to supervise. commercial advantage/mileage.
3.4 An employer engineer shall ensure that his staff 5.3 An engineer should not respond to an open
undergoes regular and proper skills-training. advertisement to bid for provision of professional service
3.5 An engineer supervising a project shall keep proper if such provision for the service requires bidding fees or
records of all documents and correspondence pertaining equivalent as is usually imposed on contractors.
to the project. 5.4 An engineer should avoid favouritism among vendors
3.6 Must be conversant with time and cost implications in and other suppliers.
the issuance of any instruction.
3.7 Must not over or under certify progress of works.
3.8 Must not make wrongful certifications.
Donts CHAPTER 3
3.1 Must not certify work not within his expertise.
3.2 Must not accept site supervisory staff who are not
qualified or are incompetent.
3.3 Must not delay approvals without justification.
3.4 Must not intentionally delay inspection of works.
4) REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
All Engineers Registered With The Board Of Engineers
Malaysia Must Be Familiar With The Requirements Of The
Registration Of Engineers Act 1967(Act 138) And Its
Subsequent Amendments. Ignorance Of The
Requirements Of This Act Is No Defensein The Courts Of
Law In Malaysia.
DO'S
4.1 An engineer should notify the relevant authorities
(within reasonable/statutory time limit) on changes in
designs or withdrawal of services. Issues involved in understanding ethical problems can be
4.2 An engineer should submit completed forms in time divided into three(3) categories:
for inspection and approval for certificate of fitness / A. Factual
certificate of completion and compliance. B. Conceptual
4.3 An engineer should be aware of environmental, health C. Moral
and safety matters during and after construction.
4.4 An engineer should ensure that environmental, health
and safety measures are implemented as per drawings
and specifications
DONTS
4.1 An engineer should not allow works to proceed before
plans are submitted to and/or approved by the relevant
authorities.
4.2 An engineer should not undertake a project for which
the client is not going to fulfil statutory requirements.
Factual Issue
What is actually known about a case(what the facts are
always clear)
Resolved through research to establish the truth
May be controversial
Example: Global warming is of great concern to society as
we continue to emit greenhouse gaseous into atmosphere
Conceptual Issues
The meaning or applicability of an idea
Resolved by agreeing on the meaning of terms and
concepts
Like factual issues, conceptual issues are not always clear-
cut and will often result in controversy as well
In engineering ethics:
Defining what constitutes a bribe as opposed to an
acceptable gift
Determining whether certain business information is
proprietary
Moral Issues
Once the factual and conceptual issues have been
resolved, all that remains is to determine which moral
principle is applicable to the situation
Finally, moral issue are resolved by agreement as to:
Which moral principles are pertinent
How they should be applied
Often, all that is required to solve a particular ethical
problem is a deeper analysis of the issues involved
according to appropriate principles
Once the issues are analysed and agreement is reached
on the applicable moral principles, it is clear what the
resolution should be made
Problem Solving Techniques
Identification:
Recognize/acknowledge a state of conflict
Identify source of conflict and stakeholders
Analysis:
Investigation, facts
Alternatives, ranking
Action:
Deciding on and initiating a course of action/resolution
Crisis Management
Crisis is defined as an event that by its nature or its
consequences:
Constitutes a threat to vital national interests or to the
essential needs of the population;
Prompts rapid decision making;
Demands coordination between different departments
and organisations
COMMON FEATURES OF A CRISIS
The situation materialises unexpectedly
Decisions are required urgently Cures for Corruption
Time is short
Specific threats are identified
Urgent demands for information are received
There is sense of loss of control
Pressures build over time
Routine business become increasingly difficult
Demands are made to identify someone to blame
Outsiders take an unaccustomed interest
Reputation suffers
Communications difficult to manage
Crisis Management
Crisis Management: Prevents a crisis from becoming a
catastrophe.
Crisis management can be defined as a system or
methodology of solving crisis situations. We can be sure
that the actual crisis situation will differ from our
expectation.
Purpose of crisis management:
Prevention
Survival
Successful outcomes
Crisis Planning
Assess risks
Produce plans
Define roles and responsibilities
Appoint crisis management team
Draw up communication plan
Produce contact and organisation chart
Promote crisis-ready culture
Publish plans and conduct training
Test, review and practise
Definition Corruption
Giving or obtaining advantage through means which are
illegitimate, immoral, and inconsistent with ones duty or
the rights of others.
The misuse of entrusted power for private gain.
Behaviour that deviates from the formal rule, regarding
motives such as wealth, power or status.
Perversion or destruction of integrity in the discharge of
public duties by bribery or favour.
Cause Of Corruption
Absolute authority
Ineffective and overburdened legal system
Ineffective anti-corruption mechanisms
Inadequate enforcement
Lack of employment
Privatization, Liberalization and Globalization
Diminishing values in the society
Lack of awareness
Lack of effective management
Low literacy rate
Lack of effective political leadership
Backwardness and poverty
Authority and power in wrong hands
Loyalty and Patriotism
Transparency appointment and admissions
Declaration of wealth and assets
Dedicated and diligent political leaders
Coordination and control of agencies
Social organisation
Definition Of Bribery Whistle Blowing
One of the many gray areas of engineering ethics: Involves calling(public) attention to wrong doing,
The acceptance of gifts from vendors typically in order to avert harm.
The offering of gifts to customer to secure business It is attempt by a member or former member of an
The difficulty: organization to disclose wrong doing in or by the
The potential for gifts to become bribes or to be perceived organization.
of as bribes Type Of Web
There is a fine line between bribery and a simple gift Internal Whistle blowing:
Example Bribery: Made to someone within the organization
Offered to someone in position of trust in order to induce Personal whistle blowing:
him to act dishonestly Blowing the whistle on the offender, here the charge is
Something, such as money or favour not against the organization or system but against one
Something offered to influence/persuade individual
Consequence/effect of BRIBERY Impersonal whistle blowing:
Bribery corrupts our free-market economic system and is Rarely whistle-blower are honoured as heroes by their
anticompetitive fellow workers for following reasons,
Bribery does not reward the most efficient producer They did not blow the whistle guilty of immorality
Bribery is sell out to the rich They doubt the loyalty of the whistle blower to the
Bribery corrupts justice and public policy by allowing rich employer
people to make all the rules The whistle-blower perceived as traitor, who
Bribery treats people as commodities that can be bought damages the organization
and sold
Definition Of Conflict Of Interest
A situation that has the potential to undermine the
impartiality of a person because of the possibility of clash
between the persons self-interest and professional
interest or public interest.
Significant and pervasive financial, familial or personal
interest, which poses an impermissible conflict with the
relevant public interest that he or she has a duty to
protect.
A conflict of interest occurs when an individual involve in
multiple interests, one of which could possible corrupt the
motivation.
It creates appearance of impropriety that can undermine
confidence in his or her impartiality or sincerity.
Conflict of interest could impair an individuals ability to
perform his or her duties and responsibilities objectively
Definition Of Plagiarism
Plagiarisms the act of presenting the words, ideas, images,
sounds or creative expression of others as your own.
Act of stealing and passing off the ideas or words of
another as your own.
For an example, when you are writing a report, and you
research some information. If you copy or even
paraphrase, it called as plagiarism
How to Avoid Plagiarism:
Take notes and keep them organized
Give other people credit
In-text and In-project credit
For paraphrases and summaries too
Cite any sources that you use
Double check your sources and ensure that you wrote
down the information correctly
 CHAPTER 4
SD is an approach that will permit continuing improvements
in the quality of life with a lower intensity of resource use,
thereby leaving behind for future generations an
undiminished or even enhanced stock of natural resources
and other assets.
Three Approaches
Economic: Maximize income while maintaining a constant
or increasing stock of capital
Ecological: Maintaining resilience and robustness of
biological and physical systems
Socio-cultural: Maintaining the stability of social and
cultural systems
1. Environment
biodiversity
materials
energy
biophysical interactions
2. Economy
money and capital
employment
technological growth
investment
market forces
3. Society
human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)
equity (dependence / independence)
quality of life
institutional structures and organization
political structures
Sustainability: PROBLEMS
Depletion of finite resources
fuels, soil, minerals, species
Over-use of renewable resources
forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds
Pollution
air, water, soil
Inequity
economic, political, social, gender
Species loss
endangered species and spaces-WCED
Nine Ways To Achieve Sustainability:
1. Leave everything in pristine state, or return it to pristine
state
2. Develop so as to not overwhelm carrying capacity of the
system
3. Sustainability will take care of itself as economic growth
proceeds (Kuznets)
4. Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution by
themselves (Coase)
5. Let the market take care of it!
6. Internalize externalities
7. Reinvest rents for non-renewable resources
8. Let the national economic accounting systems reflect
defensive expenditures
9. Leave for future generations the options or the capacity to
be as well off as we are