ISBN:

978-960-88816-8-6 (SET)
978-960-88816-7-9 (.2)

THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREECE

(HELLENIC CHAPTER OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION
OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS-IAH)

CONTACT: Konstantinos Voudouris, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,

Dept. of Geology,University campus, GR 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
E-mail: kvoudour@geo.auth.gr


.

All scientific papers in the proceedings of the Congress have been evaluated
and approved for publishing by the Scientific Committee.

2


(, )
1
A.*, 2 ., 2 . 2 .
1
(.....)-
(.....), . 1, 136 77,
, , arvanitis@igme.gr
2
....., , 1 & ,
546 26, , kolios@agrecofarm.gr, matzem@thes.igme.gr

: , , , ,
, .

,
( ), 50 oC. 1981-90 -
, 2 Km2, -
34-51 oC 50-110 m. 2002 2006,
. -
. 5 -
(-1, -2, -3, -4, -5), 108-320 m,
21,8-40,7 oC, . -
.
-1, -4 -5 -
(-67), 130 m, -
T, , k S.
31-54 oC. Na-SO4HCO3 , . -
-
. - -
, .
-1, -4 -5 2,83 MWt, -
(-67, -5 -6) 9,29 MWt.

GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION FOR DELIMITING

THE NEA APOLLONIA GEOTHERMAL FIELD
(MACEDONIA, NORTHERN GREECE)

ARVANITIS A.*, KOLIOS N., KOUTSINOS S. and ATZEMOGLOU A.

Keywords: Volvi, Faults, Vertical electrical soundings, Wells, Pumping tests, Hydrochemistry.

Abstract
The Nea Apollonia geothermal field is situated at the SW side of Lake Volvi (Mygdonia basin).
Thermal springs (Loutra Volvi) with a temperature of 50 oC occur in this area. The main zone of
geothermal interest has been identified since the period 1981-1990. It covers an area of 2 Km2
with water temperatures of 34-51 oC at depths of 50-110 m. From July 2002 to June 2006,
additional exploration works were carried out for delimiting this low enthalpy geothermal field.
The water temperature measured at existing wells in the wider area ranged between 13.3 and
43 C. Geoelectrical surveys were performed for detecting buried faults and displacements of
the basement blocks in the area. Five large-diameter wells (-1, -2, -3, -4, -

10o / , 2014 25

25
5) were drilled to depths of 108-320 m and waters of 21.8-40.7 oC were found within the basal
conglomerates and the fractured basement. Temperature inversions were observed inside wells
-2, -4 and -5 indicating lateral water flows. Pumping tests were performed in four
of the wells (-1, -4, -5 and -67) in order to measure the pumped water
temperature (31-54 oC) and estimate the critical discharges Qc and the hydraulic parameters of
the thermal aquifers (fractured bedrock, conglomerates, gravels and pebbles). The geothermal
waters with T.D.S 1.2 g/L are of Na-SO4HCO3 type. The maximum geothermal anomaly is
located at the Loutra Volvi area. The intensity of this geothermal anomaly is reduced towards
the east and southeast. Thus, it can be inferred that the W-E trending fault system is not the
main responsible for the creation of the local hydrothermal system. It could, however, contribute
to the extension of geothermal anomaly eastwards. It seems probable that the geothermal system
in this area has been generated by the NW-SE-trending fault, which connects the geothermal
fields of Nea Apollonia and Nymfopetra (NW side of Lake Volvi) under the lake. The installed
thermal capacity of new wells -1, -4 and -5 is calculated to be 2.83 MWt. The use
of other three wells ((-67, -5 and -6) can add 9.29 MWt. The above-mentioned
exploration works resulted in the delimitation of the Nea Apollonia geothermal field and its
official characterization as proven low temperature geothermal field (June 2009).

1.
( )
( ) 48-50 oC. ,
(T>38 oC), , ,
.
1981-1990 ...., ,
2 m2, 1,5 m 500 m .
o
34-51 C 50-110 m ( 1991).
1996, 3 m . -
1996,

, (-5), 27 m, -
(-5, -6), 37-40 m, ( ..
1997). .
2002 2006 ,
.... -
. -
, -
, , ,
, , , -
, -
( ..
2006).

2. ,
.
( 1). -
, -
- (
). ,
, , , , ,
. , ,
( ) , -
,

26 10th International Hydrogeological Congress of Greece / Thessaloniki, 2014

26
 , .
, -
. -
( , , , , ),
( ) .
. , ,
( ) () -
6 m , -
. , ,
0,5-8 m, 40 m , -
.
.
(CaCO3) SiO2
(.. 5%)
(Traganos et al. 1995).

1: (), 2: (), 3: ,
(), 4: (), 5: (-
), 6: ( ), 7: -
, (), 8:
, 9: (. - . ), 10: (. -
- . ), 11: ( - ), 12: -
( - ), 13:
( -), 14:
(), 15: , (-
), 16: -- (), 17:
, 18: , 19: , 20: , 21: , 22: , 23:

1. ( 1978,,
).
Figure 1. Geological map of the wider area of Nea Apollonia ( 1978,; some faults have
been added).

, ( )
.
, .

10o / , 2014 27

27
 , ,
, (, , -
, ) .
,
, , ,
( .. 1997).
.
,
-, ,
, .
-
( 1). - ,
- - ,
.

3.

, -
. , (
) 130 100 m 34,7
43 oC . , 41-130 m
25-34 oC. 750 m , 24,8oC
95 m. . --- . ,
, (16-150 m)
13,3-19,5 oC, -
20,1 oC 70 m . .
. , 16,8-17,8 oC.

4. -
- 2003,
, , -
. 24 =2000 m,
- -.
.
-. , -.
. -
( ) . -
,
- ,
. .
, .
300 m -
.
, .
.
-
.
.
, - ,
.
, -

28 10th International Hydrogeological Congress of Greece / Thessaloniki, 2014

28
 -
.

5. (-)
20/10/2003 15/7/2004, 5
(-), 108-320 m,
21,8-40,7 oC, (.
2).

2.
.
Figure 2. The proven low temperature geothermal field of Nea Apollonia with the locations of
the exploration and production wells.

-1, =0449792 =4500012 ( 87)

95 m, 320 m : ,
(0-45 m), (45-100 m), -
(100-148 m), (148-156 m), (156-240 290-320 m)
(240-290 m). 10 3/4(0-117,6 m) 6
5
/8(102-320 m) 160-163, 175-182 272-320 m, .
117,6 m
. 52 m (10/2/2004).
23,6, 26,6, 30, 30,8, 32,1 32,9 oC 60, 100, 150,
200, 250 310,1 m . 630, 693, 970,
1300, 1344, 1384 1396 S/cm 60, 100, 110, 150, 200, 250 310,1 m .
-2, =0451049 =4500380 ( 87)
45 m, 126 m : (0-9 m),
(9-28 m), (28-32 m),
(32-35,5 m), (35,5-55 m),
(55-114 m) (114-126 m).
18(0-6 m), 10 3/4(0-39 m), 6 5/8(0-107 m) 4(102-126 m), -

10o / , 2014 29

29
 102-126 m,
. 107 m
. 8,3 m (19/10/2004).
24,1, 25,6, 26,5, 26,1, 25,1 24,5oC 10,
35, 50-55, 70, 90 100 m .
55 m, (26,5 C)
50-55 m. .
. -
,
840, 886, 896, 886, 854 845 S/cm .
-3, =0452325 =4499783 ( 87)
53 m, 192 m : (0-
12 m), (12-18 m), (18-30 m),
(30-48 m), (48-54 m),
(54-90 m),
(90-180 m) (180-192 m).
18(0-6 m) 6 5/8(0-192 m) 120-
126, 132-138, 144-150, 156-162, 168-174 180-186 m, .
92 m.
.
13,6 m (20/10/2004). 17,3, 18,7, 20,7,
21,8 21,8 oC 15, 50, 100, 130 190 m .
130 m
,
21,8 oC.
, 620 548 S/m
40 60 m, 548 760 S/cm 60-130 m
760 S/cm >130 m. -4, =0450602
=4500141 ( 87) 63 m, 108 m :
(0-12 m), (12-24 m),
, (24-42 m), (42-48 m),
(48-66 m), (66-78 m), -
(78-90 m) (90-108 m).
18(0-6 m) 6 5/8(0-108 m), 54-
102 m, . 35
m.
. 27 m (19/10/2004). -
38, 40,2, 39,9, 39,5, 39 38,8 oC 30, 55, 75, 90, 100
108 m . 38 40,2 oC
55 m, 40,2 oC 55 70 m
40,2 38,8 oC 70 108 m.
, (1650-1748 S/m)
30-50 m (1747-1769 S/cm) 50 105 m (
1769 S/cm 90 m). -5,
=0450394 =4500213 ( 87) 56 m, 126 m
: (0-6 m), ,
(6-36 m), (36-80 m),
(80-116 m) (116-126 m). -
6 5/8(0-126 m), 78-108 m,
. 50 m.
19,2 m (19/10/2004). -
30,5, 39,4, 40,7, 38,5 37,2 oC 20, 50, 75, 100 125 m .
30,5 40,6 oC 20 70 m,

30 10th International Hydrogeological Congress of Greece / Thessaloniki, 2014

30
 40,6-40,7 oC 70-75 m 40,7 37,2
o
C 75 125 m.
, 60-75 m.
-
. , 1312 1645 S/m 20-75 m -
1360 S/cm 125 m,
25 m. ,
-1 (32,9oC 310,1 m), -4 (40,2 oC 55-70 m)
-5 (40,7 oC 75 m),
-. -4 -5
, .
-2 -3 26,5 oC 21,8 oC
, 21,8 oC
-3.

6.

-
-1, -4 -5.
.
() -1
Qc >40 m3/h, 24 Q=35
m3/h T=8,0910-4 m2/sec,
K=1,39510-5 m/sec, k=1,115 darcy
S=5,64310-4.
.
31 oC. 15,95
m ( 53 68,95 m) 24 Q=35 m3/h. -
4, Qc >50 m3/h, 24 Q=50 m3/h
T=1,9610-3 m2/sec, K=4,08310-5 m/sec, k=2,739
darcy S=1,5210-3. ( -
)
. 40 oC
. 9,83 m ( 28,80
38,63 m) 24 Q=50 m3/h. -5 Qc
>50 m3/h ( ) T=1,88410-3 m2/sec, K=6,2810-5 m/sec, k=4,212 darcy
S=6,5710-3 (24 Q=50 m3/h).

. -4, ,
. -
40 oC.
9,33 m ( 20,35 29,68 m) 24 Q=50 m3/h.
-1, -4 -5,
-67, 130 m ( 120 m),
( 2), 35 m -
=0449470 =4500694 ( 87).
17-22/6/2005 (0-30 m), (30-48, 54-60 m), (48-
54 m) (60-130 m). 8 30-48, 54-60,
66-72, 78-90 108-114 m. 24 Q=45
m3/h, 9,30 m ( 4,75 14,05 m)
T=1,20410-3 m2/sec, K=2,50810-5 m/sec, k=1,328 darcy
S=9,18510-3. -

10o / , 2014 31

31

. 54 oC.
57 oC.
... 1997 5
6 ( 2), 40 37 m, ,
, Qc =100 m3/h T:
2,5410-2 m2/sec 3,7010-2 m2/sec S: 5,3010-2 1,5310-2,
54-55 48-50 oC .
, =4,2310-2 m2/sec S=3,41 10-2,
( .. 1997). 4, 130 m,
1988 ,
, ( 1990), Q=58
m3/h T=1,0910-1 m2/sec, K=2,310-3 m/sec S=9,710-2,
48 oC ( 1989).

7.
-, , -
( 1)
( 3).

1. -1, -2, -
3, -4, -5 -67
Table 1. Results of chemical analyses of waters from wells -1, -2, -3, -4, -
5 and -67 in the Nea Apollonia geothermal field
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -67
T (oC) 31,0 24,5 21,8 40,0 40,0 54,0
(S/cm) 897 845 817 1368 1238 1685
pH 8,30 9,15 7,78 7,89 7,84 7,50
.D.S. (mg/L) 668,9 508,1 530,7 977,1 845,2 1025,4
Na+ (mg/L) 190,0 180,0 150,0 310,0 260 310
K+ (mg/L) 5,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 6,0 7,0
Ca2+ (mg/L) 33,0 4,1 25,1 24,9 23,2 19,1
Mg2+ (mg/L) 4,9 0,97 8,12 0,5 1,5 1,5
Li+ (mg/L) --- < 0,010 < 0,100 --- --- ---
Mn2+ (mg/L) 0,111 0,035 0,064 0,068 0,034 0,027
Sr2+ (mg/L) --- < 0,010 0,000 --- --- ---
NH4+ (mg/L) 1,04 0,035 0,044 0,076 0,078 0,076
Cl- (mg/L) 31,9 42,6 46,1 42,6 39,0 39,0
HCO3- (mg/L) 313,5 295,2 268,4 297,7 302,6 353,8
CO32- (mg/L) 4,8 10,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
SO42- (mg/L) 205,0 87,0 148,0 398,0 328,5 433,5
F- (mg/L) --- 9,15 5,3 17,5 2,1 ---
Br- (mg/L) --- < 0,010 < 0,100 --- --- ---
I- (mg/L) --- < 0,010 < 0,100 --- --- ---
NO3- (mg/L) 0,0 < 0,001 1,70 0,00 0,00 0,00
NO2- (mg/L) < 0,001 < 0,001 0,031 0,001 0,018 0,009
SiO2 (mg/L) 39,4 24,3 9,3 31,7 36,5 41,8
B (mg/L) --- 0,50 0,30 --- --- ---
Fe (mg/L) 0,025 0,003 0,082 0,002 0,020 0,083
Al (mg/L) --- --- --- < 0,10 --- ---
As (g/L) --- --- < 1,0 < 1,0 < 1,0 ---

32 10th International Hydrogeological Congress of Greece / Thessaloniki, 2014

32
 Davis and De Wiest (1966),
Na-SO4HCO3 (T.D.S.d1,2 g/L). -
(15,4-16,5 oC), , Ca,Mg-HCO3
T.D.S. 0,3-0,46 g/L. (16,2-26,6 oC)
T.D.S. 0,3-0,7 g/L, Na-HCO3, Ca,Na-HCO3 Ca,Mg,Na-HCO3
,
. -3 (21,8 oC), Na-SO4HCO3
.

SO42- (72,5-447,5 mg/L),

. SO42-
(34S, 18O) -
,
( 1994). -
()
, SO42- Ca2+, HCO3- Mg2+, () -
-
, ()
.
F- ( 21,5 mg/L),
(.. ) .
. Na+, K+,
SiO2, SO42-, Li+, B, Sr2+ F- Ca2+ Mg2+ -
, . -
Wateq-f (Truesdell and Jones 1974) pCO2
(, ),
CO2 (10-0,5 10-3,5 atm). -
( ) (CaCO3), -
Langelier (-0,44 +0,77)
(tt30 oC). , Ryznar 6,76 7,98 -
( ). ,
, (SI: 0,14-0,78). -
(222Rn) 1361-2297 pCi/l ( )
. (226Ra) -
0,8-1,9 pCi/l. U (<0,005 mg/L). -
. -

(Jackelen et al. 1986; Vatseris 1992; 1994).
SiO2, Na/K, Na-K-Ca, Na-Li, K-Mg Li-Mg
, -
80-100oC. 100-110oC
.. (1994),
18
O(SO4-H2O), 80oC (1990, 1991). -
-5 -6, (>95%) N2. ,
H2S (3,4-250 ppm) ,
-
, ,
,
( .. 2001).

10o / , 2014 33

33
8.
.
. ,

3. ,
Piper.
Figure 3. Plotting the results of chemical analyses of the geothermal, sub-thermal and cold wa-
ters from the Nea Apollonia area on a trilinear diagram according to Piper.

, -

. To 2013,
57 (5,7 ha) 4,03 MWt -
43,4 TJ/yr. , ,
4000 m2, -
57oC (Andritsos et al. 2013). -

. -1, -4 -5, -
31-40oC 40-50 m3/h,
Q=2426855 kcal/h, 2,83 MWt -
(0,51 MWt -1, 1,16 MWt -4 1,16 MWt -5).
-67, -5 -6, , -
9,29 MWt (1,76 MWt -67, 4,04 MWt -5 3,49 MWt -

34 10th International Hydrogeological Congress of Greece / Thessaloniki, 2014

34
6) (50,3-55 oC)
(45-100 m3/h). 1,81 MWt
4 ( 47 oC, 58 m3/h). ,
20 oC. ,
11.988.896 kcal/h, -
13,93 MWt.

9. -
-. -
: (i)
55-57 oC, -
-, - - (ii)
-
. , -
-
(- -) (iii) - -,
-, -
, .
,
.
(, , ) -
,
(iv)
, . ,
, (, 1987).

. (, 1991), -
(. ) , -
- ,
, -
.
. , -
-
, -
- -, -,

(v)
-
- -
. , , - -
.
,

. , - -
,
. 2002-2006
(1981-1990),
-
.
4,5 Km2 ( 1058/./2-6-2009). 2 -
, -
( 87) .

10o / , 2014 35

35
10.
Andritsos, N., Arvanitis, A., Dalabakis, P., Karytsas, C., Mendrinos, D., Papachristou, M. (2013).
Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Greece. European Geothermal Congress 2013,
Pisa, Italy, 3-7 June 2013, EGC2013_CUR-14, 10 p.
, ., , I. (1989).
- 3, 4
. . ...., . , .
Davis, S.N., De Wiest, R.J.M. (1966). Hydrogeology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
, ., , ., , . (2001). -
.
( , ). ( 9
, , 2001), XXXIV/5: 1801-1809.
.... (1978). , 1:50.000, -
, .
.... (1978). , 1:50.000, ,
.
Jackelen, H.P., Loehnert, E.P., Papakonstantinou, A. (1986). Natural tracers (chemical parame-
ters and environmental isotopes) in groundwater of the Western Chalkidiki Peninsula (Greece).
Reprinted from Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Underground Water
Tracing, IGME, Athens, 59-73.
, ., , ., , ., , . (2006).
. . ...., -
, , ,
, , .
, ., Michelot, L., , . (1994). -
: . 7 -
(/, 1994), XXX/4:
221-230.
, ., , . (1994).
. 3 ( 24-
28/11/1993), , : 679-689.
, . (1987). -
- . ...., .
, .
, . (1990).
( - ). ...., . , .
, . (1991). . 5 -
(, 1990),
XXV/3: 409-424.
Traganos, G., Jux, U., Steuber, T. (1995). Isotopic characteristics of geothermal waters and fos-
sil spring deposits in Mygdonia basin, Northern Greece. Geothermics, 24(1): 61-80.
Truesdell, A.H., Jones, B.F. (1974). WATEQF a computed programme for calculating chemical
equilibria of natural waters. U.S. Geol. Surv. Journ. Res., 2: 233-248.
, ., , ., , . (1997). -
. -
4 ( 14-16/11/1997), 547-569.
Vatseris, Ch. (1992). Hydrologeologie des Mygdonias-Beckens (Nord-Griechenland) unter Be-
rucksichtigung der hydrochemischen und isotopenphysikalischen Komposition der Thermal-
wasser. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften im
Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Westfalischen Wilhems-Universitat Munster, Berlin.

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