w'fmd'i'(W'fm<) Nd.

h - 2012

we.hS jdr;dj

02 - ridhk oHdj

Curriculum
Assessment
&
Evaluation

Teaching Learning
N E T S

mrfhaIK yd ixjrOk YdLdj

cd;sl we.hS yd mK fiajdj"
Y%S ,xld Nd. fomdr;fka;=j'
ish u ysl we'

ridhk oHdj
we.hS jdr;dj - w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& Nd.h - 2012

uQ,H wkq.%yh

wkd.; kq flakaSh moku f,i mdi,a moaO;sh

m%;sksrudKh lsf jHdmD;sh (TSEP-WB) u.sks'

- ii -
 ye`kau
wOHhk fmd iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< Nd.h" Y%S ,xldf fcHIaG oa;Shsl
wOHdmkfha wjidk iy;sllrK Nd.hhs' fcHIaG oa;Shsl wOHdmkh wjidkfha
isiqkaf.a idOk ugu iy;sl lsu fuu Nd.fha m%Odk wruqK jqj o cd;sl
YajoHd,j,g" fjk;a Wiia wOHdmk yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKq wdh;kj,g fuka u
cd;sl wOHdmk oHdmSGj,g iqiaika f;dard .ekSu o fuu Nd.fha m%;sM, u; is
flfrk neka idOk mCIKhla jYfhka fukau f;af mCIKhla jYfhka o
w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& Nd.h" b;d jeo.;a ;;a;ajhla Wiq,hs' tfukau ;D;Shsl ugf
/lshd i|yd o m%fY iqiql iy;sl flfrk Nd.hla jYfhka fuh ms<s.efka' 2012
jrIfha fuu Nd.h i|yd 196954 la mdi,a whlrefjda o 10954 la fm!oa.,sl
whlrefjda o fmkS ishy'

fuu Nd.fhka Wiia idOk ugula ,nd .ekSu i|yd isiqyq o Tjqkaf.a tu
wfmalaId imqrd,Su i|yd .=rejre yd foumsfhda o fjfyila or;s' fuu we.hS
jdr;dj ilialr we;af;a Tjqkaf.a tu wfmalaId bgqlr.ekSu msi ,xld Nd.
fomdr;fka;=f iydh ula jYfhks' fuu we.hS jdr;df we;=<;a f;dr;=re
Nd. wfmalaIlhskag" .=re Nj;=kag" y,am;sjrekag" .=re WmfoaYl uy;au uy;akag"
IhNdr wOHlaIjrekag" fo.=rekag yd wOHdmk mrfhaIlhskag tl fia m%fhdackj;a
jkq fkdwkqudk h' tneka fuu jdr;dj je msilf.a mYS,kh i|yd fhduq lsu
jvd;a iqiq f'
fuu we.hS jdr;dj" I, II yd III hkqfjka fldgia ;=klska iuka; f'
w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& ridhk oHdj Ihfhys Ih wNsu;dr: yd Ih idOkh
ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu jdr;df I fldgfiys wvx.= f' ta hgf;a Ihh i|yd fmkS
is whlrejka ixLHdj" Tjqka fY%a ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh" ia;%sla ugka mdi,a
whlrejka fY%a ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh" mka;s m%dka;r wkqj ,l=Kq jHdma;sh hk
Ih idOkh ms<sn| ixLHdkuh f;dr;=re o ridhk oHdj Ihfha I yd II m;%j, m%Yak
f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh" tu m%Yakj,g yd tu tla tla m%Yakfhys fldgiaj,g ,l=Kq
,ndf.k we;s wdldrh iia;rd;aulj lafjk Ih idOkh ms<sn| Yaf,aIKhla o
wka;r.; f' w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& 2012 Nd.fha ridhk oHdj Ihfhys I yd II m%Yak
m;%j, m%Yak yd tu m%Yakj,g whlrejka ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu
jdr;df II fldgfiys wvx.= fjhs' ta hgf;a I yd II m%Yak m;%j, m%Yak i|yd wfmaCIs;
ms<s;=re" ,l=Kq f mmdh" ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ksCIK" ks.uk yd ixjrOkd;aul
fhdackd wka;r.; f'
Y%S ,xld Nd. fomdr;fka;=f mrfhaIK yd ixjrOk YdLdj u.ska W;a;r m;%
we.hSf ksr; jQ m%Odk" w;sfrl m%Odk yd iyldr mCIljreka iska bm;a lrkq
,nk f;dr;=re" ksCIK" woyia yd fhdackd o iNdjH mCIK kHdh (Classical Test
Theory) yd whs;u m%;spdr kHdh (Item Response Theory) fhd.kska whlrejkaf.a
m%;spdr Yaf,aIKh u.ska ,nd.;a f;dr;=re o fuu we.hS jdr;dj ilia lsu i|yd
mok lrf.k we;'
m%Yak m;%j, tla tla m%Yakhg ms<s;=re iemhSf wfmaCIlhka ie,ls,su;a h
hq;= lreKq o bf.kq b.eka ldrhh ms<sn| woyia yd fhdackd o fuu jdr;dfjys III
fldgfiys we;=<;a lr we;' O ksmqK;d yd tu ksmqK;d ugj,g <du i|yd
bf.kq yd b.eka ls%hdj,sh ixOdkh lr.; hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| j fuhska uy;a
msjy,la ,efnkq we;ehs is;'
bfha imdokh lrkq ,nk we.hS jdr;dj, .=Kd;aul jrOkhla we;s
lsu i|yd M,hS woyia yd fhdackd wm fj; fhduqlrk f,i ldrel j b,a,'
fuu jdr;dj ieliSu i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re iemhQ m%Odk" w;sfrl m%Odk
mCIljrekag yd iyldr mCIljrekag;a" Wkkafjka yd il%Shj hl jQ ieliq
lgq idudlhskag;a" j.lSfuka lghq;= l< Y%S ,xld Nd. fomdr;fka;=f ks,Odkag
yd ldrh uKav,hg;a uqKh lr ka rdcH uqK kS;s.; ixia:djg;a ta i|yd uQ,H
wkq.%yh lajQ wkd.; kq flakaSh moku f,i mdi,a moaO;sh m%;sksrudKh lsf
jHdmD;sh (TSEP-WB)g;a udf.a yDohdx.u ia;+;sh m< lr'

v,s't'tka'f' mqIaml=udr
Nd. flduidia ckrd,a
2013 foienr 01 k
n;a;ruq,a," me,j;a;
YS% ,xld Nd. fomdr;fka;=f
mrfhaIK yd ixjrOk YdLdf h'
- iii -
WmfoaYl;ajh ( v,s't'tka'f' mqIaml=udr
Nd. flduidia ckrd,a

fufyhu yd ixOdkh ( .hd;s% wf.=Kfialr

Nd. flduidia
^mrfhaIK yd ixjrOk&

inkalrKh ( ufkda fifkr;ak

iyldr Nd. flduidia

ixialrKh ( uydpdrh tia'mS' rh.,

ridhk oHd wOHhkdxYh
Y%S chjrOkmqr YajoHd,h

uydpdrh ta't' wffialr

ridhk oHd wOHhkdxYh
Y%S chjrOkmqr YajoHd,h

uydpdrh kdu,a m%shka;

ridhk oHd wOHhkdxYh
fmardfoh YajoHd,h

uydpdrh ru ffialr
ridhk oHd wOHhkdxYh
fld<U YajoHd,h

ufkda fifkr;ak
iyldr Nd. flduidia

ieliq lgqj ( tia'ta'tia' moauis

Y%S ,xld .=re fiajh
r;akdj,S nd,sld oHd,h
.my

tia't,a'ta'mS' iur;=x.
Y%S ,xld .=re fiajh
hfYdaord nd,sld oHd,h
fld<U

f'fla'mS't' chfld
Y%S ,xld .=re fiajh
nKavdrkdhl uOH oHd,h
fhkaf.dv

wdr'ta'' rK;=x.
Y%S ,xld .=re fiajh
foa nd,sld oHd,h
fld<U

m.Kl msgm; ieliqu ( fla'mS'' wkqId ujka;s idkdhl

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dCIK iyldr

- iv -
 we;=<; msg
q

msgq wxlh
I fldgi

1 Ihh wNsu;dr: yd Ihh idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

1.1 Ihh wNsu;dr: 1

1.2 Ihh idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

1.2.1 Ihh i|yd fmkS is whlrejka ixLHdj 2

1.2.2 whlrejka fY%a ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh 2
1.2.3 m<uq j;djg fmkS is mdi,a whlrejka fY%a
,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - ia;%slal wkqj 3
1.2.4 ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - mka;s m%dka;r wkqj 4

1.3 Ihh idOkh ms<sn| Yaf,aIKh

1.3.1 I m%Yak m;%h i|yd idOkh 5

1.3.2 II m%YAk m;%fhys m%Yak f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh 6
1.3.3 II m%Yak m;%fhys m%Yak i|yd ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh 6
1.3.4 II m%YAk m;%h i|yd idOkh 7

II fldgi

2 m%Yak yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2.1 I m%Yak m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2.1.1 I m%Yak m;%fha jHQyh 10
2.1.2 I m%Yak m;%h 11
2.1.3 I m%Yak m;%h i|yd wfmas; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq f mmdh 18
2.1.4 I m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ksK ^Ih fCIa;% wkqj& 19
2.1.5 I m%Yak m;%fha tla tla m%Yakfhys jrK f;dard we;s wdldrh
^m%;sY; f,i& 20
2.1.6 I m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ksCIK" ks.uk yd fhdackd 21

2.2 II m%Yak m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2.2.1 II m%YAk m;%fha jHQyh 23

2.2.2 II m%Yak m;%h i|yd wfmas; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq f mmdh
iy ksK yd ks.uk 24
2.2.3 II m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| iuia; ksK" ks.uk
yd fhdackd 69

III fldgi

3 ms<s;=re iemhSf ie,ls,su;a h hq;= lreKq yd fhdackd

3.1 ms<s;=re iemhSf ie,ls,su;a h hq;= lreKq 70
3.2 bf.kq yd b.eka l%shdj,sh ms<sn| woyia yd fhdackd 71

-v-
 I fldgi

1 Ih wNsu;dr: yd Ih idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

1.1 Ih wNsu;dr:

fuu mdGud,dj yefuka YsIHhd"

* iajNdl ixisoa ms<sn| oHd;aul myj, fN!;sl moku jgyd .ekSug

wjYH uQ,sl ridhk oHd;aul ixl,am f;are .kshs'

* mr:fha jHQyh yd mrhdi f;are .ekSug o" wkd.;fha je rg

ridhk oHdj yeug fhduq jk isiqkg wjYH miq ilia lr .ekSug o
yels jk m ridhk oHdf m%Odk ixl,am" talSlrK f;aud yd rgd we;=
iuia; Ih rduqj ms<sn| kqu ,nd .kshs'

* tl t,af,a ,nk w;alS weiqfrka yd ridhk oHdf ft;sydisl ldYkh

uiSfuka oHd;aul l%shdj,sfha iajNdjh f;are .ekSug;a" w.h lsug;a"
keUqre fjhs'

* ;dlaIl" wdr:l" idudc iy fm!oa.,sl ixjrOkhg w< j oHdj

fhfok whqre;a tys iSudjkq;a wjfndaO lr .kshs'

* Y%S ,xldf mj;sk ;;a;ajhkg fYaI wjOdkhla iys; j" iajNdl im;a
ms<sn| j idudkH kSula ,nd .kska tu im;a ixrCIKh lsug yd
oHd;aul j Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug w< jk .egj, fN!;-ridhk mok
wjfndaO lr .kshs'

* Y%S ,xldjg fYaI wjOdkhla iys; j" ;dCIl" idudc yd wdr:l

ixjrOkhg ridhk oHdf uQ,sl ixl,am fhd .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk
kqu yd l=i,;d w;am;a lr .kshs'

* mdGud,dj yef ,nk kqu yd l=i,;d iudc wdr:l ixjrOkh

Wfoid o iajNdl im;a ixrCIKh yd m%fhdacHlrKh i|yd o fhf
wNsreh jrOkh lr .kshs'

-1-
1.2 Ih idOkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re

1.2.1 Ih i|yd fmkS is whlrejka ixLHdj

udOHh mdi,a fm!oa.,sl tl;=j

isxy, 43774 706 44480

fou< 6450 156 6606

bx.%Sis 2984 147 3131

tl;=j 53208 1009 54217

j.=j 1

1.2.2 whlrejka fY%A ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh

fm!oa.,sl
mdi,a whlrejka
fY%ah whlrejka tl;=j m%;sY;h
ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h

A 1695 3.19 14 1.39 1709 3.15

B 3641 6.84 39 3.87 3680 6.79

C 10208 19.19 108 10.70 10316 19.03

S 17492 32.87 245 24.28 17737 32.71

F 20172 37.91 603 59.76 20775 38.32

tl;=j 53208 100.00 1009 100.00 54217 100.00

j.=j 2

-2-
1.2.3 m<uq j;djg fmkS is mdi,a whlrejka fY%a ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - ia;%slal wkqj

YsIag w iudk idudkH iu;a wiu;a

iudk iudk idur:Hh idur:Hh ^A+B+C+S& (F)
fmkS idur:Hh idur:Hh (C) ,enQ (S) ,enQ
ia;%slalh is (A) ,enQ (B) ,enQ
ixLHdj

ixLHdj

ixLHdj

ixLHdj

ixLHdj

ixLHdj

ixLHdj
] ] ] ] ] ]

1' fld<U 5366 275 5.12 429 7.99 1205 22.46 1707 31.81 3616 67.39 1750 32.61

2' .my 2922 83 2.84 148 5.07 443 15.16 923 31.59 1597 54.65 1325 45.35

3' l;r 1859 25 1.34 72 3.87 226 12.16 563 30.29 886 47.66 973 52.34

4' uykqjr 2312 74 3.20 142 6.14 394 17.04 697 30.15 1307 56.53 1005 43.47

5' ud;f,a 526 4 0.76 13 2.47 64 12.17 168 31.94 249 47.34 277 52.66

6' kqjrt<sh 663 4 0.60 10 1.51 78 11.76 224 33.79 316 47.66 347 52.34

7' .d,a, 2070 64 3.09 102 4.93 300 14.49 644 31.11 1110 53.62 960 46.38

8' ud;r 1774 73 4.11 101 5.69 262 14.77 541 30.50 977 55.07 797 44.93

9' ynkaf;dg 1149 33 2.87 38 3.31 161 14.01 392 34.12 624 54.31 525 45.69

10' hdmkh 1142 52 4.55 95 8.32 201 17.60 316 27.67 664 58.14 478 41.86

11' ls,sfkd 84 3 3.57 1 1.19 15 17.86 17 20.24 36 42.86 48 57.14

12' ukakdru 123 1 0.81 2 1.63 11 8.94 35 28.46 49 39.84 74 60.16

13' jkshdj 175 9 5.14 6 3.43 31 17.71 54 30.86 100 57.14 75 42.86

14' uq,;s 89 0 0.00 3 3.37 12 13.48 26 29.21 41 46.07 48 53.93

15' uvl,mqj 508 14 2.76 34 6.69 102 20.08 171 33.66 321 63.19 187 36.81

16' wmdr 892 14 1.57 32 3.59 128 14.35 348 39.01 522 58.52 370 41.48

17' ;%sl=Kdu,h 333 4 1.20 18 5.41 53 15.92 101 30.33 176 52.85 157 47.15

18' l=reKE., 2397 45 1.88 74 3.09 317 13.22 747 31.16 1183 49.35 1214 50.65

19' mq;a;,u 740 12 1.62 29 3.92 137 18.51 222 30.00 400 54.05 340 45.95

20' wkqrdOmqrh 1000 9 0.90 29 2.90 105 10.50 288 28.80 431 43.10 569 56.90

21' fmdf<dkakrej 406 1 0.25 16 3.94 44 10.84 108 26.60 169 41.63 237 58.37

22' n,a, 1050 34 3.24 43 4.10 197 18.76 342 32.57 616 58.67 434 41.33

23' fudkrd., 389 1 0.26 15 3.86 57 14.65 121 31.11 194 49.87 195 50.13

24' r;akmqrh 1548 25 1.61 71 4.59 198 12.79 444 28.68 738 47.67 810 52.33

25' lE.,a, 1316 7 0.53 40 3.04 162 12.31 469 35.64 678 51.52 638 48.48

iuia; jhsk 30833 866 2.81 1563 5.07 4903 15.90 9668 31.36 17000 55.14 13833 44.86

j.=j 3

-3-
1.2.4 ,l=Kq ,ndf.k we;s wdldrh - mka;s m%dka;r wkqj

ixLHd; iuq; iuq; ixLHd;
mka;s m%dka;rh ixLHd;h
m%;sY;h ixLHd;h m%;sY;h
91 - 100 4 0.01 54217 100.00

81 - 90 189 0.35 54213 99.99

71 - 80 1790 3.30 54024 99.64

61 - 70 4450 8.21 52234 96.34

51 - 60 6683 12.33 47784 88.13

41 - 50 10139 18.70 41101 75.81

31 - 40 12846 23.69 30962 57.11

21 - 30 13075 24.12 18116 33.41

11 - 20 4964 9.16 5041 9.30

01 - 10 77 0.14 77 0.14

00 - 00 0 0.00 0 0.00

j.=j 4

by; j.=fjka f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd wdldrh my; i|yka WyrKfhka fmkajd we;'
W ( ^21 - 30 w;r m%dka;rh .; fyd;a&
fuu Ihh i|yd ,l=Kq 21 - 30 w;r ,l=Kq ,nd.;a ixLHdj 13075ls' th m%;sY;hla
jYfhka 24.12ls' ,l=Kq 30 fyda Bg wvqfjka ,l=Kq ,nd we;s ixLHdj 18116la jk w;r"
th m%;sY;h;a jYfhka 33.41ls'

-4-
 w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& Nd.h - 2012
02 - ridhk oHdj - m;%h
G.C.E. (A.L)
m%Yakj, Examination
myiq ;d orYlh - 2012
Chemistry - Paper I
Facility Indices
ish,a,u ish,a,u ish,a,u
1.0

0.9

0.8
1.3.1 I m%Yak m;%h i|yd idOkh

0.7

lh
Index
1.3 Ih idOkh ms<sn| Yaf,aIKh

0.6

1 iy 5 ksjeros h'

;d orY
0.5

Facility
myiq

-5-
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Question Number
m%Yak wxlh

m%ia;drh 1 (RD/16/05/AL fmdarufhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiqka ilia lrk ,')

by; m%ia;drfhka f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd wdldrh my; i|yka WyrKfhka fmkajd we;'
W ( fuys whlrejka je u ixLHdjla ksjer j ms<s;=re imhd we;af;a 2 m%Yakhg h' tys m%;sY;h 71%ls' tfuka u whlrejka
wvq u ixLHdjla ksjer j ms<s;=re imhd we;af;a 42 yd 50 jk m%Yakj,g h' tys m%;sY;h 13%ls'
 G.C.E.(A.L.) Examination
w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& Nd.h --2012 2012
Chemistry - Paper II (Part A)
02 - ridhk oHdj - m;% h ^A fldgi&
Facility Indices of Parts and Sub Parts
m%Yakj, myiq;d orYlh
1.0
1.0

0.9
0.9

0.8
0.8

0.7
0.7

0.6
0.6
1.3.4 II m%Yak m;%h i|yd idOkh

0.5
0.5

Facility Index
0.4

myiq;d orYlh
0.4

0.3
0.3

-7-
0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1

0.0
0.0
I II I II I II I II III A B C I II I II I II III IV

i ii iii iv v vi i ii iii iv v vi vii i ii i ii iii iv i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x i ii iii iv i ii A B C D E F G H . 1 2 3 4 5

aa b
b c
c a b b
a b aa b aa bb
1 2 3 4

Part A
m%Yak wxlh - fldgia yd wkq fldgia
Parts and Sub Parts

m%ia;drh 4.1 (RD/16/04/AL fmdarufhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiqka ilia lrk ,')

by; m%ia;drfhka f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd wdldrh my; i|yka WyrKfhka fmkajd we;'
W ( 1 jk m%Yakfhys a (i) fldgfiys myiq;dj 66%la muK jk w;r b (ii) fldgfiys myiq;dj 8%la muK f'
 G.C.E.(A.L.)
w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& Examination
Nd.h - 2012- 2012
02 - ridhk Chemistry
oHdj - -Paper
m;%hII^B(Part B)
fldgi&
Facility Indices of
m%Yakj, myiq;d orYlhParts and Sub Parts
1.0
1.0

0.9
0.9

0.8
0.8

0.7
0.7

0.6
0.6

0.5
0.5

0.4

Facility Index
myiq;d orYlh
0.4

-8-
0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1

0.0
0.0
I II III
i ii i ii iii iv v vi i ii iii iv v i ii iii

aa bb a a bb aa bb cc dd
5 6 7
m%Yak wxlh - fldgia
Part yd
B wkq fldgia
Parts and Sub Parts

m%ia;drh 4'2
 w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& Examination
G.C.E.(A.L.)Nd.h - 2012- 2012
02 - ridhk Chemistry
oHdj - -Paper (Part
m;%hII ^C C)
fldgi&
Facility Indices of
m%Yakj, myiq;d orYlhParts and Sub Parts
1.0
1.0

0.9
0.9

0.8
0.8

0.7
0.7

0.6
0.6

Ylh
Index
0.5
0.5

;d or
Facility
myiq
0.4
0.4

-9-
0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1

0.0
0.0
A B C D E F G H I 1 2 3 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X I II III IV V I II I II III I II III I II I II

i ii i ii i ii i ii iii iv v i ii iii iv i ii iii iv

a
a bb aa bb aa bb cc
8 9 10

Part C
m%Yak wxlh - fldgia yd wkq fldgia
Parts and Sub Parts
m%ia;drh 4'3
 II fldgi

2 m%YAk yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2'1 m%YAk m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2'1'1 m%YAk m;%fha jHQyh

ld,h meh 02ls' uq ,l=Kq 100 ls'

* jrK 5lska iuka; nyqjrK m%Yak 50lska iuka; f' tu tla tla m%Yakhg
we;s (1), (2), (3), (4) yd (5) jrKj,ska ksjer fyda jvd;a .e<fmk fyda
jrKh f;au wfmaCId flfr'

* m%Yak ish,a,g u ms<s;=re iemhSu wfmaCIs; h'

- 10 -
2.1.2 m%YAk m;%h

- 11 -
- 12 -
- 13 -
- 14 -
- 15 -
- 16 -
- 17 -
2.1.3 wfmas; ms<s;=re yd ,l=Kq f mmdh

,l=Kq f mmdh - m;%h

m%Yak ms<s;=r m%Yak ms<s;=r
wxlh wxlh

01. 2
''''''''' 26. 4
'''''''''
02. 2
''''''''' 27. ish,a, u
'''''''''
03. 4
''''''''' 28. 4
'''''''''
04. 3
''''''''' 29. 3
'''''''''
05. 3
''''''''' 30. 4
'''''''''
06. 5
''''''''' 31. 5
'''''''''
07. 1
''''''''' 32. 2
'''''''''
08. 5
''''''''' 33. 5
'''''''''
09. 5
''''''''' 34. 1, 5
'''''''''
10. 1
''''''''' 35. 5
'''''''''
11. 2
''''''''' 36. 4
'''''''''
12. 4
''''''''' 37. 3
'''''''''
13. 4
''''''''' 38. 1
'''''''''
14. 3
''''''''' 39. 4
'''''''''
15. 3
''''''''' 40. 4
'''''''''
16. 2
''''''''' 41. 3
'''''''''
17. 2
''''''''' 42. 1
'''''''''
18. 4
''''''''' 43. 3
'''''''''
19. ish,a, u
''''''''' 44. 1
'''''''''
20. 4 '' 45.
''''''' 5
'''''''''
21. 5
''''''''' 46. 4
'''''''''
22. 2
''''''''' 47. 4
'''''''''
23. 3
''''''''' 48. ish,a, u
'''''''''
24. 4
''''''''' 49. 5
'''''''''
25. 3 '' 50.
''''''' 3
'''''''''

ksjer tla ms<s;=rlg ,l=Kq 02 ne.ska ,l=Kq 100ls'

- 18 -
2.1.5 m%Yak m;%fha tla tla m%Yakfhys jrK f;dard we;s wdldrh - m%;sY; f,i
m%Yak ksjer tla tla jrKh f;dard we;s YsIH m%;sY;h
wxlh jrKh 1 2 3 4 5 Missing
1 2 9% 70% 11% 5% 5% -
2 2 4% 71% 10% 13% 2% -
3 4 19% 16% 10% 39% 16% -
4 3 6% 27% 49% 9% 9% -
5 3 4% 7% 62% 6% 21% -
6 5 14% 12% 11% 6% 57% -
7 1 65% 10% 18% 4% 3% -
8 5 6% 13% 14% 12% 55% -
9 5 9% 9% 7% 9% 66% -
10 1 44% 15% 16% 16% 8% 1%
11 2 8% 58% 18% 7% 9% -
12 4 6% 13% 38% 39% 4% -
13 4 6% 19% 11% 62% 2% -
14 3 11% 26% 49% 8% 6% -
15 3 15% 9% 48% 9% 19% -
16 2 11% 54% 12% 13% 10% -
17 2 9% 34% 23% 14% 20% -
18 4 5% 17% 14% 57% 7% -
19 ish,a, u 5% 13% 62% 10% 9% 1%
20 4 12% 11% 13% 54% 10% -
21 5 3% 10% 14% 13% 60% -
22 2 16% 50% 20% 9% 5% -
23 3 14% 25% 37% 10% 14% -
24 4 6% 7% 18% 58% 11% -
25 3 5% 12% 40% 17% 26% -
26 4 8% 21% 23% 32% 16% -
27 ish,a, u 5% 21% 26% 8% 40% -
28 4 8% 21% 27% 33% 10% 1%
29 3 7% 10% 59% 15% 9% -
30 4 11% 11% 12% 50% 16% -
31 5 18% 18% 10% 17% 37% -
32 2 20% 36% 15% 10% 19% -
33 5 5% 14% 7% 18% 56% -
34 1, 5 27% 21% 15% 10% 27% -
35 5 4% 9% 20% 29% 38% -
36 4 11% 9% 15% 39% 26% -
37 3 11% 13% 37% 9% 29% 1%
38 1 50% 15% 8% 6% 21% -
39 4 20% 6% 7% 29% 38% -
40 4 3% 6% 15% 26% 49% 1%
41 3 30% 16% 39% 10% 5% -
42 1 13% 28% 16% 33% 10% -
43 3 9% 10% 63% 7% 11% -
44 1 55% 15% 16% 8% 6% -
45 5 10% 7% 37% 9% 37% -
46 4 12% 8% 7% 61% 12% -
47 4 5% 22% 35% 18% 20% -
48 ish,a, u 22% 36% 10% 26% 6% -
49 5 35% 6% 10% 12% 37% -
50 3 50% 7% 13% 5% 25% -

* tla tla m%Yakh hgf;a ksjer jrKh f;dard we;s YsIH m%;sY;h wre lr olajd we;'
* Missing hkqfjka olajd we;af;a" m%Yakh i|yd jrK f;dard ke;s fyda tla jrKhlg jvd
jefhka jrK f;dard we;s YsIH m%;sY;hhs'
- 20 -
2.1.6 m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| iuia; ksCIK" ks.uk yd fhdackd (
1 - 30 olajd m%Yak ksjer ms<s;=re 1la muKla wvx.= m%Yak f' 31 - 40 olajd m%Yakj,
ksjer j.ka;sh$j.ka;s f;dard .efkk w;r" 41 - 50 olajd we;s m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSf
j.ka;s 2l i;H - wi;H;dj yd tajd i;H k ksjer meye,s lsula o hkak fidhd .; hq;= h'

m<uq m%Yak 30 w;frka ksjer ms<s;=re imhd we;s m%;sY;h 35%g jvd wvq m%Yak ixLHdj 3ls (10%).
31 - 40 olajd m%Yak w;frka ksjer ms<s;=re imhd we;s m%;sY;h 35%g jvd wvq m%Yak ixLHdj 2ls (20%).
41 - 50 olajd m%Yak w;frka ksjer ms<s;=re imhd we;s m%;sY;h 35%g jvd wvq m%Yak ixLHdj 3ls (30%).

ta wkqj meye,s jkqfha whlrejkag kqu ;snqK;a 31 - 50 olajd we;s m%Yak i|yd
jvd;a u ksjer jrKh f;dard .ekSu wmyiq nj h' ksjer j ms<s;=re iemhSu 35% jvd my<
ugul mej;s m%Yak wxl yd ta ta m%Yakh w< jQ Ih fCIa;%h my; laf'

m%Yak wxlh Ih fCIa;%h

17 ldnksl ridhkh
26 idudkH ridhkh
28 idudkH ridhkh ^ridhksl .Kkh ls&
39 wldnksl$mir ridhkh
40 wldnksl ridhkh
42 idudkH ridhkh
47 fN!;sl ridhkh
50 mir ridhkh

1 - 30 olajd we;s m%Yak w;frka 17 m%Yakhg ksjer jrKh jk 2 jrKh f;dard we;s
m%;sY;h 34%ls' 3 jrKh yd 5 jrKh f;dard we;s m%;sY; ms<sfj<ska 23% yd 20% f' fuu .egj
ldnksl ridhkh yd w< f' we;s ldnksl ixfhda.h l%shdld ldKav folla iys; jk w;r
tu l%shdld ldKav fol u iu. m%;sl%shdjg Ndck jk m%;sldrlhla ,ndfok M, ms<sn| j
m%Yakfhka uid we;' fuu m%Yakhg ksjer ms<s;=r u i|yd ta tla tla l%shdld ldKavhla iu.
m%;sldrlhla olajk m%;sl%shd ksjer j k ish hq;= h' ldnksl ixfhda." ta ta m%;sldrl iu.
m%;sl%shd f fok M, ms<sn| uQ,sl kqu jrOkh lr .; hq;= h'

26 m%Yakh idudkH ridhkh yd w< m%Yakhls' fuu m%Yakhg ksjer jrKh jk 4 jrKh
f;dard we;af;a 32%ls' N wvx.= wKq yd whk lsysmhl we;s N O nkaOkhl . ksrKh lsu i|yd
w< uQ,Oru ms<sn| wjfndaOh fuu .egjg ms<s;=re iemhSu i|yd wjYH h' N mrudKqj m%fNao
ish,af,a u uOH mrudKqj neka tu tla tla m%fNaohl N mrudKqf uqyqlrKh ms<sn| kqu yd
tu tla tla m%fNaohl ;sh yels im%hqla; jHqy .Kk yd ta wkqidrfhka i,lkq ,nk nkaOkhg
w< nkaOk fm< ms<sn| idOk ugug isiqjd <d fkd ;su fuhg fya;=j f' nkaOk fm<
inkaO wNHdij, isiqjd ksr; lru bf.kq - b.eka l%shdj,sfha bgqh hq;= h'

28 m%Yakh idudkH ridhkh hgf;a we;s ridhksl .Kkh lsula yd w< m%Yakhls'
fuu m%Yakhg w< ksjer jrKh jk 4 jrKh f;dard we;af;a 33%ls' 27%la 3 jrKh f;dard we;'
w, - Niau m%;sl%shd inkaOfhka iemfhk iqmqre .Kkh lsfuka fjkia jQ .egjls' Niau
djKhlg ksYa; w, ujq, m%udKhla tla lsfuka miq ,efnk djKfha pH w.h o;a;hla
f,i imhd we;' djKhl pH w.h u.ska djKfha idkaKh ksrKh lsf ksmqK;dj isiqjd ;=<
f.dvke.sh hq;= h' tfia u djK folla Y% lsf " djKfha wvx.= ix>glj, idkaK fjkia
u ms<sn| wjfndaOh isiqjd ;=< ;sh hq;= h' tu wjfndaOh iys; j fuu .egj myiqfjka ih
yels h'

- 21 -
 31 - 40 olajd j.ka;sh$j.ka;s f;dard .efkk m%Yak w;frka 39 wldnksl ridhkh yd
w< f' fuu .egj i|yd ksjer jrKh jk 4 jrKh f;dard we;af;a 29%ls' 38%l m%;sY;hla
5 jrKh f;dard we;' fuu m%Yakhg ms<s;=re iemhSf isiqka (b) j.ka;sh ksjer f,i jgyd
f.k we;s nj fmfka' NH3 ys ridhkhg w< fuu m%Yakfha NH3(g) ldrl ksIamdokhg w<
;;a;aj jk" jdhqf.da, 250l mSvkh iy 400 - 450C WIaK;ajh fhu uOHia: mSvk yd WIaK;aj
;;a;aj nj wjOdrKh h hq;= h'

40 jk m%Yakh wldnksl ridhkh yd w< f' ridhksl .Kkh lsula o we;=<;a h'
fuu .egjg ksjer ms<s;=r jk 4 jrKh f;dard we;s m%;sY;h 26%ls' 49%l m%;sY;hla
5 jrKh f;dard we;' m%;sl%shdjg w< ;=,s; ilrKh ksjer j ,shd m%;sl%shlj,g w< ksjer
iafgdhslsfhd;sl wkqmd;h ksrKh lsf rj,;d" imhd we;s m%;sl%shl ujq, m%udK f,i
.Kkh lsf rj,;d yd imhd we;s m%;sl%shl m%udKj,g w< j iSudld jk m%;sl%shlh
fidhd .ekSug we;s fkdyelshdj fuu .egjg ksjer ms<s;=r ,ndf u;= we;s rj,;d
jYfhka fmkajd h yels h'

42 m%Yakh idudkH ridhkh Ih fCIa;%h yd w< f' fuu m%Yakh i|yd ksjer
jrKh jk 1 f;dard we;s m%;sY;h 13%ls' kuq;a 28%la fojeks jrKh o 33%la 4 jrKh o f;dard
we;' fuu m%Yakhg w< m<uq m%ldYh ksjer jqj;a isiqka nyq;rhla th wi;H m%ldYhla f,i
f;dard we;' we;s wKqf" i,lkq ,nk nkaOkhg w< nkaOk fm< ms<sn| wfmaCIs; idOk
ugug YsIHhd meK fkd;su fuhg fya;=j f'

47 m%Yakh fN!;sl ridhkh fCI;%h hgf;a jQ pd,l ridhkh Ih fldgi wdjrKh

jk m%Yakhls' fuu m%Yakhg w< ksjer jrKh jk 4 f;dard we;af;a 18% ;r m%;sY;hls'
35%la 3 jrKh f;dard we;' 20% yd 22% ms<sfj,ska 2 yd 5 jrK f;dard we;' ksjer jrKh
f;au i|yd ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl fm< ksrKh lsf m%dfhda.sl Nd;h ms<sn| ksjer
wjfndaOhla ;sh hq;= h' ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl fm< ksrKh lsf kq f,i m%dfhda.sl j
,nd.; yels rdYSka ms<sn| wjfndaOh isiqka ;=< jrOkh h hq;= h' fojeks m%ldYkfha
i;H - wi;H;dj ;SrKh lsu i|yd m%;sl%shdjl YS>%;dj flfrys n,mdk idOl ms<sn| wjfndaOh
,nd ;sh hq;= h'

m%Yak wxl 50 u.ska lrudka; ridhkh fCI;%h ms<sn| kqu mCId flfr' isiqkaf.ka
13%la ksjer ms<s;=r jk 3 jrKh f;dard we;s w;r 50%la 1 jrKh f;dard we;' fidaka ia;rh
kdY u yd w< m%;sl%shd hka;%K ms<sn| ksjer wjfndaOhla fkdue;s u g fya;=jhs' Ih
ksrfoaY yd .=re udrf.damfoaY ix.%yh u.ska ,ndfok kqu Bg iudk fjk;a wjia:djkag fhd
.ekSf yelshdj isiqka ;=< jehqKq jk wdldrhg .=rejrhd ;u mdvu ie,iq lr.; hq;= h'

- 22 -
2.2 m%YAk m;%h yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| f;dr;=re

2.2.1 m%YAk m;%fha jHqyh

ld,h meh 03 ls' uq ,l=Kq 100 ls'

fuu m%Yak m;%h A, B yd C jYfhka fldgia ;=klska iuka; h'

A fldgi jHqy.; rpkd jr.fha m%Yak y;rls' m%Yak ish,a,g u ms<s;=re iemhsh
hq;= h' tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 100 ne.ska ,l=Kq 400ls'

B fldgi rpkd jr.fha m%Yak ;=kls' m%Yak follg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= h' tla
m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 150 ne.ska ,l=Kq 300ls'

C fldgi rpkd jr.fha m%Yak ;=kls' m%Yak follg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= h' tla
m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 150 ne.ska ,l=Kq 300ls'

m;%h i|yd uq ,l=Kq 1000 10 = 100

- 23 -
2'2'2' m%Yak m;%h i|yd wfmas; ms<s;=re" ,l=Kq f mmdh iy ksK yd ks.uk
m;%h i|yd ms<s;=re iemhSu ms<sn| ksCIK m%ia;dr 2" 3" 4'1" 4'2' yd 4'3 weiqfrka
ilia lr we;'

Cr 3+ fyda Co 2+
^fyda hk fol u&
V
Si

Mg

N 3

Al 3+
(05 6 = ,l=Kq 30)

:O O N O
:
: :
: :
: :

(,l=Kq 06)

[: O O N O ]
:

: :
: :

: :

i|yd ,l=Kq ke;

(02) (02)
+ +
:O O N O :O O N O: O O N O:
:

: :
: :

: :

: :
: :
: :

: :
:

: :
:

ia:dhS (01) wia:dhS (01) wia:dhS (01)

fya;=j ( jvd;a oHq;a wdfrdamK fjkau jeh' wdfrdamK fjkau jeh'
RK Tlaiscka mrudKqj fyda oHq;a RK Tlaiscka fyda oHq;a RK Tlaiscka
u; RK wdfrdamKh mej;Su (01) mrudKqj u; Ok mrudKqj u; Ok
wdfrdamKhla mej;Su (02) wdfrdamKhla mej;Su (02)
(,l=Kq 12)

ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak hq., ixLHdj = 4 (,l=Kq 01)

VSEPR hq., ixLHdj fyda (,l=Kq 01)
is.aud nkaOk .Kk + tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., ixLHdj = 3 (,l=Kq 01)
tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., ixLHdj = 1 (,l=Kq 01)
yevh = fldaKsl fyda V yevh (,l=Kq 01)

- 24 -
 ixhqc;d bf,lafg%dak hq., ixLHdj = 4 (,l=Kq 01)
VSEPR hq., ixLHdj fyda
is.aud nkaOk .Kk + tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., ixLHdj = 4 (,l=Kq 01)
yevh = fldaKsl fyda V yevh (,l=Kq 01)
tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., ixLHdj = 2 (,l=Kq 01)

;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr p;=ia;,Sh

sp2 sp3
(02 04 = ,l=Kq 08)

:O N jHqyh (03)
:
N
:

<109
O :O O
: :

fyda :
:

O <120
<120
fldaK (01) 2 = ,l=Kq 05
:
<109
:
:

:
:

O
: :

,l=Kq fjk fjk u m%kh lrkak'

:

^uqyq ldCIsl& fyda 2p ^mrudKq ldCIsl& iy sp3 ^uqyq ldCIsl&

(02 + 02 = ,l=Kq 04)
sp3 ^uqyq ldCIsl& iy sp2 ^uqyq ldCIsl& (02 + 02 = ,l=Kq 04)

HNO3 ^khs%la w,h& [nitric(v) acid ms<s.; yelsh] (,l=Kq 03)

H2CO COS
(05 02 = ,l=Kq 10)

oa O%ej oaO%ej + ,kavka n, *

,kavka n, *
yhsrcka nkaOk + ,kavka n, *
(02 05 = ,l=Kq 10)
* ,kavka n, $ ^,kavka& wmlsrKn, $
fm%a; oaO%ej - fm%a; oaO%ej n, $ jekavjd,aia n,

- 25 -
Na2O - m%n, Ndial P2O5 fyda P4O10 - n, wd,sl
MgO - rj, Ndial$Ndial SO3 - m%n, wd,sl$b;d m%n, wd,sl
Al2O3 - WNh.= Cl2O7 - b;d m%n, wd,sl
SiO2 - b;d n, wd,sl (01 7 + 01 7 = ,l=Kq 14)

Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl fyda je f' (,l=Kq 03)
Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl fyda wvq f' (,l=Kq 03)
Na < Mg > Al < Si < P > S < Cl fyda Cl > P > S > Si > Mg > Al > Na
(,l=Kq 03)
ksjer j ,l=Kq lrk ,o uQ, jH iys; j wlajla p,kh ksrEmKh (,l=Kq 03)
wlajla p,kh muKla (01)

2M(NO3)2 2 MO + 4NO2 + O2 (,l=Kq 03)

M, ksjer kuq;a m%;sl%shdj ;=,s; ke;s k (02)

ia:dhS;dj je jk wkqms<sfj< ( Be(NO3)2 < Mg(NO3)2 < Ca(NO3)2 < Sr(NO3)2 < Ba(NO3)2
tlu wekdhkh (01) tl u legdhk wdfrdamKh (01) kuq;a ldKavfha
my<g Yd,;ajh je f' (01)
O%elrK n,h Be2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+ > Ba2+ (01)
ldKavfha my<g legdhkh u.ska jk khsfr whkfha O%elrKh wmyiq h' (01)
tneka ldKavfha my<g ;dmia:dhS;djh je f'
(,l=Kq 05)

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5 4s 2 fyda ......... 4s 2 3d 5 (,l=Kq 05)

+2, +4, +7 (+6) ^kE u ;=kla& fyda +II, +IV, +VII, (+VI) ^kE u ;=kla&
(02 3 = ,l=Kq 06)

MnO - Ndial (02 + 01 = ,l=Kq 03)

MnO2 - WNh.= (02 + 01 = ,l=Kq 03)
Mn2O7 - wd,sl MnO3 - wd,sl ^kE u ;=kla& (02 + 01 = ,l=Kq 03)

- 27 -
potassium manganate(VII) (,l=Kq 06)

3d iy 4s bf,lafg%dak jr. fol u f,dayl nkaOk iEu i|yd ia:dk.; we;' (02)
Mnj, wrOj msreKq WmYla;s ugu iy imQrKfhka u msreKq 4s WmYla;s ugj,
jQ bf,lafg%dak ksid (02) tajdg ia:dk.; f yelshdj wvq we;' (02)
(,l=Kq 06)

beige / ,d frdai $ ^iq& wjfCIamh (03)

jd;hg ksrdjrKh l< g wjfCImh Uqre $ l - Uqre njg m;af' (03) (,l=Kq 06)
* l wjfCIamh - ,l=Kq ke;

4MnO4 + 4OH 4MnO42 + 2H2O + O2

(,l=Kq 04)
3MnO 2
+ 4H 2MnO + MnO2 + 2H2O
+
4 4

fyda
3MnO42 + 2H2O 2MnO4 + MnO2 + 4OH

(,l=Kq 04)

IckdYl f,i $ frda. c kdYl f,i $ >kaOlhla f,i ^deodorant& $ iajorYl

f,i wefkdav lef;dav ykd .ekSug $ O2 ms<sfh, lsu i|yd (,l=Kq 03)

jdfka fyda Y% f,day iEug (,l=Kq 03)

MnO4 + 8H + 5e Mn2 + 4H2O

+ +
(,l=Kq 03)
MnO + 2H2O + 3e MnO2 + 4OH or MnO + e MnO ( ,l=Kq 03)
2
4 4 4

Cl yd Br we;s gl Nd; l< fkdyelsh'

c,Sh djKh ia:dhS fkdjk ksid m%d:l iu;ldrlhla f,i Nd;d l< fkdyelsh'
;o jrKhla ksid iuyr wjia:dj, iaMlj, h u jeks ksCIK ,nd.; fkdyels u'
djKh ;=< MnO2 Uqre mdg wjfCIamhla iEh yels h'
(kE u 02la) (03 2 = ,l=Kq 06)
(fjk;a ms<s;=rlg ,l=Kq m%kh lsu i|yd md,l mCIljrhdf.a wkque;sh ,eh hq;=h')

- 28 -
(b) (vi) fldgi i|yd myiq;djh 24%ls' ixfhda.j, jrK yd c,Sh djK ;=< f,day legdhk
fmkakq lrk jrK ms<sn| ksjer kqu u| nj fmfka' MnO2(s) i|yd ksjer jrKh ;o Uqre
meyeh nj wjOdrKh h hq;= h'

(b) (vii) yd (b) (ix) (II) wkqfldgia i|yd myiq;dj ms<sfj<ska 9% yd 25%ls' m%Yakfha myiq;dj
fu;r wvq we;af;a" h mCIdjlg w< jrK mrhdi weiqfrka" ixfhda. ykd .ekSug we;s
yelshdj wvq u h' tfia u mrhdihg w< ridhksl ilrKh ,sf yd Ndial udOHfha
m%;sl%shd i|yd ;=,s; ilrK ,sf yelshdj;a jrOkh h hq;= h' Ndial udOHhl w<
TlaislrK-TlaisyrK m%;sl%shdj ;=,s; lsf yelshdj bf.kq- b.eka l%shdj,sfha jrOkh
h hq;= h' tfiau m%dfhda.sl mCIKj, ,efnk mrhdij,g fya;= meye,s lsf yelshdj
jrOkh h hq;= f'

(b) (x) wkqfldgi i|yd myiq;dj 7%la jeks wju ugul mj;S' KMnO4 Tlaisldrlhla f,i
Nd;fha we;s h yels .eg m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrl wdY%s; j ykd f.k fkd;su ksid ms<s;=re
iemhSf myiq;dj wvq we;' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrl flfrys isiqka ksr; u jrOkh h hq;= nj
wjOdrKh h hq;=hs'

- 30 -
>k;ajh (d) = ialkaOh $ mudj (,l=Kq 03)
m O2 + m O3
= (,l=Kq 03)
V
n1 M1 + n2 M2
= (,l=Kq 04)
V
igyk ( wjidk mshjr ksjer k uq ,l=Kq m%udKh (10) m%kh lrkak'
(uq ,l=Kq 10)

n = n1 + n2 (,l=Kq 03)

d =
[ n1
n1 + n2 [ [
M1 +
n2
M
n1 + n2 2 [ (n1 + n2) (,l=Kq 03)
V
X1 M1 + X2 M2
= n (,l=Kq 04)
V
igyk ( wjidk mshjr ksjer k uq ,l=Kq m%udKh (10) m%kh lrkak'
(uq ,l=Kq 10)

X2 = 1 X1 fyda X1 + X2 = 1 (,l=Kq 04)

X1 M1 + (1 X1) M2
d = n (,l=Kq 04)
V
n p
Y%Kh i|yd pV = nRT fyda = (,l=Kq 04)
V RT
p
d = [X1 M1 + (1 X1) M2] (,l=Kq 04)
RT
dRT
X1 M1 + (1 X1) M2 =
p
dRT

}
ujq,sl ialkaO i|yd wdfoaY lsfuka" 32 X1 + 48(1 X1) = (,l=Kq 04)
p
dRT
16 X1 = 48
p
(,l=Kq 03 + 01)
dRT
X1 = 3
16 p
(uq ,l=Kq 24)

Wml,amk ( O2(g) iy O3(g) tlsfkl m%;sl%shd fkd lrhs' fyda

O2(g) iy O3(g) Y%Kh mmQrK j yeisfr' (,l=Kq 06)
(uq ,l=Kq 50)

- 31 -
Br2(l) + 3I (aq) 2Br (aq) + I3 (aq) fyda Br2(l) + 2I (aq) 2Br (aq) + I2 (s)
(,l=Kq 10)
K fhdok ,o ;=,s; ilrKhlg imQrK ,l=Kq m%kh lrkak'
+

igyk ( fN!;sl wjia:d fyda ;=,s; ridhksl ilrKh ke;ak ,l=Kq m%kh
fkdlrkak'

wjrK $ ,d ly meye;s djKh Uqre meyehg yefr' (,l=Kq 05)

2H+(aq) + 2e H2(g) fyda 2H3O+(aq) + 2e H2(g) + 2H2O(l) (,l=Kq 05)

igyk ( fN!;sl wjia:d fyda ;=,;
s ridhksl ilrKh ke;ak ,l=Kq m%kh
fkdlrkak'

Mg(s) / Mg2+(aq) // H+(aq) / H2(g), Pt(s) (,l=Kq 10)

[Mg(s) / Mg2+(aq) // H+(aq) / H2(g) / Pt(s) wdldrh o ms<s.; yels h']
igyk ( fN!;sl wjia:d ke;ak ,l=Kq m%kh fkdlrkak'
H+ fjkqjg H3O+ ms<s.; yels h'
tkafg%dmsh
tkafg%dmsh je f' (,l=Kq 05)

>k iy j m%;sl%shl jdhquh M,hla [fyda H2(g)] fohs' (,l=Kq 05)

tkafg%dms

H TS < 0 fyda H < TS fyda H / T < S (,l=Kq 10)

fyda fjk;a ms<s.; yels wdldrhla (uq ,l=Kq 50)

- 32 -
 H H H
H
CH3 C CH CH CH3 CH3 C CH2 CH CH2 CH3 C CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH2
CH CH2
CH3 CH3 CH3

H H H
CH3 C CH CH CH2
CH3 C C C CH3 CH3 C CH2 C C H CH3 C CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2CH3
CH2CH3 CH2CH3 C CH

(,l=Kq 08 8)
A jer k E iy F g ,l=Kq ke;; B jer k G g ,l=Kq ke;; C jer k H g ,l=Kq ke;'
A iy E i|yd cHd;sl iudjhl fkdi,lkak'
B yd C fldgqj, ixfhda. udre h yels h' tg thg wkqrEm j G yd H o udre h hq;= h'

wefudakSh AgNO3 fyda wefudakSh CuCl tl;= l< g (,l=Kq 02)

F - wjfCIamhla ke; (,l=Kq 02)
G - AgNO3 iu. ^iq& wjfCIamhla fyda CuCl iu. ^fpdl, Uqre& wjfCIamhla (,l=Kq 02)
^wjfCIamfha jrKh wjYH ke;& (08 8 + 02 3 = ,l=Kq 70)

COOH
SE
NO2
Br
AE
CH3 CH CH3
H
AN CH3 C CN
OH

E CH3 CH CH CH3

SN CH3CH2CN

m%;sl%shd jr.h jpkfhka o ,sh yelsh' (,l=Kq 03 10 = ,l=Kq 30)

m%;sl%shd jr.hg yd m%Odk M,hg iajdk j ,l=Kq m%kh lrkak'

- 34 -
,

- 36 -
5. (a) (i) 2A(g) B(g)
wdrNfha " a -- mol
iu;=,s;;df " a 40 a 20
a mol
100 100
= 0.6 a = 0.2 a mol 2 (02 + 01)

ujq, Nd.h 0.6 a = 3/4 0.2 a = 1/4 (03)

0.8 a 0.8 a
pB
Kp = (03)
pA2
1
)
4 (4 10 N m
5 2

[ ]
Kp = 2 (02 + 01)
3 2
)
4 (4 10 N m
5 2

1
= 9 10 N m fyda 1.1 10 N m
5 1 2 6 1 2
(02 + 01)

5(a)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 21

(ii) I. 2A(g) B(g) (1)

C(g) + D(g) (2)
A(g)ys wdrNl m%udKh = a
1
iu;=,s;;df " C(g) ys m%udKh = 10 a (03)
1
D(g) ys m%udKh = 10 a (03)
2
A(g) ys m%udKh = 10 a (03)
6
(1) iu;=,s;;djg iyNd.S jQ A(g) ys m%udKh = 10 a (03)
3
B(g) ys m%udKh = 10 a (03)
by; .Kkh ls ;rldkql+, j lsu i|yd (03)
'a' yer fjk ixfla;hla fhd we;s k C,D iy Ays m%udKhka .Kkhg tla tla
mshjrlg ,l=Kq 02la muKla m%kh lrkak'
5(a)(ii)I i|yd uq ,l=Kq 15
2 3 1 1
II. A(g), B(g), C(g) yd D(g) ys uq ujq, ixLHdj = 10 a + 10 a + 10 a + 10 a

7
= 10 a (03)
2a / 10 2
A ys ujq, Nd.h = = 7 (03)
7a / 10
3a / 10 3
B ys ujq, Nd.h = = 7 (03)
7a / 10
a / 10 1
C ys ujq, Nd.h = = 7 (03)
7a / 10
a / 10 1
D ys ujq, Nd.h = = 7 (03)
7a / 10

- 37 -
 pC pD
Kp = (03)
pA2
1 1
7 P 7 P
[ ]
Kp = (03)
2 2

7 P
= 1/4 fyda 0.25 (02 + 01)
5(a)(ii)II i|yd uq ,l=Kq 24

III. T ys uq ujq, ixLHdj = 0.6 a + 0.2 a = 0.8 a

p
pV = nRT fyda ksh; V ys n (03)
T
4 105 N m2
T ys " 0.8 a (1)
T
p
2T ys " 0.7 a (2) (1) iy (2) hk fol u i|yd (02+01)
2T
(1) 4 105 N m2 0.8 a
= (03)
(2) P/2 0.7 a
P = 7 105 N m2 (02 + 01)

igyk ( pV = nRT fhdod mSvkh .Kkh lsu i|yd uq ,l=Kq m%udKh (12) m%kh lrkak'
2
A ys wdxYsl mSvkh = (7 105 N m2) = 2 105 N m2 (02+01)
7
3
B ys wdxYsl mSvkh = (7 105 N m2) = 3 105 N m2 (02+01)
7
Kp = (3 105 N m2) 02+01)
(2 105 N m2)2

= 7.5 106 N1 m2 (03 + 01)

5(a)(ii)III i|yd uq ,l=Kq 24
5(a) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 85

40.00
(b) (i) CH3COOH wdrNl m%udKh = 1.0 mol dm3 dm3
1000
= 0.040 mol (02 + 01)

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

ia;r fjka jQ miq"
c,Sh ia;rfha 10.00 cm3l ;sfnk CH3COOH m%udKh
16.00
= 0.5 mol dm3 dm3
1000
= 0.008 mol (02 + 01)

c,Sh ia;rfha ;sfnk CH3COOH m%udKh
40.00 cm3
= 0.008 mol
10.00 cm3
= 0.032 mol (02 + 01)

- 38 -
 hqgfkda,a ia;rfha ;sfnk CH3COOH m%udKh = 0.040 mol 0.032 mol
= 0.008 mol (02 + 01)
hqgfkda,a ia;rfha 10.00 cm3l ;sfnk CH3COOH m%udKh
10.00 cm3
= 0.008 mol
20.00 cm3
= 0.004 mol (02 + 01)
0.004 mol
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wka; ,CIHh (x) = 0.50 mol dm3
= 0.008 dm3 fyda 8.0 cm3 (02 + 01)
5(b)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 18

(ii) c,Sh ia;rfha 10.00 cm3l ;sfnk CH3COOH m%udKh = 0.008 mol
hqgfkda,a ia;rfha 10.00 cm3l ;sfnk CH3COOH m%udKh = 0.004 mol
[CH3COOH]but
Nd. ix.=Klh = (03)
[CH3COOH]H O
2

0.004 mol / (10.00 / 1000 cm3)

= = 0.5 (02 + 01)
0.008 mol / (10.00 / 1000 cm3)

5(b)(ii) i|yd l,am ms<s;=r

hqgfkda,a ia;rh i|yd wjYH jQ NaOH mudj c,Sh ia;rh i|yd wjYH jQ mudfjka
wvls' (03)
[CH3COOH]but
tu ksid" Nd. ix.=Klh = = 0.5 (02 + 01)
[CH3COOH]H O 2

[CH3COOH]H O
igyk ( 1. Nd. ix.=Klh = 2
= 2 i|yd o uq ,l=Kq h hq;= h'
[CH3COOH]but
2. tla tla ia;rfha 10.00 cm3l ;sfnk CH3COOH ujq, m%udKh o Nd.
ix.=Klh .Kkh lsu i|yd fhd .; yels h'
5(b)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 06

30.00
(iii) CH3COOH m%udKh = 1.0 mol dm3 dm3
1000
= 0.030 mol (03)

l,dm fofla u uq mud i|yd wjYH jQ NaOH mudj

0.030 mol
= 0.50 mol dm3
= 60.0 cm3 (02 + 01)

4y + 2z = 60.0 (1) (03)
z 1
y = 2 (2) (03)

(1) iy (2) ka"

y = 12.00 cm3 (02 + 01)
z = 6.00 cm3 (02 + 01)

- 39 -
 5(b)(iii) i|yd l,am ms<s;=r
1. fnda;,fha CH3COOH wdrNl idkaKh = 1.0 mol dm3
3
2. fnda;,fha CH3COOH wdrNl idkaKh = 4 1.0 mol dm
3
(05 + 01)
3
tu ksid" y = 4 16.00 cm
3
(03)
= 12.00 cm3 (02 + 01)
3
z = 4 8.00 cm
3
(03)
= 6.00 cm3 (02 + 01)

5(b)(iii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 18

(iv) 1. hqgfkda,a iy c,Sh ia;r tlsfkl Y% fkd f'

2. hqgfkda,a jdIam fkdf fyda hqgfkda,a ia;rfha mudj fjkia fkd f'
3. CH3COOH ys whkSlrK m%udKh fkd.sksh yels h'
4. hqgfkda,a ia;rfha weisla w,h oawjhlrKh fkd f fyda tl u wKql
jHqyfhka mj;S'
kE u ksjer Wml,amk folla i|yd (03 2 = 06)

(v) sfkda,ama;e,Ska fyda fn%dafud;hsfuda,a (03)

(vi) T (02)
fnda;,a fid,jka ;snQ ld,h ;=< " CH3COOH wKq hqgfkda,a ia;rhg .uka lrhs'
(03)
[CH3COOH]aq wvq f' (03)
[H3O ]aq wvq pH je f'
+
(03)
5(b)(iv) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 14
5(b) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 65

- 40 -
ta wkqj idkaKh wdfoaY l< hq;= ;ek ta fjkqjg ujq, m%udK wdfoaY lsu ksid fndfyda
whlrejkaf.a ms<s;=r widr:l h' ;jo m%dfhda.sl mCIK iy tajd jdr;d lsu ms<sn| j
wjfndaOh wvqu fuu ms<s;=r idr:l fkdug fya;= we;'
(iv) fldgig ksjer ms<s;=re wfmaCIlhska k ish;a tu ms<s;=re m%Yakhg .e<fmk m
;rldkql+, j bm;a lsug fkdyelsu ksid wfmaCIlhskag ,l=Kq wvq we;'
m%Yakj,g w< j ;rldkql+, ms<s;=re wjYH oHd;aul lreKq muKla wvx.= jk f,i flfhka
,sf l=i,;dj wfmaCIlhska hqKq lr .; hq;=hs'

- 42 -
6. (a) (i) CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO (aq) (03)
wdrNfha " c --- --- mol dm3
iu;=,s;;df " c x x x mol dm3 (02 + 01)
[H3O+ (aq)] [CH3COO (aq)]
Ka = (03)
[CH3COOH(aq)]
x2
= mol dm3 (03)
cx
igyk ( fN!;sl wjia:d ke;ak ridhksl ilrKhg iy Ka m%ldYkh i|yd ,l=Kq
m%kh fkdlrkak'
c x c
Ka =
x2 (03)
c

x2
= Ka c (03)

x = [H3O+ (aq)] = K c
a

pH = log ( K c ) fyda
a

pH = 1 log Ka 1 log c (03)
2 2 6(a)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 21

(ii) Wml,amkh ( c iu. ii|k g x fkdie,lsh yelsh fyda c x c fyda

whkSlrK m%udKh fkd.sh yels h' (03)
6(a)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 03

- 43 -
 100 cm3
(iii) ;kql djKfha idkaKh = c mol dm3
1000 cm3

=
c mol dm3 (02 + 01)
10

pH = log ( K c/10 ) fyda
a

pH
c
= 1 log Ka 1 log (06)
2 2 10
6(a)(iii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 09

(iv) ;kql djKfha pH wdrNl djKfha pH

= log ( K c/10 ) [log ( K c )] (03)
a a

= 1 log Ka 1 log
2 2 10 2 (
c 1 log K 1 log c
a 2 ) (03)

= 1 log Ka 1 log
c + 1 log K + 1 log c
2 2 2 a 2
10

= 1 log c 1 log c (03)
2 2 10

= 1 log c (03)
2 c / 10

= 1 log 10 (03)
2

= 0.5 (03)
6(a)(iv) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 18

(v) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) (03)

djKfha uq mudj = 240.0 cm3

20.0 cm3
iEKq ,jK idkaKh = c mol dm3 (02 + 01)
240.0 cm3
200.0 cm3
b;s jQ w, idkaKh = c mol dm3 (02 + 01)
240.0 cm3

[ ]

pH = pKa + log [ ,jKh ] / [ w,h ] (06)

20.0 cm3
c mol dm3
240.0 cm3
= pKa + log (03)
200.0 cm3
c mol dm3
240.0 cm3

= pKa + log (1/10) (03)

= pKa 1 (03)
6(a)(v) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 24
6(a) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 75

- 44 -
 (b) (i) ika;Dma; BaSO4(s) djKhl Ba2+ idkaKh s (mol dm3) f,i .ksuq'
BaSO4(s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq) (03)
iu;=,s;;df " -- s s (03)

Ksp = [Ba2+ (aq)] [SO42 (aq)] (03)

= s2
s2 = 1.0 1010 mol2 dm6 (02 + 01)
s = 1.0 105 mol dm3
Ba2+ idkaKh = 1.0 105 mol dm3 (02 + 01)
igyk ( fN!;sl wjia:d ke;ak ridhksl ilrKhg iy Ksp m%ldYkh i|yd
,l=Kq m%kh fkdlrkak'
6(b)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 15

(ii) BaSO4(s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq)

iu;=,s;;df " -- 5.0 106 mol dm3 x (03)
fuys x hkq wjfCIamKh jk g djKfha SO42 (aq) (mol dm3) idkaKh f'

Ksp = [Ba2+ (aq)] [SO42 (aq)] (03)

= (5.0 106 mol dm3) x = 1.0 1010 mol2 dm6 (02 + 01)
x = 2.0 105 mol dm3 (02 + 01)

Na2SO4 j,ska ,efnk SO42 (aq) idkaKh

= 2.0 105 mol dm3 5.0 106 mol dm3 (03)
= 1.5 105 mol dm3 (02 + 01)

6(b)(ii) i|yd l,am ms<s;=r

BaSO4(s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq)
iu;=,s;;df " -- 5.0 106 mol dm3 5.0 106 mol dm3 + y (06)
fuys y hkq wjfCIamKh jk g Na2SO4 ksid ,enqK SO42 (aq) (mol dm3) idkaKh f'
Ksp = [Ba2+ (aq)] [SO42 (aq)] (03)
(5.0 106 mol dm3) (y + 5.0 106 mol dm3) = 1.0 1010 mol2 dm6 (02 + 01)
y + 5.0 106 mol dm3 = 2.0 105 mol dm3 (02 + 01)
y = 1.5 105 mol dm3 (02 + 01)

tla l< hq;= Na2SO4 m%udKh = 1.5 105 mol dm3 1.0 dm3 or 1.5 105 mol (02 + 01)
tla l< hq;= Na2SO4 ys ialkaOh = 1.5 105 mol 142 g mol1 (02 + 01)
= 2.13 103 g or 2.13 mg (02 + 01)
Wml,amkh ( Na2SO4 tla lrk g djKfha mudj fjkia fkd f'
6(b)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 27

- 45 -
 (iii) BaSO4(s) ys djH;dj s iy PbSO4 ys djH;dj s' (mol dm3) f,i .ksuq'
BaSO4(s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq)
iu;=,s;;df " -- s s + s' (06)
PbSO4(s) Pb (aq) + SO
2+
4
2
(aq) (03)
iu;=,s;;df " -- s' s + s' (03)
Ksp (BaSO4) = [Ba2+ (aq)] [SO42 (aq)]
s (s + s' ) = 1.0 1010 mol2 dm6 (1) (02 + 01)
Ksp (PbSO4) = [Pb2+ (aq)] [SO42 (aq)] (03)
s' (s + s' ) = 1.6 108 mol2 dm6 (2) (02 + 01)

(2) s' = 1.6 1010

8
= 160 (03)
(1) s 1.0 10
(1) s (s + 160 s ) = 1.0 1010
(03)
s
= 7.9 107
igyk ( 160 + 1 160 f,i Wml,amkh l< yels h'
Ba2+ idkaKh = 7.9 107 mol dm3 (02 + 01)
Pb2+ idkaKh = 160 7.9 107 mol dm3

= 1.3 104 mol dm3

(02 + 01)

6(b)(iii) i|yd l,am ms<s;=r

BaSO4(s) Ba2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq)
PbSO4(s) Pb2+ (aq) + SO42 (aq) (03)
Ksp (BaSO4) = [Ba2+ (aq)] [SO42 (aq)] = 1.0 1010 mol2 dm6 (1)
Ksp (PbSO4) = [Pb2+ (aq)] [SO42 (aq)] = 1.6 108 mol2 dm6 (2) (02 + 01)

(2) [Pb2+]
= 1.6 1010
8

= 160 (03)
(1) [Ba ]
2+
1.0 10
[Ba2+ (aq)] + [Pb2+ (aq)] = [SO42 (aq)] (3) (09)
[Pb2+] [SO4 ] 2
1+ = (03)
[Ba2+] [Ba2+]
[SO42]
1 + 160 =
[Ba2+]
[Ba2+][SO42]
1 + 160 =
(03)
[Ba2+]2
1.0 1010 mol2 dm6
161 = (02 + 01)
[Ba2+]2

= [Ba2+] 7.9 107 mol dm3 (02 + 01)
igyk ( 160 + 1 160 f,i Wml,amkh l< yels h'
Ba2+ idkaKh = 7.9 107 mol dm3
Pb2+ idkaKh = 160 7.9 107 mol dm3

= 1.3 104 mol dm3

(02 + 01)

6(b)(iii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 33

6(b) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 75

- 46 -
(b) fldgfia n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha c,fhys b;d iq jYfhka djH ,jKhl djH;dj .Kkh lsu
yd fmd whk wdprKh iy fmd whkhla we;s g tu whkh wvx.= ,jK foll djH;djkays
idfmaCI wvq hk ixl,am ms<sn| ksmqK;dj mCId lsu h' (i) fldgi i|yd ms<s;=re iemhSf
myiq;dj 67%l by< ugul ;sK' kuq;a (ii) yd (iii) fldgia i|yd myiq;dj ms<sfj,ska 16% yd
15% jeks my< ugul mj;S' djH;d .=;h weiqka ilia lrk ,o fuu .egf (ii) yd (iii)
fldgia i|yd fmd whk wdprKh fhd .eg if idudkHfhka Nd; lrk Wml,amk
we;s m%Yakhg w< fkdjk fia hdka;%sl f,i fhug isiqka W;aidy lr ;sK' iuia;hla
jYfhka bf.kq-b.eka l%shdj,sfha fN!;sl ridhkhg w< .; .eg O Yd Tiafia
iug wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

- 48 -
7. (a) m%;sl%shd Ndckh ;=< .%Skd m%;sldrlh HOCH2CH2CH2MgBr iEKq .i u th
;j;a HOCH2CH2CH2Br / HOCH2CH2CH2MgBr wKqjla iu. m%;slsh % d lr (10)
HOCH2CH2CH3 idohs' (05)
(15)
fyda

Mg/dry ether
HOCH2CH2CH2Br HOCH2CH2CH2MgBr (05)

(05) HOCH2CH2CH2Br

HOCH2CH2CH3 + MgBr OCH2CH2CH2Br

(05)
(15)

tneka iEKq .%Skd m%;sldrlh we,afldfyd, yuqf fhdackh f' (05)

^wjidk M,h BrMgOCH2CH2CH3 f'&
^il%sh H iys; ixfhda. yuqf RMgBr fhdackh f hk wr:h fok fjk;a j.ka;s o ms<s.; yelsh'&

my; i|yka m fldgia ,l=Kq mskukak'

we,afldfyd, ^fyda fm%dafgdak hl lrk& fjk;a m%;sldrl .%Skd m%;sldrlh iu. my;
i|yka wdldrhg m%;sl%shd lrhs'
ROH + R' MgBr R' H + MgBr
fyda
H+ + R' MgBr R' H
7(a) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 20

- 49 -
 (03)
(b) +
Cl Cl FeCl3 Cl Cl FeCl3 (04)

:
[Cl2 + FeCl3 Cl FeCl4 ] ,l=Kq (04) la muKhs
+

(03)
+ + H Cl
Cl Cl FeCl3 FeCl3
Cl
(,l=Kq 10)
(03) (04)

[ ]
(03)
+ H FeCl4
Cl+ FeCl4 Cl ,l=Kq (07) muKla
(04)

fyda

+
Cl Cl FeCl3 Cl Cl FeCl3 (07)

B;,hla we| we;ak ,l=Kq 03la wvq lrkak' tfia fkdf k uq ,l=Kq m%kh lrkak'

(03) + FeCl4

+ H
Cl Cl FeCl3
Cl
(03) (04)

w;rue whkh im%hqla;;dj u.ska ia:dhS f'

+ H H H
Cl Cl Cl (03)
+ +

H
+ Cl ,l=Kq (01) muKla

bf,lafg%dak ixl%uKh olajk B;, wjYH fkd f'

im%hql;
a jHqy folla muKla we;s k ,l=Kq (02) muKla m%kh lrkak'
i,l=K ,shd fkdue;s k ,l=Kq ke;'

w;r ue whkfhka fm%dafgdakhla bj;a fuka wefrdauel ia:dhS;dj ,nd .kS'

(03)
(02) (03)
+ H Cl FeCl3 Cl (01) (01)
Cl
+ HCl + FeCl3

(02)

[ ]
+ (03)
H Cl
Cl
,l=Kq (05) muKla

7(b) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 30

- 50 -
 (c) dil. H2SO4 PCl5
(CH3)2C = CH2 (CH3)3C OH (CH3)3C Cl (04)
(04) (04) (04)
Mg/Ether (04)

dil. H2SO4 HCHO

(CH3)3C CH2OH (CH3)3C CH2OMgCl (CH3)3C MgCl
(04) (04) (04) (04) (04)
K2Cr2O7 / dil. H2SO4
(04)
(CH3)3C COOH
(04)
O
conc. H2SO4

=
(CH3)3C COOH + (CH3)3C OH (CH3)3C C O C(CH3)3
(02)
(04) 12 + (02) 1 = ,l=Kq 50

fuh muKla we;sk ,l=Kq (10)la m%kh lrkak'

O
conc. H2SO4

=
(CH3)3C COOH + (CH3)3C OH (CH3)3C C O C(CH3)3
(04) (04) (02)

7(c) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 50

(d)
CrO3/H+ (06)
CH3CH2CHO CH3CH2COOH (06)
[or H+/K2Cr2O7, H+/KMnO4]

PCl5 (06) [or PCl3 , POCl3 ,SOCl2]

NH3
CH3CH2CONH2 CH3CH2COCl (06)
(06)
(06)
1. LiAlH4 (04)
2. H2O or H+ (02)
O
=

CH3CH2CH2NH2 CH3CH2 C NHCH2CH2CH3

(06) (02)

(06) 8 + (02) 1 = ,l=Kq 50

jvd;a u ms<s.; yels l%uh fuh f' tfy;a my; i|yka fjk;a l%u i|yd o ,l=Kq h yelsh'

- 51 -
 l,am l%uh (
CrO3/H+ (06)
CH3CH2CHO CH3CH2COOH (06)
[or H+/K2Cr2O7, H+/KMnO4]
1. NaBH4 (or LiAlH4) (03) PCl5 (06)
2. H2O or H+ (01) [or PCl3 , POCl3 ,SOCl2]

CH3CH2CH2OH (04)
(03) PCl5 [or PCl3 , POCl3 ,SOCl2] CH3CH2COCl (06)
CH3CH2CH2Cl (04)

(03) excess NH3

O
CH3CH2CH2NH2 CH3CH2 C NHCH2CH2CH3
(06) (02)

l,am l%uh (
CrO3/H+ (06) PCl5
CH3CH2CHO CH CH COOH CH3CH2COCl (06)
[or H+/K2Cr2O7, 3 2
(06) (06)
H+/KMnO4]
aq. NH3 (02)

heat
CH3CH2CONH2 CH3CH2CO2 NH4+
(02) (02)
(06)
1. LiAlH4 (04)
2. H2O or H+ (02)

O
CH3CH2CH2NH2 CH3CH2 C NHCH2CH2CH3
(06) (02)

fuu l%u ;=fka u ldfndlais,sla w,h yd wekh r;alsfuka wjidk M,h ,ndf.k
we;s k ^w, fya,hsvh yryd fkdf.dia& tu mshjr i|yd ,l=Kla m%kh l< yelsh'

7(d) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 50

ie'hq' mjr;kj, M,h ksjer jqj o m%;sldrlh jer k M,hg ,l=Kq m%kh lrkak'
M,h jer m%;sldrlh ksjer jqj;a m%;sldrlhg ,l=Kq m%kh fkdlrkak'

- 52 -
- 54 -
8. (a) (i) mCIKh ksCIKh
1 CaCO3 fkdue; (03)
2 NaOH we; (03)
3 Zn(NO3)2 we; (03)

tneka Y%Kfha we;s ixfhda. fol NaOH iy Zn(NO3)2 f' (08 + 08)
8(a)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 25

(ii) A = FeS B = FeSO4 C = H2S

D = HNO3 / H2SO4 E = S F = NiSO4
G = NiS E = Ni(OH)2 I = [Ni(NH3)6]2+


(05 9)
8(a)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 45
8(a) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 70

(b) (i) (5 n) (MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O)

(04)
5 (Mn+ + 2H2O MO2+ + 4H+ + (5 n) e)
(04)
(5 n) MnO4
5M n+
(1 inkaOh)
(04)

KMnO4 ys ujq, m%udKh = 0.100 30.0 (04)
1000
tneka" MnO4 ys ujq, m%udKh = 0.100 30.0
1000

- 55 -
 Mn+ ys ujq, m%udKh = 5.00 103

1 inkaOfhka ( 0.100 30.0 5 = 5.00 103 (04)

1000 5n
3 = 5 n
n = 2 (05)
8(b)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 25

(ii) 1. l%shdms<sfj<
2Cu2+ + 4I 2CuI + I2 (1 ilrKh) (03)
I2 + 2S2O32 S4O62 + 2I (2 ilrKh) (03)

l%shdms<sfj<
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

3(2I I2 + 2e)

Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6I 3I2 + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (ilrKh 3) (03)
I2 + 2S2O32 S4O62 + 2I (ilrKh 4) (03)

2. l%uh
l%shdms<sfj< ie,lSfuka
^ilrKh 3& + ^3 ilrKh 4& inkaO lsfuka
Cr2O72 6S2O32 (03)

K2Cr2O7 ys ujq,sl ialkaOh = 294 g mol1 (02)

K2Cr2O7 djKfha idkaKh = 1.18 1000

294 500.0
= 0.0080 mol dm3 (03)

25.0 cm3 ys wvx.= K2Cr2O7 ujq, m%udKh = 0.0080 25.0 (03)

1000

tneka" S2O32 ujq, m%udKh = 0.0080 25.0 6 (03)

1000

[S2O32] = 0.0080 25.0 6 1000

1000 24.0
Na2S2O3 djKfha idkaKh = 0.050 mol dm3 (02 + 01)

l%shdms<sfj< ie,lSfuka

S2O32 ujq, m%udKh = 0.050 30.0 (03)

1000
(ilrKh 1) + (ilrKh 2) inkaO lsfuka
2Cu 2S2O32
2+

Cu S2O32 (03)
2+
tneka"

- 56 -
 25.0 cm3 ys wvx.= Cu2+ ujq, m%udKh = 0.050 30.0 (03)
1000

500.0 cm3 ys wvx.= Cu2+ ujq, m%udKh = 0.050 30.0 500.0 (03)
1000 25.0

tneka" Cu2+ ys nr = 0.050 30.0 500.0 63.5 (03)

1000 25.0
= 1.90 g

Z Y% f,dayfhys % Cu = 1.90 100.0

2.80

= 67.9% (68% ms<s.; yelsh') (05)

l%uh 2
S2O32 ys idkaKh M mol dm3 k" (02)

Cr2O72 iu. m%;sl%shdfjka msg jQ I2 ujq, m%udKh = M 24.0 1 (03)

1000 2

ta i|yd wjYH Cr2O72 ujq, m%udKh = M 24.0 1 1 (03)

1000 2 3

1 1 1.18
500.0 cm3 ys wvx.= Cr2O72 ujq, m%udKh = M 24.0 500.0 =
1000 2 3 25.0 294
(06)

M = 0.050 mol dm3 (02 + 01)

Cu2+ iu. m%;sl%shdfjka msgjQ I2 ujq, m%udKh = 0.050 30.0 (05)

1000 2

500.0 cm3 ys wvx.= Cu2+ ujq, m%udKh = 0.050 30.0 2 500.0 (05)
1000 2 25.0

500.0 cm3 ys wvx.= Cu2+ ys nr = 0.050 30.0 2 500.0 63.5

1000 2 25.0

= 1.90 g (05)

Z Y% f,dayfhys % Cu = 1.90 100

2.80

= 67.9% (68% ms<s.; yelsh') (05)

3. wka; ,CIH
l%shdms<sfj< ks,a wjrK (03)

l%shdms<sfj< ks,a ^,d meye;s& fld< (03)

8(b)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 55
8(b) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 80

- 57 -
- 59 -
9. (a) I. NaCl (04)

II. CaCl2 (04)

III. 600 C (04)

IV. wefkdavh - ksrka (04)

lef;davh - jdfka (04)

V. wefkdavh - 2Cl(l) Cl2(g) + 2e (04)

lef;davh - Na (l) + e
+
Na(s) fyda Na(l) (04)
,l=Kq m%kh lsu i|yd fN!;sl ;;a;aj iy wm%;sjr;H B;, ,sh hq;= h'

VI. Na iy Cl2 w;r m%;sl%shdj je<elau i|yd (04)

VII. O2 yd f;;ukh (Moisture) iu. Na m%;sl%shd lsfuka je<elau i|yd (02 + 02)

VIII. jerhs (04)

IX. jhls (04)

X. Na
fidah jdIam ,dmqj, ^vapour lamps&
B;r iy fnkaiSka jeks djl h<Su i|yd
ridhksl ixiaf,aIKj, Nd; lsu i|yd f'
NaNH2 ms<sfh, lsf
kHIal n,d.drhkays (nuclear energy reactors) isi,
s k bkaOkhla (cooling fuel)f,i
(by; folla" 04 2) (08)

- 60 -
 Cl2
HCl ms<sfh, lsf
rxcl (bleach) ms<sfh, lsf
PVC ms<sfh, lsf
Ic kdYl (disinfectant)
lDkdYl" T!IO (drugs) iy jrKl (dyes) ksIamdokfha
(by; tlla) (03)
(fjk;a ms<s;=rlg ,l=Kq m%kh lsu i|yd md,l mCIljrhdf.a wkque;sh ,eh hq;= h)
9(a)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 55

(ii) 1. iefmdkSlrKh - fuys i;a;aj fo fyda Ydl f;,a NaOH iu. kgjkq ,efuka
inka iy .a,sifrda,a ,ef'
fyda

O
=

R C O CH2 CH2OH
O O
=

=
R C O CH + 3 NaOH 3R C O Na+ + CHOH
O
soap CH2OH
=

R C O CH2
glycerol
R - . u we,alhs,a ldKavhla ^;=,s; ilrKhla wjYH ke;&
(08)

2. .a,sifrda,a bj;a lsu (04)

3. m;% lsu (Purification) - b;s NaOH n, w,hlska WiSk lsu iy c,h 2/3
bj;a lr inka ,nd.ekSu
(02 + 02)

4. wjidkh (Finishing) - wu;r jH (additives) Y% lr inka ^leg f,i& yev .ekau

(02 + 02)
m;% lsu muKla (01), wjidkh muKla (01)
9(a)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 20
9(a) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 75

(b) (ii) I. A, D, G

II. C, H, K

III. E, J, M

IV. C, L, N

V. B, F, I (02 15)
9(b)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 30

- 61 -
 (ii) Niauhla ^Ca iy Mg j, Tlaihsv" ldnfkag fyda yhsfrdlaihsv fyda fvd,uhs& Nd;
lr wd,sl jdhq bj;a lrkak' (03)
SO2(g) + CaO(s) CaSO3(s)
fyda SO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaSO3(s) + H2O(l)
fyda SO2(g) + CaCO3(aq) CaSO3(s) + CO2(g) (02)
9(b)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 05

(iii) 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) (02)

2NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq) (02)
fyda 2NO(g) + O2(g) + H2O(l) HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq) (04)
fyda 4NO(g) + 3O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 4HNO3(aq) (04)
iy
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) (02)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) (02)
fyda 2SO2(g) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2H2SO4(aq) (04)
9(b)(iii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 08
igyk ( yhsfrdlaihsv uqla; LKavl [OH(g)]" mrudKql Tlaiscka [O(g)]" yhsrcka
fmfrdlaihsv [HOOH(g)]" ldnksl fmfrdlaihsv [ROOH(g)] Tlaisldrl
f,i Nd; lr we;s g uq ,l=Kq m%kh lrkak' fyd| u Tlaisldrlh
yhsfrdlais,a uqla; LKavhhs' fmfrdlaihsv r,n h'

(iv) I ys;,h r;au ( CH3(CH2)4CH3, CFCl3, CF2Cl2, NO

fidaka ia;rh CIhu ( CFCl3, CF2Cl2, NO (02 7)
9(b)(iv) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 14

(v) I iajdNdl fidaka iEu

O2(g) hv 2O(g) ^O u; uqla; LKavl laug ,l=Kq wvq fkdlrkak& (02)
O(g) + O2(g) + M O3(g) + M ^M hkq jemqr Yla;sh Wrd .ekSug we;s ;=ka
jk idOlhhs&
fyda O(g) + O2(g) O3(g) + energy (02)

iajdNdl fidaka kdYh

O3(g) hv O(g) + O2(g) ^O u; uqla; LKavl laug ,l=Kq wvq fkdlrkak& (02)
O(g) + O3(g) 2O2(g) ^O u; uqla; LKavl laug ,l=Kq wvq fkdlrkak& (02)

II uqla; LKavl iEu

hv . .
CCl3F Cl + CCl2F ^uqla; LKavl fol lah hq;= h& (02)

III W;afm%a; fidaka kdih

. .
Cl + O3 OCl + O2 ^uqla; LKavl fol lah hq;= h& (02)
O2 2O ^O u; uqla; LKavl laug ,l=Kq wvq fkdlrkak& (02)
. .
OCl + O Cl + O2 ^uqla; LKavl fol lah hq;= h& (02)

2O3 3O2 (net) (02)
.
Cl W;afm%arlhka f,i i,lkak'
igyk ( 9(b)(v) II ys ms<s;=r 9(b)(v) III iu. f k ,l=Kq m%kh lrkak'
ilrKj, fN!;sl ;;a;aj i|yka lsu wjYH ke;'
9(b)(v) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 18
9(b) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 75

- 62 -
- 64 -
10. (a) af,daka 1 yd 0 TlaislrK wjia:d muKla fmkakq lrk w;r" wks;a ye,ck Ok
TlaislrK wjia:d o fmkakq lrhs' (+1, +3, +5, +7)
wks;a ye,ckj,g jvd" F2 ys Tlaisldrl n,h (oxidizing power) je h'
Kr iy Xe hk ksIal%sh jdhq iu. F2 ixfhda. idok w;r wks;a ye,ck tfia fkd lrhs'
F ys whkSlrK Yla;sh" wks;a ye,ckj, whkSlrK Yla;shg jvd fnfyka je h'
HF ys ;dmdxlh wks;a yhsrcka fya,hsvj, (HCl, HBr iy HI) ;dmdxlhkag jvd fndfyda
fjkia h'
F ys oHq;aRK;dj" wks;a ye,ckj, oHq;aRK;djg jvd fndfyda je h'
myiqfjka <d h yels wvq Yla;sfhka hq;a d - ldlaIsl fkdue;s fyhska F ys iyixhqc;dj
tlg iSud jk w;r wks;a ye,ckj,g d - ldlaIsl Wmfhda.S lsug yels neka tajd 1, 3
iy 5 ixhqc;d fmkakq lrhs'
c,fha HF rj, w,hla jk w;r wfkla yhsrcka fya,hsv m%n, w, f'
wfkla ye,ckj,g jvd" F wf,day iu. Yla;su;a nkaOk idohs'
F2 c,h TlaislrKh lrk w;r wfkla ye,ck tfia fkdlrhs'
AgF iy PbF2 c,fhys djH jk w;r Ag iy Pb ys wfkla fya,hsv c,fhys wdjH f'

ka y;rla (06 4)
ish u ms<s;=re ksjer k (01)

^fjk;a ms<s;=rlg ,l=Kq m%kh lsu i|yd md,l mCIljrhdf.a wkque;sh ,eh hq;= h'&
10(a) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 25

(b) (i) mshjr 1 Na2SO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O (06)

mshjr 2 SO2 + 2H2O + I2 4H + SO4 + 2I (06)
+ 2

mshjr 3 I2 + 2S2O 3
2
S4O6 + 2I
2
(06)
10(b)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 18

(ii) S2O32 ujq, m%udKh = 0.100 26.0 (03)

/
1000

S2O32 iu. m%;sl%shd l< I2 ujq, m%udKh = [ 0.100 26.0

1000 ] 2 (03)

tl;= lrk ,o I2 ujq, m%udKh = 0.050 40.0 (03)

1000
S2O32 iu. m%;sl%shd l< I2 ujq, m%udKh =

= 0.050 40.0 0.100 26.0 (03)

1000 1000 2
= 1
1000 [ 0.050 40.0 0.1 26.0
2 ]
= 7.0 104 (03)

tneka" SO2 ujq, m%udKh = 7.0 104

tneka uia 1kg l wvx.= Na2S2O3 ys ujq, m%udKh = 7.0 104 (03)
10(b)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 18

- 65 -
 (iii) Na2SO3 ys ujq,sl ialkaOh = 126 g mol1 (02 + 01)

uia 1kg l wvx.= Na2SO3 ys ialkaOh = 7.0 104 126 g

= 0.088 g (02 + 01)

uia 106 g ys wvx.= Na2SO3 m%udKh = 0.088 106

1000
= 88 (ppm) (03)
10(b)(iii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 09

(iv) jrK mrhdih ( ks,a isg wjrK (05)

10(b)(iv) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 05
10(b) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 50

2.8 105 mol

(c) (i) I. I2(aq) iEf YS>%;dj = 1
(02 + 01)
1.0 dm 3
5s
= 5.6 106 mol dm3 s1 (02 + 01)

II. I (aq) jehf YS>%;dj = 2 5.6 106 mol dm3 s1 (02 + 01)

= 1.12 10 mol dm s5 3 1
(02 + 01)

III. S2O82 (aq) jehf YS>%;dj = 5.6 106 mol dm3 s1 (02 + 01)

10(c)(i) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 15

(ii) I (aq) idkaKh S2O82 (aq) idkaKh

(mol dm3) (mol dm3)

mCIKh 1 0.080 0.020
mCIKh 2 0.160 0.020
YS>%;dj [ I ]a [ S2O82 ]b (04)
mCIKh 1 " 5.6 106 mol dm3 s1 (0.080 mol dm3)a (0.020 mol dm3)b (1) (03 + 01)
mCIKh 2 " 1.12 105 mol dm3 s1 (0.160 mol dm3)a (0.020 mol dm3)b (2) (03 + 01)
(2) / (1) 2 = 2a
a = 1 I g idfmaCI j fm< = 1 (04)

fyda

igyk ( j,x.= .=Kd;aul ;rlhka u.ska a = 1 nj fmkau i|yd ,l=Kq (04) la muKla
fokak'
10(c)(ii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 16

(iii) I. YS>%;dj [ I ] [ S2O82 ]

(04)

II. [ I ] = 0.080 mol dm3

;kql lsfuka miq"
[ S2O82 ] = 0.010 mol dm3


idkaK mo fol u i|yd (03 + 01)

- 66 -

YS>%;dj [ I ] = (0.080 mol dm3) (0.010 mol dm3) (3) (03 + 01)

(3) YS>%;dj / 1.12 105 mol dm3 s1 = (0.080 mol dm 3) (0.010 mol dm 3) (03 + 01)




(2) (0.160 mol dm3) (0.020 mol dm3)

1.12 105 mol dm3 s1

YS>%;dj =
4
= 2.8 106 mol dm3 s1 (03 + 01)
10(c)(iii) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 20

(iv) wrOj ld,h ( m%;sl%shlfha idkaKh tys wdrNl w.hfhka y wvla ug .; jk

ld,h (06)
I idkaKh ksh; j ;nd.;a g m%;sl%shdj m<uq fm< f,i yeisfr' (04)

[ksjer X - wlaIh (01)" ksjer Y - wlaIh (01)" wdrNl ,laIHh (02)" ksjer yevh (04)]

meye,s lsu (
olajd we;s m" S2O82 idkaKh C0 isg C0/2 olajd wvqug .; jk ld,h" tys idkaKh
C0/2 isg C0/4 olajd wvqug .;jk ld,hg iudk f' (06)

10(c)(iv) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 24

10(c) i|yd uq ,l=Kq 75

- 67 -
 fldgi

3'0 ms<s;=re iemhSf ie,ls,su;a h hq;= lreKq yd fhdackd (

3'1' ms<s;=re iemhSf ie,ls,su;a h hq;= lreKq (

fmd Wmfoia (

* m%Yak m;%fha we;s uQ,sl Wmfoia lshjd fydka f;are .; hq;= h' tk tla tla fldgiska
fldmuK m%Yak ixLHdjlg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= o" l=uk m%Yak wksjdrh o" fldmuK
ld,hla ,ef o" fldmuK ,l=Kq ,ef o" hk lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a h hq;= w;r
m%Yak fydka lshjd ksrjq,a wjfndaOhla we;s lr f.k m%Yak f;dard .; hq;= h'

* m;%fha m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSf jvd;a ksjer tla ms<s;=rla f;dard .; hq;= h'
;j o meye,s j tla l;sr ,l=Kla muKla fhh hq;= h'

* m;%fha m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhSf ieu m%Odk m%Yakhla u w;a msgqjlska wdrN l<
hq;= h'

* ksjer yd meye,s w;a wl=rej,ska ms<s;=re ,sh hq;= h'

* whlref.a Nd. wxlh ieu msgqjl u w< ia:dkfha ,sh hq;= h'
* m%Yak wxl yd wkqfldgia ksjer j ,sh hq;= h'
* ksYa; fl ms<s;=re ,sug wjYH wjia:dj, r> ia;r we;=<;a fkdlsu fuka u
ia;rd;aul ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= wjia:dj, fl ms<s;=re iemhSu o fkdl< hq;= h'

* m%Yakh wid we;s wdldrh wkqj ;rldkql+, j yd Yaf,aIKd;aul j lreKq bm;a l<
hq;= h'

* II jk m%Yak m;%hg ms<s;=re ,sf m%Odk m%Yakh hgf;a we;s wkqfldgia ish,a, fydka
lshjd n,d tla tla wkqfldgig w< b,lal .; ms<s;=r muKla ,sh hq;= h'

* .egj,g ms<s;=re iemhSf we;s ld,h ksis m l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug j. n,d

.; hq;= h'

* ms<s;=re ,sf r;= iy fld< mdg mEka Nd; lsfuka je<lsh hq;= h'

fYaI Wmfoia (

* ridhksl ilrK ,sh hq;= wjia:dj, ieu g u tajd ;=,s; lr lah hq;= h'
* w< wjia:dj, ksjer tall Nd; l< hq;= h'
* ridhksl .Kkh lsj, iafgdhslsfhd;sl ix.=Klh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a h hq;= h'
* ia jHqy wef tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., yd wdfrdamKh ksjer j lah hq;= h'
* ldnksl hka;%Kj, ksjer l%ufo wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

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3'2' bf.kq yd b.eka l%shdj,sh ms<sn| woyia yd fhdackd (

* m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrl wdY%fhka uik ,o .egj,g isiqka ms<s;=re iemhSu b;d rj,
ugul mej;sK' f fya;=fjka bf.kq - b.eka l%shdj,sfha isiqka m%dfhda.sl
l%shdldrlj, fhou;a ta wdY%s; j wNHdij, fhou;a jvd fhda.H nj wjOdrKh
flfr'

* kj Ih ksrfoaYhg w;ska tl;= jQ Ih fldgia flfrys o isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq

lrh hq;= h'

* ridhk oHdj hkq m%dfhda.sl Ihls' yqfola ixl,am lg mdv lr u;l ;nd .ekSfuka
muKla ridhk oHdj idr:l j yeh fkdyels h' W.;a ixl,am W; ia:dkj, Nd;
lr .eg if yelshdj jrOkh lr.; hq;= u f'

* ridhk oHdj hgf;a m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrl yd mCIK ie,iq lr we;af;a yiqre

fl!Y,H jrOkh lr .ekSug muKla fkdj" m%dfhda.sl j ,nd .kakd ksCIK mdGdxl
mka;s ldurfha W.;a isoaOdka; iu inkaO lr w< ks.ukj,g t<ug we;s
yelshdjka o jrOkh lr .ekSu i|yd h' fksid m%dfhda.sl mCIK i|yd je wjOdkhla
fhduq lsug isiqka fuka u .=rejreka o lghq;= l< hq;= h'

* l%udkql+, fm<.eiaulg wkqj b.ekafjk" fYaIfhka ldnksl ridhkh jeks Ih

fldgia wOHhkfha ksrudKd;aul j fl igyka ieliSug;a" ta weiqka ksrudKd;aul
wNHdij, isiqka fhoug;a wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h'

* ridhk oHd Ih ksrfoaYfha tall fndfyda rg tlsfkl yd inkaO f' fksid

lsish tallhla wOHhkh lsfuka miq tys iuia;h ms<sn| ixl,amhla idrdxYhla f,i
isiqka ;=< jrOkh h hq;= h'

* ridhk oHd Ih fldgia yd ixl,am ksjer j wjfndaO lr.;a; o iq lsf olajk

rj,;d fya;=fjka wjika m%;sM,h widr:l o iq,N lreKls' f ksid idudkH
fm< b;d fyd| m%;sM, iys; isiqkaf.a mjd .; kqu jrOkh lrf wjYH;djla
olakg ,ef' .; lru iq lsf myiq yd fl l%u Nd; lsu" yd ,>q.Kl fmd;a
Nd;hg yqre lsu wdh fhd.; yels h'

* bf.kq - b.eka l%shdj,sfha Ih lreKq foaYkhla f,i bm;a lsu fjkqjg

isiqka iu. idlPd udr.fhka bm;a lsu jeo.;a h' tu Ih lreKq m%dfhda.sl j
Nd; lrk wdldrh;a iudk wjia:djkag fhfuka .eg i|k wdldrh;a ms<sn|
mqyqKqjla isiqkag ,ndh hq;= h'

* Ih lreKq Yaf,aIKh lsfuka yd ixiaf,aIKh lsfuka .eg i|k wdldrh ms<sn|

mqyqKqjla ,ndu iqiq h'

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