Chemical Bond

Bonds are forces that hold groups of atoms together and make them function as a unit.

We can group chemical bonds as,

01. Primary bonds
02. Secondary bonds/interactions

01. Primary bonds

there are three types of primary bonds,

a. Ionic bond
b. Covalent bond
c. Metallic bond

02. Secondary bonds

there are three types of secondary bonds,

a. Ion - Dipole interactions
Ion-Induced dipole interactions
b. Dipole-Dipole interactions
Dipole-Induced dipole interactions
H bonds
c. Dispersion forces/london forces

I. Ionic Bond

An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative
ions.

Ÿ The bond forms between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from the valence
shell of one atom to the valence shell of the other.
Ÿ The atom that loses electrons becomes a cation (positive ion), and the atom that gains electrons
becomes an anion (negative ion).
Ÿ Any given ion tends to attract as many neighboring ions of opposite charge as possible.
Ÿ When large numbers of ions gather together, they form an ionic solid.
Ÿ The solid normally has a regular, crystalline structure that allows for the maximum attraction of ions,
given their particular sizes.

Ÿ To understand why ionic bonding occurs, consider the transfer of a valence electron from a sodium
atom (electron configuration [Ne]3s1) to the valence shell of a chlorine atom ([Ne]3s23p5).
Ÿ We can represent the electron transfer by the following equation:

Ÿ As a result of the electron transfer, ions are formed, each of which has a noble-gas configuration.
Ÿ The sodium atom has lost its 3s electron and has taken on the neon configuration, [Ne].
Ÿ The chlorine atom has accepted the electron into its 3p subshell and has taken on the argon
configuration, [Ne]3s23p6.
Ÿ Such noble-gas configurations and the corresponding ions are particularly stable.
Ÿ This stability of the ions accounts in part for the formation of the ionic solid NaCl.
Ÿ Once a cation or anion forms, it attracts ions of opposite charge.
Ÿ Within the sodium chloride crystal, NaCl, every Na+ ion is surrounded by six Cl- ions, and every Cl-
+
ion by six Na ions.