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X F FX FX F / (N: Chapter 20, Page 1/29
X F FX FX F / (N: Chapter 20, Page 1/29
20-1 (a)
x f fx f x2 f / (Nx)
60 2 120 7200 0.0029
70 1 70 4900 0.0015
80 3 240 19200 0.0043
90 5 450 40500 0.0072
100 8 800 80000 0.0116
110 12 1320 145200 0.0174
120 6 720 86400 0.0087
130 10 1300 169000 0.0145
140 8 1120 156800 0.0116
150 5 750 112500 0.0174
160 2 320 51200 0.0029
170 3 510 86700 0.0043
180 2 360 64800 0.0029
190 1 130 36100 0.0015
200 0 0 0 0
210 1 210 44100 0.0015
69 8480 1 104 600
12
1 104 600 8480 2 / 69
Eq. (20-10): sx 30.3 kcycles Ans.
69 1
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x f fx f x2
174 6 1044 181 656
182 9 1638 298 116
190 44 8360 1 588 400
198 67 13 266 2 626 688
206 53 10 918 2 249 108
214 12 2568 549 552
220 6 1320 290 400
197 39 114 7 789 900
39 114
x 198.55 kpsi Ans.
197
12
7 783 900 39 114 2 / 197
s 9.55 kpsi Ans.
197 1
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x f fx fx2
64 2 128 8192
68 6 408 27 744
72 6 432 31 104
76 9 684 51 984
80 19 1520 121 600
84 10 840 70 560
88 4 352 30 976
92 2 184 16 928
58 4548 359 088
f x exp Ans.
6.57 2 2 6.57
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20-4 (a)
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20-5 Distribution is uniform in interval 0.5000 to 0.5008 in, range numbers are a = 0.5000 in,
b = 0.5008 in.
a b 0.5000 0.5008
(a) Eq. (20-22) x 0.5004
2 2
b a 0.5008 0.5000
Eq. (20-23) x 0.000 231
2 2 3
If all smaller diameters are removed by inspection, a = 0.5002 in, b = 0.5008 in,
0.5002 0.5008
x 0.5005 in
2
0.5008 0.5002
x 0.000 173 in
2 3
1666.7 0.5002 x 0.5008 in
f ( x)
0 otherwise
20-6 Dimensions produced are due to tool dulling and wear. When parts are mixed, the
distribution is uniform. From Eqs. (20-22) and (20-23),
0.623
We suspect the dimension was in Ans.
0.625
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F(a) = 0 = 0.555(a) 33
F(b) = 1= 0.555b 33
0 x 59.46 mm
F ( x) 0.555 x 33 59.46 x 61.26 mm
1 x 61.26 mm
59.46 61.26
x 60.36 mm Ans.
2
61.26 59.46
x 0.520 mm Ans.
2 3
F 3600
32 143 psi Ans.
A 0.112
0.083332 0.0089292
1/2
y x 2
a1
xy x y x xy x
3 3 2
Ans.
x x x x x
2 2
3 2
x 2
x 3
x y
a2
x 2
xy y xy y x 2
Ans.
x x x x x
2 2
3 2
x 2
x 3
x y x2 x3 xy
0 0.01 0 0 0
0 0.15 0.04 0.008 0.030
0 0.25 0.16 0.064 0.100
1 0.25 0.36 0.216 0.150
1 0.17 0.64 0.512 0.136
1 0.01 1.00 1.000 0.010
3 0.82 2.20 1.800 0.406
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20-9
Data Regression
Su S e S e Su2 Su S e
0 20.356 75
60 30 39.080 78 3 600 1 800
64 48 40.329 05 4 096 3 072
65 29.5 40.641 12 4 225 1 917.5
82 45 45.946 26 6 724 3 690
101 51 51.875 54 10 201 5 151
119 50 57.492 75 14 161 5 950
120 48 57.804 81 14 400 5 760
130 67 60.925 48 16 900 8 710
134 60 62.173 75 17 956 8 040
145 64 65.606 49 21 025 9 280
180 84 76.528 84 32 400 15 120
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20-10
y a0 a2 x 2
2
2 y a0 a2 x 2 0
ao
n y
a1
x xy
n xy x y
n x 2
n x3 x x 2
x x 3
Data Regression
x y y x2 x3 xy
20 19 19.2 400 8 000 380
40 17 16.8 1600 64 000 680
60 13 12.8 3600 216 000 780
80 7 7.2 6400 512 000 560
200 56 12 000 800 000 2400
800 000(56) 12 000(2400)
a0 20
4(800 000) 200(12 000)
4(2400) 200(56)
a1 0.002
4(800 000) 200(12 000)
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6 90.44 5 84.7
m k 9.7656
6 6.2 5
2
84.7 9.7656(5)
b Fi 5.9787
6
5 84.7
(a) x ; y 14.117
6 6
Eq. (20-37):
1390.83 5.9787(84.7) 9.7656(90.44)
s yx
62
0.556
Eq. (20-36):
1 5 6
2
20-12 The expression = / l is of the form x / y. Now = (0.0015, 0.000 092) in, unspecified
distribution; and l = (2, 000, 0.008 1) in, unspecified distribution;
20-13 = E
= (0.0005, 0.000 034), distribution unspecified; E = (29.5, 0.885) Mpsi, distribution
unspecified;
is of the form xy
1096.7 psi
C 1096.7 /14 750 0.074 35
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20-14
Fl
AE
where F = (14.7, 1.3) kip, A = (0.226, 0.003) in2, l = (1.5, 0.004) in, and
E = (29.5, 0.885) Mpsi, distributions unspecified.
Fl 1 1
Fl
AE A E
Table 20-6:
F l 1 A 1/ E F l 1 A 1 E
1 1
14 700(1.5) 0.003 31 in. Ans.
0.226 29.5 10
6
For the standard deviation, using the first-order terms in Table 20-6,
Fl
CF2 Cl2 C A2 CE2 CF2 Cl2 C A2 CE2
12 12
AE
0.003 31 0.08442 0.002 67 2 0.01332 0.032
12
20-15 M = (15 000, 1350) lbf in, distribution unspecified; d = (2.00, 0.005) in, distribution
unspecified.
32M
d3
C M = 1350 / 15 000 = 0.09, C d = 0.005 / 2.00 = 0.0025
1 1 1
3 3 1 6Cx 3 1 6 0.0025 0.125 in *
2 2 3
d d 2
1 1
* Note: 3 3
d d
Table 20-6:
Cd 3 3Cd 3(0.0025) 0.0075
1 3C
12
CM2 3Cd
2 2
d
1 0.0075
12
19 099 0.092 0.00752 2
20-16
Fraction discarded is +. The area under the PDF was unity. Having discarded +
fraction, the ordinates to the truncated PDF are multiplied by a.
1
a
1
New PDF, g(x), is given by
f ( x) 1 x1 x x2
g ( x)
0 otherwise
x1 x1
1 a f x dx f x dx f x dx
x1
0 x2
1 a 1 F ( x1 ) 1 F ( x2 )
1 1 1
a
F ( x2 ) F ( x1 ) 1 1
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20-18 From Table A-10, 8.1% corresponds to z 1 = 1.4 and 5.5% corresponds to z 2 = +1.6.
k1 z1
k2 z2
From which
z2 k1 z1k2 1.6(9) (1.4)11
z2 z1 1.6 (1.4)
9.933
x 10 = 122.9 + 30.3(1.282)
= 84.1 kcycles Ans.
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20-20
x f fx f x2 f / (Nw) f (x)
60 2 120 7200 0.002899 0.000399
70 1 70 4900 0.001449 0.001206
80 3 240 19200 0.004348 0.003009
90 5 450 40500 0.007246 0.006204
100 8 800 80000 0.011594 0.010567
110 12 1320 145200 0.017391 0.014871
120 6 720 86400 0.008696 0.017292
130 10 1300 169000 0.014493 0.016612
140 8 1120 156800 0.011594 0.013185
150 5 750 112500 0.007246 0.008647
160 2 320 51200 0.002899 0.004685
170 3 510 86700 0.004348 0.002097
180 2 360 64800 0.002899 0.000776
190 1 190 36100 0.001449 0.000237
200 0 0 0 0 5.98E-05
210 1 210 44100 0.001449 1.25E-05
69 8480
x = 122.8986 s x = 22.887 19
1 1 x 122.8986 2
exp
22.88719 2 2 22.88719
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x f / (Nw) f (x)
170 0 0.000529
170 0.003807 0.000529
178 0.003807 0.004297
178 0.005711 0.004297
186 0.005711 0.017663
186 0.027919 0.017663
194 0.027919 0.036752
194 0.042513 0.036752
202 0.042513 0.038708
202 0.033629 0.038708
210 0.033629 0.020635
210 0.007614 0.020635
218 0.007614 0.005568
218 0.003807 0.005568
226 0.003807 0.00076
226 0 0.00076
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20-22
x f fx f x2 f / (Nw) f (x)
64 2 128 8192 0.008621 0.00548
68 6 408 27744 0.025862 0.017299
72 6 432 31104 0.025862 0.037705
76 9 684 51984 0.038793 0.056742
80 19 1520 121600 0.081897 0.058959
84 10 840 70560 0.043103 0.042298
88 4 352 30976 0.017241 0.020952
92 2 184 16928 0.008621 0.007165
624 58 4548 359088
x f / (Nw) f (x)
62 0 0.002684
62 0.008621 0.002684
66 0.008621 0.010197
66 0.025862 0.010197
70 0.025862 0.026749
70 0.025862 0.026749
74 0.025862 0.048446
74 0.038793 0.048446
78 0.038793 0.060581
78 0.0381897 0.060581
82 0.081897 0.052305
82 0.043103 0.052305
86 0.043103 0.03118
86 0.017241 0.03118
90 0.017241 0.012833
90 0.008621 0.012833
94 0.008621 0.003647
94 0 0.003647
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20-23
4 P 4(40)
50.93 kpsi
d 2 12
4 P 4(8.5)
10.82 kpsi
d 2 12
S 5.9 kpsi
y
For no yield, m = S y 0
m m 0 m
z m
m m m
m S y 78.4 50.93 27.47 kpsi
m 27.47
z 2.230
m 12.32
Table A-10, p f = 0.0129
R = 1 p f = 1 0.0129 = 0.987 Ans.
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Eq. (20-19) y ln 1 C x2
y ln S y ln 1 CS2 ln ln 1 C2
y
S 1 C2
ln y
1 CS y
2
y ln 1 CS2 ln 1 C2
12
ln 1 CS2y 1 C2
S 1 C2
ln y
1 CS2y
z
ln 1 CS y 1 C2
2
4 P 4(30)
38.197 kpsi
d 2 12
4 P 4(5.1)
6.494 kpsi
d 2 12
6.494
C 0.1700
38.197
3.81
CS y 0.076 81
49.6
49.6 1 0.1702
ln 2
38.197 1 0.07681
z 1.470
ln 1 0.076 81 1 0.170
2 2
Table A-10
p f = 0.0708
R = 1 p f = 0.929 Ans.
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The normal and lognormal are almost the same. However, the data is quite skewed and
perhaps a Weibull distribution should be explored. For a method of establishing the
20-27 x Sf e
104
x 0 = 79 kpsi, = 86.2 kpsi, b = 2.6
Eq. (20-28):
x x0 x0 (1 1 b)
79 (86.2 79)(1 1 2.6)
79 7.2(1.38)
12
7.2 0.923 76 0.888 542
2.64 kpsi Ans.
2.64
Cx x 0.031 Ans.
x 85.4
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12
18.5 (1.46) 2 (1.23)
12
18.5 0.8856 0.920 752
4.38 kpsi Ans.
4.38
Cx 0.098 Ans.
44.55
12
41.7 (1.25) 2 (1.125)
12
41.7 0.906 40 0.941 762
5.82 kpsi Ans.
5.82
Cx 0.030
191.2
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12
78 (1.08) 2 (1.17)
12
78 0.959 73 0.936 702 22.4 kpsi
From Prob. 20-28,
y y 3.77
p 1 exp 0
y0
70 64.1 3.77
1 exp 0.019 Ans.
81 64.1
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20-31 x = S ut = W[122.3, 134.6, 3.64] kpsi, p(x > 120) = 1 = 100% since x 0 > 120 kpsi
fW (n) exp
133.6 36.9 133.6 36.9 133.6 36.9
For the lognormal distribution, Eqs. (20-18) and (20-19) give,
The Weibull L10 life comes from Eq. (20-26) with reliability of R = 0.90. Thus,
The lognormal L10 life comes from the definition of the z variable. That is,
x
i fi f i x(105) f i x2(1010) g(x)(105)
(105)L
1 3.05 3 9.15 27.9075 0.0557
2 3.55 7 24.85 88.2175 0.1474
3 4.05 11 44.55 180.4275 0.2514
4 4.55 16 72.80 331.24 0.3168
5 5.05 21 106.05 535.5525 0.3216
6 5.55 13 72.15 400.4325 0.2789
7 6.05 13 78.65 475.8325 0.2151
8 6.55 6 39.30 257.415 0.1517
9 7.05 2 14.10 99.405 0.1000
10 7.55 0 0 0 0.0625
11 8.05 4 32.20 259.21 0.0375
12 8.55 3 25.65 219.3075 0.0218
13 9.05 0 0 0 0.0124
14 9.55 0 0 0 0.0069
15 10.05 1 10.05 101.0025 0.0038
100 529.50 2975.95
2975.95 1010 529.5 105 2 100
sx
100 1
1.319 105 cycles Ans.
Cx s x 1.319 5.295 0.249
y ln 5.295 105 0.2492 2 13.149
y ln 1 0.2492 0.245
1 1 ln x
2
g ( x) exp y
x y 2
2 y
1.628 1 ln x 13.149 2
exp
x 2 0.245
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x x0 (1 2 b) 2 (1 1 b)
12
x x0 x0 1 1 b
b 1 + 2/b 1 + 1/b 1 2 b 1 1 b R
3 1.67 1.33 0.903 30 0.893 38 0.363
4 1.5 1.25 0.886 23 0.906 40 0.280
4.1 1.49 1.24 0.885 95 0.908 52 0.271
12
4.3 0.905 00 0.892 222 1.42 kpsi Ans.
Cx 1.42 38.5 0.037 Ans.
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20-37 x (Mrev) f fx f x2
1 11 11 11
2 22 44 88
3 38 114 342
4 57 228 912
5 31 155 775
6 19 114 684
7 15 105 735
8 12 96 768
9 11 99 891
10 9 90 900
11 7 77 847
12 5 60 720
Sum 78 237 1193 7673
2
7673 1012 1193 106 / 237
x
237 1
2.658 106 cycles
C x 2.658 / 5.034 0.528
From Eqs. (20-18) and (20-19),
y ln 5.034 106 0.5282 / 2 15.292
y ln 1 0.5282 0.496