PHN M U

1.1. Tnh cp thit ca ti

Cy ng (Zea mays L.) l cy lng thc c pht hin cch y 7000
nm ti Mxic v Pru. T n nay, cy ng nui dng 1/3 dn s th
gii v c coi l ngun lng thc ch yu ca nhiu dn tc nh Mxic,
n , Philippin v mt s nc Chu Phi khc. C ti 90% sn lng ng
ca n v 66% Philippin c dng lm lng thc cho con ngi.
Ngay nh nc ta nhiu vng nh Ty Bc, Vit Bc v Ty Nguyn ngi
dn dng ng lm lng thc chnh. Ngoi vic cung cp lng thc nui
sng con ngi, cy ng cn l thc n cho gia sc, hin nay ng l ngun
thc n ch lc chn nui cung cp tht, trng, sa...
Nhng nm gn y ng cn l cy c gi tr thc phm cao nh, ng
np, ng ng, ng rau v l ngun nguyn liu ln cho ngnh cng nghip
ch bin. T ng c th ch bin thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau: Ru, cn,
nc hoa... Gi tr sn lng ng rt ln to ra 670 mt hng khc nhau
ca ngnh lng thc thc phm, cng nghip nh v dc.
Theo i hc tng hp Iowa (IFPRI 2006 - 2007) [36], hn ch khai
thc du m - ngun ti nguyn khng ti to c ang cn dn, ng c
dng lm nguyn liu ch bin ethanol, thay th mt phn nhin liu xng du
chy t ti M, Braxin, Trung Quc... Ring M.
Ng cn l mt hng xut khu c gi tr kinh t cao, lun ng u
trong danh sch nhng mt hng c khi lng hng ho ngy cng tng, th
trng tiu th rng. Trong u thp k 90, lng ng bun bn trn th gii
chim khong 75- 85 triu tn. Trn th gii, ng xp th ba sau la m v la
nc v din tch, ng th hai v sn lng v ng u v nng sut do
nhng thnh tu ng dng v u th lai ng.

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 i vi iu kin kh hn vng Bc Trung B ni chung v Ngh An
ni ring, nht l cui v Xun thi tit rt khc nghit, thi tit nng nng,
gi Lo, thiu nc c bit nhng vng ct v vy cn chn nhng ging ng
chu hn tt gin thi v gieo trng m bo cho c cu cy trng hng
nm khc phc iu kin kh hn nh nh thi v, sng chung vi hn
hn... V vy ti chn ti: nh gi kh nng chu hn ca mt s
ging ng v Xun trn t ct ni ng ti tri thc nghim nng hc,
trng a hc Vinh, Ngh An.
1.2. Mc tiu ca ti
- Gp phn vo s nh gi bng cc c s khoa hc chn ra nhng
ging ng c kh nng chu hn tt nht m bo cho s sinh trng, pht
trin an ton hn ca cy trng trong iu kin kh hn bt thung xy ra, c
bit l vo giai on thi tit cui v xun u v h.
- m bo an ton k hoch sn xut ng hng nm trong iu kin kh
hn bt thng v ko di din ra.
1.3. ngha khoa hc v thc tin
1.3.1. ngha khoa hc
Kt qu nghin cu b sung cc vt liu c kh nng chu hn cho vic
lai to ging ng chu hn trng Ngh An trn vng t ct ni ng.
Kt qu nghin cu l c s b tr thi v ca ging thch hp trnh
tc hi iu kin kh hn bt thng xy ra hng nm.
1.3.2. ngha thc tin
nh gi kh nng chu hn ca cy Ng cc giai on khc nhau trong
sut qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin, gip a phng chn c cc ging
Ng c kh nng chu hn tt, nng sut cao trong iu kin sinh thi kh
hng nm.
1.4. Phm vi nghin cu
- Tp trung nghin cu kh nng chu hn ca mt s ging ng c trin
vng Ngh An.

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 - a im nghin cu: Tri thc nghim cy trng, khoa Nng Lm
Ng, Trng i Hc Vinh, Ngh An.
- Thi gian nghin cu: V Xun nm 2012.
- c im t trng: t ct ni ng ven bin.
- Quy trnh k thut: p dng quy trnh k thut trng ng chung (ca
B Nng nghip).

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 Chng 1
TNG QUAN CC VN NGHIN CU

1.1. Ngun gc v phn loi ng

1.1.1. Ngun gc cy ng
Ng c con ngi thun ha v trng hng nghn nm. Ngun gc
ng c rt nhiu nh nghin cu quan tm v tm hiu. Trong c nhng
nghin cu ca Vavilov cho rng Mehico v Peru l nhng trung tm pht
sinh v a dng di truyn ca ng. Mehico l trung tm th nht (trung tm
pht sinh) Vng Andet (Peru) l trung tm th hai, ni m cy ng tri qua
qu trnh tin ha nhanh chng.
Theo Wilkes (1988) ng bt ngun t cy hoang di Min trung
Mehico trn cao 1500m ca vng bn hn c ma ma h khong 350mm.
Ngi ta tm thy mu phn ng khi khai qut Bellas Artes Thnh ph
Mehico. Mu phn ng c tm thy su 70m v xc nh vo nin i
sng bng t nht cch y 6000 nm. Nhng khai qut hang ng Bat ca
New Mehico tm thy ci ng 2 - 3cm v xc nh tui vo khong 3600
nm trc Cng Nguyn. Nhng bng chng trn chng t Mehico l trung
tm pht sinh ng [13].
Vit Nam ng a vo trng nc ta khong 300 nm trc y,
trong gn 10 nm li y sn xut ng nc ta khng ngng tng ln c v
din tch v nng sut [11].
1.1.2. Phn loi cy ng
Ng c tn khoa hc Zea mays L. do nh thc vt hc Thy in
Linnaeus t theo h thng tn kp Hy Lap La Tinh. Ng thuc chi
Maydeae, h ha tho (Granmineae). T loi Zea mays L. da vo cu trc
ni nh ca ht phn thnh cc loi ph, nhng loi ph chnh gm:

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 Ng (Zea mays L. Subsp. indurata.sturt) c dng ht kh trn nh
ht trn v nhn mu ht rt a dng t trng n en nhng vc mu khc
nhau my c mu trng hoc tm .
Ng rng nga (Zea mays L. Subsp.indentata surt) c dng ht kh
didt, nh ht lm, nhn to hnh rng nga. Cng nh ng ng rng
nga c mu ht v mu my rt a dng to nn cc th khc nhau.
Ng np (Zea mays L. subspVar. subroceratina) vi mu ht tm, my
trng hoc tm. Ng np c tnh do v thm tim nng nng sut thp.
Ng ng (Zea mays L. Subsp saccharata sturt) c dng ht dt nhn
nh ht lm c mu ht a dng t trng n tm, mu my trng v tm .
Ng n (Zea mays L. Subsp.everta sturt) C dng ht nh trn hoc nhn
u, c mu ht trng, vng , tm, v mu my trng.
Ng bt (Zea mays L. Subsp amilacea sturt).C dng ht to, dt, mu
trng c, vng nht c my trng. Ng bt c gieo trng ch yu vng
nhit i Trung M. Hin ti khng c ng bt Vit nam.
Ng Bc (Zea mays L. Subsp tunecata Sturt) C ht bc bi my pht
trin nh l bi. Ng bc khng c ngha v mt kinh t ch c ngha v
mt tin ha v di truyn.[5]
1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut ng trn Th Gii v Vit Nam
1.2.1. Tnh hnh sn xut ng trn Th Gii
Cy ng c coi l mt trong ba cy lng thc quan trng nht Th
gii. V mt din tch trng v tng sn lng ng ng v tr th ba sau la
m v la nc. Cy ng c trng thnh cng cc vng nhit i v ti
hu ht cc quc gia trn Th Gii. Trong nhng nm gn y, din tch trng
ng khng tng mnh nh nhng nm trc y, v din tch t canh tc thu
hp s dng cho cng nghip v cc mc ch khc. Tuy nhin, sn lng
ng vn tng l do nng sut ng ngy cng cao nh s dng cc ging ng
lai [9].

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 Mc tng trng bnh qun hng nm ca cy ng trn Th Gii v din
tch l 0,7%, nng sut l 2,4% v sn lng 3,1% [6].
Sn lng ng trn Th Gii nm 2007 tng gp i so vi 30 nm trc
y. Nm 2005 - 2007 sn lng ng trn Th Gii trung bnh hng nm
696,2 723,3 triu tn.
Bng 1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut ng trn Th Gii giai on 2000 - 2007

Din tch Nng sut Sn lng

Nc hoc khu vc
(ha) (t/ha) (tn)
Th Gii 142.520.000 45,34 647.038.000
Chu 43.915.000 38,53 169.500.000
ng Nam 8.823.000 24,40 25.077.000
Cc nc pht trin 48.410.000 74,02 358.895.000
Cc nc ang pht trin 94.103.000 30,59 288.187.000
M 29.023.000 89,49 260.204.000
Trung Quc 24.640.000 48,86 120.584.000
Brazil 12.088.000 32,24 39.127.000
Mexico 7.545.000 26,47 19.977.000

Sn lng ng xut khu trn Th Gii hng nm t 82,6 - 86,7 triu tn

trong khi M xut khu 64,41% tng sn lng v cc nc khc chim
35,5%. Sn lng ng nm 2008 ca Trung Quc d bo t k lc 153 triu
tn iu chnh tng 3 triu tn (2%) so vi d bo thng 5-2010 tng 1,2 triu
tn so vi sn lng nm 2009 2010 [25].

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 Bng 1.2: Sn lng ng sn xut trn Th Gii 2009 - 2010
(VT: Triu tn)

Nm
TT Sn lng Trung bnh
2005 - 2006 2006 - 2007 2007 - 2008
1 Sn xut 296,2 702,2 771,5 723,3
- M 282,3 267,6 331,6 293,8
- Cc nc khc 413,9 434,6 439,5 429,5
2 Tiu th ni a 702,5 722,8 768,8 731,4
- M 232,1 235,6 267,7 245,1
- Cc nc khc 470,5 487,2 501,1 486,3
3 Xut khu 82,6 84,7 86,7 84,7
- M 56,1 53,0 54,5 54,5
- Cc nc khc 26,5 31,7 32,2 30,1

(Ngun:sonongnghiep.hatinh.gov.vn)
Nhu cu tin th ni a ng trn Th Gii l rt ln trung bnh hng nm
t 702,5 - 768,8 triu tn trong M tiu th 33,52% tng sn lng ng
tiu th v cc nc khc chim 66,4%. Nh c lch s pht trin k thut
trng ng, cng ngh chn to ging cao, kh nng thng mi ln nn M l
nc t k lc v nng sut, sn lng, din tch cng nh mc tiu th ni
a v xut khu ng trn ton Th Gii.
Sn xut ng lun gi vai tr ch o trong nn nng nghip Th Gii.
Hng nm sn xut ng cung cp khi lng ln v lng thc, thc n chn
nui,p ng nhu cu cn thit cho con ngi.
1.2.2. Tnh hnh sn xut ng Vit Nam
Vit Nam l nc sn xut nng nghip l ch o v vy cy ng cng
gp phn quan trng trong i sng sn xut ca ngi dn. Nc ta c 8
vng trng ng ln l: min ni pha Bc, min ni Ty Bc, ng bng
Sng Hng, min ni Trung B, Duyn Hi Min Trung, Cao Nguyn Trung
B v ng Bng sng Cu Long. Din tch trng ng nc ta chim khong

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10% tng din tch canh tc ca c nc v chim cha n 0.3% din tch
trng ng trn Th Gii [8].
Din tch trng ng nc ta nm 1999 l 500 ha, nm 1993: 100.000
ha, nhng n nm 2006: 700.000 ha, nm 2008:1.033.000 ha.
Bng 1.3: Tnh hnh sn xut ng Vit Nam 2000 - 2008.

Din tch Nng sut Sn lng

Nm
(Nghn/ha) (tn/ha) (Nghn tn)
2001 714,0 2,70 1.929,5
2002 729,5 2,96 2.161,7
2003 816,4 3,08 2.511,2
2004 912,7 3,44 3.136,3
2005 990,4 3,49 3.453,6
2006 995,5 3,52 3.500,0
2007 1.033,0 3,69 3.810,0

(Ngun: Nin gim thng k 2008)

T bng trn cho thy din tch, nng sut, sn lng ng nc ta tng
ln hng nm nh chuyn t ging ng a phng, ging th phn t do ci
tin sang trng ng lai. Tim nng din tch, nng sut v sn lng ng
nc ta rt ln. Mc tiu phn u nm 2010 l 1,2 triu tn ng ht/nm.
t c mc tiu nc ta cn phn u p dng nhng tin b khoa hc
k thut thm canh, m rng din tch gieo trng cc ging ng lai.
Trong giai on 2000 - 2008 tc tng trng sn xut ng ca nc
ta v din tch l 6,4%, nng sut 4,5%, v sn lng 12,2%. Sn xut ng
lun gi v tr ch o trong nn nng nghip Vit Nam, gp phn gi vng
an ninh lng thc cung cp nguyn liu cho ngnh chn nui v cng nghip
ch bin [26].

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1.2.3. Tnh hnh sn xut ng Ngh An
Ngh An ni ring v c nc ni chung, ng l cy lng thc quan
trng ng th hai sau la. Ng chim v tr quan trng trong i sng sn
xut ca ngi dn y, chnh v vy trong nhng nm gm y ng ngy
cng c m rng din tch v nng sut tng kh cao.
Din tch ng Ngh An c khong 60 70 nghn ha. Trong din tch
ng v ng chim u th c v din tch ln nng sut. Hng nm bnh qun
din tch ng ng khong 35 40 nghn ha, chim t l gn 20% din tch
ng ng ca c nc.
Kt qu sn xut ng t 2000 2007 cho thy din tch gieo trng ng
hng nm tng, din tch ng nm 2000 l 37,473ha, n nm 2007 ln ti
59 868,5ha (tng 159,76 %).
Sn xut ng Ngh An c b tr thnh 3 v chnh trong nm l:
Ng Xun, H Thu v Ng ng. Sn xut ng 3 v trong giai on ny c
bn u tng qua cc nm, trong din tch ng v ng tng mnh nht
(do c m rng trn din tch t hai la).
Nng sut ng qua cc nm c nng ln ng k. Nng sut ng
nm 2000 t trn 20,99 t/ha, n nm 2007 t 34,73 t/ha (tng 165,46%).
Nh din tch v nng sut ng khng ngng nng ln qua cc nm nn sn
lng ng trong giai on ny tng mnh. C th nm 2000 sn lng mi
t 78,672 tn, n nm 2007 t ti 206,960 tn (tng 263,1%).
Hin nay Ngh An sn xut ng tng c bn v din tch. Nng sut ng
hng nm c tng nhng hin cn rt thp so vi tim nng v vy trong giai
on ny Ngh An cn phn u y mnh p dng tin b khoa hc k thut
vo sn xut ng nng sut ng xng ng vi tim nng. Ng v Xun v
v H Thu hin nay ch yu c b tr sn xut trn chn t bi ven sng.
y l yu t rt thun li cho vic p dng c gii ho vo sn xut. Nng

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sut ng H Thu Ngh An cn rt thp do thi tit kh hn thng xuyn
xy ra v vy nng sut nng sut ng hin ti ch t 26 t/ha v thp thua vi
ng Xun gn 20 t/ha (nm 2007). Nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng ny l do
Ngh An cha c u t cng trnh thu li cho vng ny. y l mt vic
cn phi gii quyt xc nh thc hin trong nh hng pht trin ngnh
nng nghip ca tnh [20].
1.3. Tnh chu hn thc vt
1.3.1. Khi nim v tnh chu hn
Nc l yu t cn thit duy tr hot ng sng ca thc vt, tuy nhin
nhu cu nc ca thc vt thay i tu thuc vo tng loi cy v tng giai
on sinh trng. Lng nc cung cp cho nhu cu ca cy tu thuc vo
iu kin mi trng, khi mi trng khng cung cp nhu cu nc cho
cy s gy nn hin tng hn. Trong trng hp lng nc c gii hn m
cy vn duy tr s pht trin v cho nng sut n nh th gi l cy chu hn.
Kh nng chu hn ca thc vt l phn ng ca cy chng li kh hn bng
cch gi khng mt nc hoc nhanh chng b li s thiu nc thng qua
nhng bin i hnh thi, duy tr p sut thm thu ni bo c tc dng bo v
hoc duy tr sc sng ca t bo cht ngay c khi b mt nc cc oan (L
Trn Bnh, L Th Mui, 1998) [1].
1.3.2. Cc loi hn
1.3.2.1.Hn t
Do lng nc trong t gim lm h r cy khng th ly nc t t
vo t bo lm cy b ho. Hn t lm cho cy c triu chng ho t gc n
ngn, nu cung cp nc cy c th phc hi tr li (Trn Kim ng,
Nguyn Quang Ph v inh Th Hoa) [7]. Theo Rubin (1978) [46], hn t
nh hng trc tip n s pht trin v kh nng ht nc ca h r. Hn t
giai on cy con mc cao lm ht khng th ny mm.

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1.3.2.2. Hn khng kh
Xy ra khi nhit khng kh cao lm cho lng nc trong khng kh
gim nhiu v t ngt. Hn khng kh gy mt cn bng nc trong cy dn
n ho tm thi t l ngn n gc (Trn Kim ng, Nguyn Quang Ph v
inh Th Hoa) [7].
Trong thc t hn t v hn khng kh c th pht sinh cc thi k
sinh trng khc nhau ca cy nhng cng c khi xut hin cng 1 lc, nu
hn t v hn khng kh cng xy ra, khi tc hi cng mnh c th dn
n ho vnh vin, cy khng c kh nng phc hi.
1.3.3. C ch chng chu hn thc vt
C ch chng chu hn thc vt rt phc tp. Hin nay c nhiu quan
im khc nhau v vn ny. Mt s tc gi cho rng do yu t di truyn chi
phi trong khi mt s trng phi khc thin v c tnh sinh l... Theo
Paroda th kh nng chu hn thc vt lin quan n mt s c trng v
hnh thi nh chn sm, mu l, din tch l, kh nng pht trin ca h r, s
lng lng ht, mu sc thn, ph lng trn thn l... Ngoi ra, kh nng
chu hn cn lin quan n mt s yu t sinh l nh kh nng ng m ca
kh khng, qu trnh quang hp, h hp, iu chnh p sut thm thu, nhit
tn cy...
C ch chng chu hn ca thc vt c mi quan h mt thit vi nhng
bin i v thnh phn sinh ho cc cht trong t bo nh gim tng hp
prtein v cc acid amin, gim c nh CO 2, tng nng cc cht ho tan,
tng hm lng proline...
Khi gp hn, axit absisic (ABA) c sinh ra ch yu phn r ri
chuyn ho ln l, gy hin tng ho l, ng kh khng v y nhanh tc
gi ho b l. Khi hm lng ABA c chuyn ho ti ht, lm ht b lp
trong qu trnh y ht.

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 Trong iu kin hn nng, t bo khng phn chia, khng pht trin,
thm ch sau c ti nc tr li, cc b phn vn b nh hng, dn
n b l khng pht trin c, sau ru ng ngng sinh trng, khng
phun v khi mc hn tr nn nghim trng b r khng pht trin c.
S iu chnh p sut thm thu khi hn biu hin rt r cao lng, la
m, la nc (tng t - 1 ln - 1,7 MPa) nhng ng th tng t hn t - 0,3
ln - 0,5 MPa (Bolanos and Edmeades, 1991) [22].
Tng tch lu Prolin, quan st c trong iu kin hn nng, Prolin nh
mt cht iu ho p sut thm thu v nh mt protein bo v cu trc khi
sc trng ca cy b gim mnh.
Quang oxy ho kh dip lc xy ra, trong iu kin hn, h thng quang
photphorit ho th hai hot ng mnh dn n tha electron t do khng
lin kt, nng lng cao nng trong l, y nhanh qu trnh xy ho kh dip
lc v lm mt kh nng quang hp ca l, r nht l khi hn nng v nng to
lm phin l b chy.
Hot ng ca h enzim thng b gim trong iu kin hn. Qu trnh
bin i ng saccroza thnh tinh bt ca ht b gim v hot ho ca enzim
bin i saccaroza thnh ng hexoza b tr ngi (Zinselmeier, Westgate,
1995) [51]. (Signh N.N and K.R Sarkar, 1991) [48]. Chia c ch chu hn
thc vt lm 3 loi:
- Trnh hn: l kh nng ca cy c th hon thnh chu k sng ca n
trc khi s thiu ht nc xut hin.
- Chu hn: l kh nng ca cy c th sng, pht trin v cho nng sut
trong iu kin cung cp nc hn ch hoc th ng tri qua cc giai on
thiu nc v tip tc pht trin khi iu kin tr li bnh thng.
- Chng hn: l kh nng ca cy trng chng li s thiu ht nc bng
cch duy tr nc trong m t bo cao.

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1.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu v ng chu hn trn th gii v Vit Nam
1.4.1. nh hng ca hn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca cy
ng
1.4.1.1. Nhu cu nc ca cy ng
Ng l cy trng cn quang hp theo chu trnh C 4, c b r pht trin rt
mnh nn c kh nng ht nc tt v s dng nc hiu qu hn nhiu loi
cy trng quang hp theo chu trnh C 3. Cy ng cn 350 - 500 lt nc to
ra 1 kg ht (tu thuc vo kh hu v tnh trng dinh dng t) trong khi cy
C3 nh hoa hng dng cn 700 - 800 lt nc cho 1 kg ht (Ruaan,
2003) [45]. Tim nng nng sut ca ng rt ln, c th t 12 - 15 tn/ha
trong iu kin c ti, trong khi hoa hng dng ch c th t 3 - 3,5
tn/ ha (Ruaan, 2003) [45]. Tuy nhin, do sinh trng nhanh v to sinh khi
ln nn ng cn mt khi lng nc ln. Trong chu k sng, mi cy ng
cn trung bnh khong 200 - 220 lt nc (Nguyn c Lng, Dng Vn
Sn, Lng Vn Hinh, 2000) [11] v vi mi giai on pht trin th nhu cu
nc ca ng cng thay i. Thi k u cy pht trin chm, tch lu t cht
xanh v cng khng cn nhiu nc, ht ng cn ht mt lng nc bng 40
- 44% trng lng ht ban u v ng mc nhanh nht khi c m t bng
80% sc cha m ti a ng rung. Thi k 7 - 13 l, ng cn 28 - 35m 3
nc/ha/ngy (Nguyn c Lng, Dng Vn Sn, Lng Vn Hinh, 2000)
[11]. Nh vy nhu cu nc ca ng tng dn v t cc i thi k tr c,
sau tr c, kt ht nhu cu nc gim dn n khi chn sinh l. Ngha l vo
giai on trc v sau tr 2 tun, l ng khng c ho v thi gian ny
c gi l giai on khng hong nc.
Theo cng b ca cng ty Monsanto (Monsanto, 2001) [39]. Nhu cu
nc ca cy ng c tnh ton da theo tng loi t v kh nng gi nc
ca t. t nh nn ti kp thi khi m t 70% trong sut thi k sinh

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trng pht trin ca cy ng. Trn t tht nng cn ti khi m xung
n 30% vo thi k sinh trng dinh dng v 70% vo thi k sinh thc v
kt ht th t c nng sut cc i. ng pht huy tim nng nng sut
th cn 6 - 10 lt ti trong c v ng trn nhng din tch thiu m. Trong
30 ngy u, cy ng cn ti nh nu t thiu m. Khi cy cao khong u
gi n khi chn sp, ng cn lng nc ti u. Tn sut ti ph thuc loi
t, thi v gieo trng v m hin ti. Khi ti ch khng ng b ng,
c bit giai on 30 ngy u.
1.4.1.2. Sinh trng ca ng khi thiu nc
Kh hu nng ln ton cu ang lm tng tn sut hn hn nhiu khu
vc trng ng trn th gii v nng sut ng s b nh hng bi nng
CO2 tng gp i (Crosson and Anderson, 1992) [26]. Thi tit nng hn c
th dn n ng vng nhit i v cn nhit i tr nn bt dc c (Schoper,
1987) [46]. Mt nghin cu da trn m hnh m phng ca 18 nc
(Rosenzweig C v Allen L. H., Harper, 1995) [44]. kt lun, sn lng cy
trng vng nhit i c th b gim 9 - 10% so vi tim nng do kh hu
thay i trong khi vng n i li c xu hng tng ln. Mt ngy bt thun
hn vi cy ng l ngy m cy ho vo sng sm v khng th hi phc
c t vic thiu nc hm trc.
Nhit tng ln s tc ng n sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng
ni chung v cy ng ni ring theo cc chiu hng:
- Thay i hiu qu s dng nc: Do nhit kh quyn tng ln, m
tng i (RH) s gim. Nng CO2 cao c th gy ng kh khng tng
phn, gim tnh dn nc ca thnh kh khng. iu ny c th c ch trong
vic tt kim nc v tng hiu qu s dng nc ca cy. Tuy nhin, tc
thot hi nc chm s nh hng khng tt n vic lm mt b mt l v
y nhanh qu trnh gi ho ca l. Da trn kt qu th nghim Allen

14
chng minh khi s tng thm nng CO 2 ln n 800 ppm, nhit b mt

l tng thm 40C v hiu qu s dng nc ca cy C 4 nh ng b gim

(Allen, 1990) [19].
- Tng tc sinh trng v pht trin: Nhit kh quyn tng s y
nhanh qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca cy, lm gim thi gian sinh trng
v dn n lm gim nng sut.
- Gim tc h hp: Do nng CO 2 tng ln, tc h hp s gim
nhng tc quang hp s tng. Tuy nhin, vi m hnh m phng khi iu
kin nng CO2 tng ln gp i t 300 ln 600 ppm s gip tng 25 - 40%

nng sut ca cy C3 nh la m, la nc (Rosenzweig C. and Allen L.H.,

Harper, 1995) [44]. Nhng ch tng 7% i vi cy C 4 nh ng. C th do

cy C4 sn c c ch quang hp i vi nng CO 2 cao trong khi

i vi cy C3 th cha c c ch trong h lc lp. S tng nng sut theo

m hnh ny l do tng din tch l v s ht/cy ch khng phi tng khi
lng ht hay s thay i phn b cht ng ho.
1.4.1.3. Hn nh hng n ton cy ng
Trong qu trnh sn xut ng, kh nng xy ra hn thng cao hn thi
k u v v cui v dn n ng mc km ng u hoc ht khng ny mm
c lm gim mt . Hn nh hng n nng sut ht ca ng thng qua tt
c cc qu trnh sinh trng ca cy ng, nhng thi k mn cm nht l thi
k ra hoa v hnh thnh ht. Trong thi k ra hoa nu hn xy ra nghim trng
ng c th khng cho thu hoch (Denmead and Shaw, 1960) [27].
Hn lm gim mnh nht n qu trnh sinh trng ca l, thn, ru, r,
kch thc ht. Khi hn l b gi ho, gim mc che ph t, gim din
tch b phn hp thu nh sng mt tri.

15
 Hn gy ng kh khng, gim quang hp dn n t bo nh sinh
trng khng phn ho, hoc nh hng nng ti qu trnh phn ho bp v
c dn ti nng sut gim.
Hn nng khi th phn - kt ht lm gim s vn chuyn cc cht ng
ho v cc c quan sinh trng, gim s sinh trng ca ru, lm chm hoc
khng phun ru c, tng s chnh lch gia tung phn - phun ru. Nng
hn l xy ra tnh trng cy khng c bp hoc bp t ht. Cu trc sinh sn
hoa ci b nh hng nhiu hn l bng c. Nhng khi nhit vt qu
380C xy ra hin tng chy bng c. Trong giai on tr c phun ru nu
gp hn, nhit khng kh > 350C, m khng kh < 70% th ht phn b
cht dn n ng khng ht (Nguyn c Lng, Dng Vn Sn, Lng
Vn Hinh, 2000) [11]. Kh nng v tc ko di ca vi nhu rt nhy cm
vi s thiu nc, t bo non ca vi nhu l b phn d thot hi nc hn
tt c cc b phn khc, v vy s b ho nhanh nht khi hn khng kh v hn
t din ra (Herrero and Johnson 1981) [35].
Ngoi ra nng sut ng gim cn c th do ht phn b cht khi gp hn
v nhit cao, hn hn nh hng n qu trnh quang hp ca cy dn n
qu trnh phun ru b nh tr v iu ny c th xc nh d rng thng qua
vic theo di khong cch tung phn phun ru.
Mt lng ln nng sut gim l do ng gp hn trong giai on ra hoa,
s gim nng sut ny lin quan n s bp trn cy, s ht trn bp. Hn
gy ra s pht trin thiu ng b ca hoa, lm mt sc sng ca ht phn,
kh nng nhn ht phn ca hoa ci km... Hn lm tng s ht lp trn bp.
S pht trin ca bp v ht ph thuc rt ln vo dng vt cht ca s ng
ho, nu gp hn qu trnh quang hp b c ch, sc cha ca bp gim, th
dng vt cht ny b hn ch rt nhiu (Westgate and Boyer, 1986) [50]. Tuy
nhin nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy, hn 75% s bin ng v nng

16
sut ht trong iu kin hn hn l do bin ng v s bp/cy v s ht trn
bp. Cc phn tch tng quan ch ra rng s bp trn cy v s ht trn
bp l yu t quyt nh nng sut ht trong iu kin hn hn l khi lng
ht. S bp trn cy quyt nh 24% s bin ng v nng sut trong iu
kin ti nc y v 59% trong iu kin hn (Bolanos and Emeades,
1996) [23].
Tm li, hn c th nh hng n mt cy nu xy ra giai on cy
con, gim din tch l v tc quang hp thi k trc tr, gim ln
ca bp v kh nng kt ht nu xy ra trc v sau tr 2 tun v gim quang
hp tng tc gi ho b l trong khi tch lu cht kh v ht (Banzinger
M., 2000) [20].
1.4.1.4. Hn nh hng n nng sut ng cc giai on sinh trng khc
nhau
Ging nh cc loi cy ng cc khc, hn gy nh hng nng nht vo
thi k ra hoa. Nm 1960, Denmead v Shaw tin hnh th nghim rt bt
lng nc ti cc giai on trc tr, trong khi tr v sau khi th phn
kt lun: hn lm gim nng sut tng ng t 25%, 50% v 21%. Tip theo
li quan st thy nh hng ca hn n mc ho trc phun ru, khi phun
ru v 3 tun sau th phn gy thit hi nng sut tng ng l 15%, 53%
v 30%. Thi k cy ng mn cm nht i vi hn c Grant (1989) ch ra
l t 2 - 22 ngy sau phun ru, nh cao l ngy th 7 khi lng ht b
gim ti 45% so vi i chng y v c th hon ton khng c ht nu
cy ng gp hn trong khong thi gian t lc ru bt u nh n giai on
bt u hnh thnh ht. Ng mn cm hn cc cy trng cn khc thi k ra
hoa v cc hoa ci ca ng pht trin ng thi trn cng 1 bp, cng 1 cy v
khong cch gia hoa c v hoa ci rt xa. Mt iu c bit quan trng l
qu trnh pht trin ca hoa ng cng nh s lng ht ph thuc trc tip

17
vo dng vt cht, sn phm ca qu trnh quang hp trong khong thi gian
3 tun cc k mn cm ca thi k ra hoa Zinselmeier v cc cng s (1995)
[51]. Cn cho rng hn thi k ra hoa cng nh hng n qu trnh trao
i Hidratcacbon ca ht mi c th phn v lm gim dng sacaro vo
nhng ht ang hnh thnh (trch theo Banzinger, 2000) [20]. (Lafitte, 1994)
[38], cc triu chng c th thy khi cy ng b hn c c kt nh sau:
- Trc tr c cc l ca cy b cun li hoc b ho sau tr c. L c
mu xm xt, khng cn l mu xanh sng. Cc phn l xut hin trng chui
v vng hoc c b chy kh.
- Nhng lng pha trn bp ngn hn nhiu so vi nhng lng ngay di
bp v cy b hn vo giai on cui sinh trng sinh dng.
Trong giai on y ht nu gp hn nhng l di bp kh nhanh s gi
ho do hn hi khc vi s gi ho thng thng. Nu gi ho thng thng
mu vng c xu hng theo hnh ch V bt u t u. Khi l cht do hn,
mu vng di chuyn dc mp l hoc theo mt ng kh thng trn l v cc
l bin thnh mu nu ri cht nhanh chng.
1.4.2. Mt s kt qu nghin cu v kh nng chu hn ca cy ng
Nhn chung cc nh chn ging ng ca CIMMYT v th gii u cho
rng chn ging ng chu hn cn chn cc ging c s ngy tr c n phun
ru ngn trong iu kin hn v mt cao. c bit l nhng ging ng lai
tnh chu hn, nhng ging ny nu chu c nhit cao cng s chu hn
tt hn (Dow v cc cng s, 1984) [28]. cy ng, phn hoa v nhu hoa
ca cng 1 cy c th cch nhau xa nht n 1m v qu trnh th phn c
thc hin bi iu kin kh hu mt m v khng ma. Chnh c im ny
ni ln rng hnh thnh ht cn thi gian tr c tung phn phun ru ca cy
ng trng nhau l l tng nht.
S sinh trng pht trin ca b r cng lin quan n kh nng chu hn

18
ca cy ng. Tm hiu v vng r v khi lng r trn 40 vt liu ng
(Fischer v cng s, 1985) [33], nhn thy gia chng c s khc nhau r rt.
Kt qu nh gi cc ging th nghim iu kin hn trn ng rung ch
ra rng chn lc khi lng r ln c th tng nng sut ht iu kin kh
hn. Cc c tnh v thm thu r, tnh mm do ca cy u lin quan n
kh nng chu hn.
Da vo y cc nh chn to ging chn v to ra cc ging ng
chu hn theo cc hng:
- Chn lc ging ng chu hn:
+ Theo Falconer, nh chn ging t c nhng tin b chn lc khi c
phng sai di truyn ln gia cc vt liu chn lc. Chn lc cng cao
ngha l ch mt t l t cc dng gen c chn lc v tnh trng chn lc cho
mi trng no phi c di truyn cao v d pht hin cng nh c th
truyn li cho cc th h sau (Falconer D. S., 1989) [29].
+ Kinh nghim ca mt s nh khoa hc CIMMYT vic to ging ng
nng sut cao thch hp cho c mi trng thun li v bt thun thng qua
vic p dng thanh lc tp on nguyn liu t giai on u trong iu kn
bt thun phi sinh hc. Trong mi trng s c nhiu c hi chn c
ng dng kiu gen mong mun. Ngc li nu cc dng gen c chn lc
trong iu kin thun li, cc bin ng di truyn i vi cc iu kin bt
thun d b mt. Khi tnh trng mt ri khng th tm li cc chu k nh
gi sau thng qua th nghim nhiu a im cn rt t dng gen c th
nghim.
- Cc phng php chn to ging trnh hn, chng chu hn hoc bng
cc gii php qun l cy trng hay ch ti tiu tt hn:
+ Ging chn sm trnh hn: i vi nhng vng c lng ma
tng i kh nhng ma ma kt thc sm, c th s dng ging chn sm

19
l gii php thch hp. Ging chn sm cho php c th n trnh hn cui v.
N c th trnh c s trng hp gia ra hoa v kh hn gia v, hin tng
thng thy sn xut ng nhit i.
Gii hn lng ma thp nht c mt v ng thnh cng (> 1tn/ha)
vng nhit i thp l 400 - 500mm, vng trung du l 350 - 450mm v i
vi vng cao l 300 - 400mm. Khong thi gian t gieo n tr hoa hoc
chn sinh l l c tnh c di truyn cao, v th chn lc i vi c tnh
chn sm l mt hng kh thi. Ch tiu ny c tin hnh theo di thi gian
t gieo - tr, t gieo n chn sinh l (chn ht c mu en), t gieo n thi
gian l bi c mu vng (Banziger M., Edmeades, 2000) [20].
+ Ging chu hn c chn to ra gieo trng trn nhng ni c lng
ma bin ng ln v kh d on trc. y l ging c nng sut ht tng
trong iu kin hn.
+ Chn ging chng hn: L ging c tim nng nng sut cao l tnh
trng c bn thng cho nng sut vt tri cc ging c tim nng nng sut
thp trong iu kin hn va (ngha l hn lm gim nng sut < 50%).
Nhng khi xy ra hn nng nng sut khng gim qu 50%. Nh chn ging
c th xc nh phm vi thch ng ca ging t vng ny i vi vng khc
thng qua xc nh tng quan di truyn v nng sut ca cng mt ging 2
mi trng bt thun v thun li. Nu ging c gi tr tng quan di truyn
dng gia mi trng bt thun v thun li th ging c kh nng thch ng
vi c hai mi trng. Nu ging c gi tr dng nh hoc bng 0 hoc c
gi tr m th vic chn lc nh vy khng c ngha vi mi trng b hn.
- Mt s ch tiu gin tip nh gi ging ng chu hn:
Tc sinh trng ca b r tng: tng khi lng cht kh, chiu di
v rng b r c coi l ch tiu chn lc ging chu hn vo giai on sinh
trng dinh dng. Tnh trng b r n su v rng gip cy tn dng nc

20
di su hay s dng nc trit theo chiu ngang. Ch tiu ny c xc
nh bng cch o m b r theo chiu su, chiu rng, th nc vo bui
chiu ti, nhit b mt l, lc nh r (Banziger M., 2000) [20].
Cc vt liu ng khc nhau phn ng khc nhau vi iu kin hn trong
thi k cy con c kt lun nh sau:
Kh nng hp th nc vng t kh hn ph thuc vo kch thc
phn b b r, cc loi r khc nhau c phn ng khc nhau vi mc thiu
ht nc (Muthukuda, Robert. Arachchi,2001) [41]. V d r t c th xuyn
su vo lp t cng nn t mn cm vi hn hn cc loi r khc (Westgate
and Boyer, 1986) [50]. Cc ging khc nhau c kiu r khc nhau. Mt s
sinh nhiu r t, s khc li sinh nhiu r th cp. Chn lc ng c khi
lng r ln l mt ch tiu hu ch dn n tng nng sut trong iu kin
hn va. Chiu di r t sai khc nhau c ngha gia cc vt liu ng trong
iu kin hn khng nh rng nhiu ging ng nhit i c nhiu r t hn,
gip cy ht m tng t mt tt hn thng qua c ch iu chnh p sut
thm thu khi gp hn tt hn vi r th cp (Muthukuda, Robert.
Arachchi,2001) [41].
Tc di l c xu hng mn cm nhiu hn di r. Tc di l tng
trong khi gp hn c s dng rng ri to ging chu hn c giai on
tr ln giai on sinh trng dinh dng v n c tng quan cht vi tc
tch lu vt cht kh (Bolanos j., Edmeades, 1993) [24]. Gc l nh gip gim
cng bc x trn b mt l, tng cng nh sng xung pha di gip
duy tr trng thi thot hi nc b mt l mc ti thiu. nh gi ch
tiu ny da theo thang im 1 - 5 (t 1 l gc l nh n 5 l gc l ln).
di truyn ca tnh trng ny vo loi cao ng v c nhiu trin vng trong
chn to ging ng.
+ Chu hn hai thi k (Thi k tr c - lm ht) c nghin cu kh

21
c th v c nhiu kt qu ang c ng dng trong thc tin (Banziger M.,
Edmeades, 2000) [20]. Tuy nhin s lin quan gia mt s tnh trng chu hn
giai on cy con v cng tnh trng giai on tr c trong iu kin
hn th cha c nghin cu chi tit kt lun r rng (L Qu Kha, 2005)
[10]. Di y l mt s ch tiu c tng kt chc chn v chu hn trong
giai on tr c - lm ht:
Tnh trng khp gia tr c tung phn l mt trong cc ch tiu c di
truyn trung bnh, tng quan cht vi nng sut trong iu kin hn, ang
c dng chn lc ging ng chu hn giai on tr c (Bolanos j.,
Edmeades, 1993) [24].
S bp trn cy tng cng chng t c tnh sinh l c tnh di truyn, c
bin ng cao gia cc vt liu v c th dng chn lc ging chu hn
hay chu mt (Banzinger, 2000) [20].
Kch thc c gim c xc nh l c tng quan v c di
truyn tng i cao vi chng chu hn trong thi k tr (Bolanos j.,
Edmeades, 1993) [24]. V d sau 8 chu k chn lc qun th Tuxpeno Sequia
v tnh chu hn, s nhnh c gim 2,6% chu k. Vy cc vt liu c kch
thc c gim nn c chn. Ch tiu ny c th m c trong iu kin
thun li nhng c dng lm ch tiu chu hn.
Tui th ca l: cng c dng lm ch tiu chn lc ging chu hn v
n c tng quan cht vi kh nng tch lu cht kh giai on y ht i
vi cao lng v ng. V vy cy ng khng th phc hi din tch l khi b
mt v l ng c tng quan vi ln ca bp.
Mc ho l: gip cy trnh bt c bc x mt tri ln l, gim s
dng nc v tng nhit b mt l. Tng nhit , gim thot hi nc b
mt bc x nhiu dn n quang oxy ho kh v mt dip lc (Banzinger,
2000) [20].

22
 Din tch l bp tng v chiu cao cy gim cng c th c dng lm
ch tiu chn lc ging ng chu hn. Din tch l bp c tng quan cht vi
tch lu cht kh vo giai on y ht, cn chiu cao cy li c tng quan
m vi tch lu vt cht kh trong iu kin hn (Fischer R.A., Johnson,
1983) [32].
S thay i phn b cht kh: nhn chung trong iu kin hn nng tc
sinh trng bp ng b gim (Banzinger, 2000) [20]. V vy, rt cn cc vt
liu ng c kh nng cho bp bnh thng, t l kt ht cao, bp sinh trng
nhanh. Ngha l cy c th iu chnh s phn b cht kh v ht trong iu
kin hn.
T l ht/bp v s ht trn bp gim mnh nu hn xy ra ng vo thi
k tr c v lm ht.
Ngoi ra, mt s ch tiu khc cng c dng lm ch tiu nh gi tnh
chu hn cng thot hi nc...
- Vasal v cng s nghin cu v i n kt lun ging ng lai c
nng sut cao v u th tri hn so vi ging giao phi t do c 2 loi mi
trng thun li cng nh kh khn. Ngy cng c nhiu kt qu chng minh
nu mi trng trong iu kin hn th ging ng th phn t do c nng sut
l 2,5 tn/ha v ging ng lai c th cho nng sut vt 70%.
- CIMMYT chn to ra ngun nguyn liu ng Tuxpeno chu hn tt
v hin nay din tch loi ng ny c n hng triu ha cc nc ang pht
trin. ng thi CIMMYT chn ra c nguyn liu ng c th mc tt
khi gieo trn t hn, tc l r mm c th ht m di su trong lng t ti
0,4m. Nm 2004 xc nh c thm mt s ch th lin quan n tnh chu
hn ca ng.
- Vit Nam cng xc nh c mt s ch th SSR lin kt vi cc
gen chu hn v mt s ch th lin quan c tnh chu hn ng (Bi Mnh

23
Cng, 2007) [3].
- Theo bo co ca Vin nghin cu ng Vit Nam t nhng nm 1987
cc nh chn to ging ng cng chn to ra c nhiu ging ng chu
hn tt nh: MSB49, TSB2, Q2. Nhng nm gn y, nhiu ging ng lai
chu hn c to ra v a vo sn xut nh: LVN10, C919,... Chng
trnh hp tc nghin cu gia Vit Nam v CIMMYT (Trung tm ci lng
ng v la m quc t) v chn to v pht trin cc ging ng chu hn
trong nhng nm qua thu nhp nhiu ngun nguyn liu c kh nng chu
hn v bc u to ra nhiu t hp lai mi c kh nng chu hn.

24
 Chng 2
I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN
CU
2.1. i tng nghin cu
- Cc ging ng gm: C919, NK430, 3Q v LVN10. Ging c thu
thp t cc Trung tm ging trong tnh v Vin Khoa hc k thut Bc Trung
B.
2.2. Ni dung nghin cu
- Nghin cu cc ch tiu v sinh trng, pht trin ca cc ging ng:
C919, NK430, 3Q v LVN10.
- Cc ch tiu nh gi kh nng chu hn ca cc ging ng: C919,
NK430, 3Q v LVN10.
- Cc ch tiu v cu thnh nng sut, nng sut ca cc ging ng:
C919, NK430, 3Q v LVN10.
2.3. Phng php nghin cu
2.3.1. Phng php b tr rung th nghim
* Th nghim ng rung: Th nghim c b tr theo khi ngu nhin
hon ton 4 cng thc x 3 ln nhc li.
* Th nghim trong chu: 4 cng thc x 3 ln nhc li x 1 cy/chu.
2.3.2. Quy m th nghim ng rung
- S th nghim: 12
- Din tch th nghim 18 m2
- Tng din tch th nghim 216 m2 khng tnh din tch bo v.

25
 S b tr th nghim

Bo v
C919 (/c) LVN10 3Q NK430

Bo v 3Q C919 (/c) NK430 LVN10 Bo v

NK430 3Q LVN10 C919 (/c)

Bo v
2.4. Cc bin php k thut
- Gieo ht: (Ngy gieo 12/03/2012)
Khong cch gieo: Hng cch hng 70cm; cy cch cy 20cm. Gieo 2
ht/hc, khi cy 3 4 l ta li 1 cy/hc, su hc 5 7 cm.
- Phn bn cho 1 ha:
Lng phn bn: 10 15 tn phn chung + 147 kg N + 108 kg P 2O5 +
90 kg K2O + 500 kg vi.
Bn lt: Ton b phn chung + Ln + 500kg vi + 10% m
Bn thc ln 1: Khi cy ng 3 - 4 l: 30% m + 1/2 Kali
Bn thc ln 2: Khi cy ng 7 - 9 l: 30% m + 1/2 Kali
Bn thc ln 3: Khi cy ng 15 l: 30% m
- Chm sc cy ng kt hp vi xi xo, bn phn, vun gc, dit c
khi cy ng 3 - 4 l v 7 - 9 l.
- Khi 80 % s bp trn cy chn hon ton th thu hoch.
2.5. Cc ch tiu v phng php theo di
2.5.1. Cc ch tiu sinh trng
Thi gian sinh trng (ngy)
- T khi gieo ht n giai on xon ngn
- T khi gieo n giai on tr c
- T khi gieo n phun ru
- T khi gieo n thu hoch.

26
 Chiu cao thn chnh cc giai on
Dng thc o t gc st mt t n im bt u phn nhnh ca bng
c khi ng chn sa - chn sp ly chiu cao cy cui cng. o t gc n
mt l cao nht chiu cao ca tng gia on. Mi ln nhc li o 10 cy ri
tnh gi tr trung bnh.
S l trn cy (l/cy)
m s l ti cc thi k theo di. Dng sn nh du l th 5 v l th
10 m s l chnh xc. Mi ln nhc li m ngu nhin 10 cy ri tnh
gi tr trung bnh.
2.5.2. Cc ch tiu sinh l
- o 3 thi k: Cy xon ngn, tr c - phun ru v chn sa - chn sp
Din tch l (dm2l/cy) v ch s din tch l (m2 l/m2 t):
- Xc nh din tch l ca cy (Yoshid. S. IRRI, 1976)
S = D x R x K (m2).
Trong : S: Din tch l
D: Chiu di l (m)
R: Chiu rng l (m)
K = 0,75
- Xc nh ch s din tch l (LAI) (m2 l/m2 t).
Ch s din tch l = Din tch l bnh qun/1 cy x s cy/1m2 t
S tch ly cht kh (g/cy)
Mun xc nh kh nng tch ly cht kh ca cy mt thi k no
th chng ta tin hnh nh cy thi k y theo di. Sau ra sch r v
cn trng lng ti ri em sy kh xc nh trng lng kh tuyt i
bnh qun ca mt cy, l kh nng tch ly cht kh ca cy thi k .

27
2.5.3. Mt s ch tiu v hn v kh nng chu hn ca cc ging ng
2.5.3.1. Tm hiu din bin ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit trong cc thng th
nghim.
Bng 2.1. Din bin ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit
trong cc thng th nghim
m Tng
o Tng s
Nhit khng kh ( C) khng lng
gi nng
Thng kh ma
TB Max Min (%) (gi) (mm)

Thng 1 16,5 23,8 11,3 94,2 0,3 57,5

Thng 2 17,0 26,5 12,2 93,1 30,6 19,5

Thng 3 20,2 30,5 14,5 89,7 60,3 37,6

Thng 4 26,2 37,0 18,6 82,5 167,7 18,7

Thng 5 29,5 39,9 24,0 76,9 197,5 288,8

Thng 6 30,7 37,6 24,7 68,9 143,9 125,1

(Ngun: Trung tm kh tng thy vn Ngh An)

T bng ny tm ra cc thng c iu kin kh hn thy c mc
chu hn ca cc ging ng th nghim.

28
 2.5.3.2. Cc ch tiu v kh nng chu hn ca cy
Ch tiu
TT n v tnh Phng php lm
chu hn
B tr th nghim trong nh li.Xc
m t cy ho nh m t cy ho vo 3 thi k:
1
(h s ho %) Xon ngn, tung phn phun ru,
chn sa - chn sp.(1)
Xc nh vo 3 thi im nh trn (1)
2 Cng thot g nc/ m2 l
nh cy trn rung TN.
hi nc, hm
Kt hp xc nh din tch l, cht
lng nc trong
kh, hiu sut quang hp
than l (%)
3 di b r cm/ cy Xc nh cng thi im nh trn (1)
4 Trng lng b r g/ cy Xc nh cng thi im nh trn (1)
M t hnh thi chu Kch thc l to, nh, thn cao thp,
5
hn ca cy t ngn di, nhiu lng, l bp.

2.5.4. Ch tiu v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut cy ng

- Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut
+ S cy c bp hu hiu trn TN
+ S bp hu hiu trn cy (m ton b s cy c trn )
+ S hng trn bp (m cc bp ca cc cy theo di)
+ Khi lng 1000 ht (g)
+ Nng sut l thuyt ca tng ging (t/ha)
S cy/m2 X s bp hu hiu X s hng/bp X s ht/hng X P1000ht
NSLT =
104
+ Nng sut thc thu ca cc ging thi k chn hon ton (t/ha). Thu
ton b bp trn TN, tch ht tnh nng sut thc thu.
2.6. Phng php x l s liu
S liu th c x l thng k sinh hc nh s tr gip ca cc phn
mm Excel v Irristat ver 5.0.

29
 Chng 3
KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

3.1. Din bin ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit trong cc thng th nghim

Bng 3.1. Din bin ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit trong cc thng th nghim

m Tng
o Tng s
Nhit khng kh ( C) khng lng
gi nng
Thng kh ma
TB Max Min (%) (gi) (mm)

Thng 1 16,5 23,8 11,3 94,2 0,3 57,5

Thng 2 17,0 26,5 12,2 93,1 30,6 19,5

Thng 3 20,2 30,5 14,5 89,7 60,3 37,6

Thng 4 26,2 37,0 18,6 82,5 167,7 18,7

Thng 5 29,5 39,9 24,0 76,9 197,5 288,8

Thng 6 30,7 37,6 24,7 68,9 143,9 125,1

(Ngun: Trung tm kh tng thy vn Ngh An)

Thng 4, thng 5, thng 6 l 3 thng rt quan trng nh hng trc tip
n nng sut ca ng bi cc thi k xon ngn, tr c - pun ru, chn sa -
chn sp. Qua bng 2.1 ta thy thng 5 l thng c tng s gi nng ln nht
vi tng s gi nng ln ti 197,5 gi; tng lng ma trong thng ny cng
ln nht vi 288,8 mm tuy nhin lng ma phn b khng u, lng ma
trong thng ny ch yu tp trung vo 10 ngy cui thng. Thng t c tng
s gi nng l 167,7 gi nhng tng lng ma trong thng ch l 18,7 mm
nn rt d gy hn cho cy ng nu chng ta khng cung cp y nc cho
cy. y l thi im cy bt u vo giai on xon ngn v tr c - phun

30
ru nn nu gp hn trong thi im ny s lm cho kh nng u ht thp.
Thng 6 c tng s gi nng l 143,9 gi, v tng lng ma trong thng l
125,1 mm tuy nhin m khng kh trong thng ny ch l 68,9% v nhit
trung bnh l 30,70C do vy cy ng rt d gp hn, nu gp hn trong thi gian
ny s lm cho khi lng 1000 ht b gim st lm gim nng sut ca ng.
3.2. Thi gian sinh trng v cc thi k pht dc ca cc ging ng
Tr c, tung phn v phun ru ng l mt qu trnh quan trng, nh
hng rt ln n s ht/bp. Qu trnh ny din ra ng thi hay khng ph
thuc vo ging v iu kin mi trng. Thi gian tr c, tung phn v phun
ru chnh lch qu xa km theo iu kin bt thun ca mi trng (nhit ,
m qu cao, qu thp) s lm cho bp kt ht km.
Bng 3.2. Thi gian cc giai on sinh trng ca cc ging ng
th nghim v Xun 2012
n v tnh: ngy
Gieo - Xon Gieo -
Ging Gieo - Tr c TGST
ngn phun ru
C919 (/c) 47,2 50,4 55,8 105

NK430 51,4 54,5 58,7 114

3Q 49,5 52,3 57,8 110

LVN10 48,8 52,8 57,3 107

Qua bng trn ta thy thi gian sinh trng ca cc ging bin ng t
105 ngy (ging C919) n 114 ngy (ging NK430), ging 3Q v LVN10 c
thi gian sinh trng di hn C919 (/c).
Qua bng trn ta cng thy thi gian xon ngn, tr c, phun ru vo
cui thng t v u thng nm (ngy gieo 12/03/2012) y l giai on trng
vo thi gian b hn thng 4, 5, 6 (bng 3.1) nn nh hng trc tip n nng

31
sut.
3.3. Mt s c im hnh thi ca cc ging Ng
c im hnh thi tp hp nhng kiu hnh bn ngoi do kiu gen qui
nh. N l ch tiu ch yu dng phn bit cc ging. Vic phn bit cc
ging c ngha quan trng trong cng tc nghin cu, chn lc v sn xut
nhm m bo thun ng rung.
Ty theo mc ch nghin cu m ngi ta c th chn ra mt s ch tiu
hnh thi phc v cho cng tc nghin cu chu hn nh (l, thn..). c
im hnh thi ph thuc nhiu vo yu t di truyn, ngoi ra n cn ph
thuc vo cc yu t ngoi cnh (nhit , m , cng nh sng...), k
thut chm sc, cht t, dinh dng,.... T nhng c im hnh thi c th
nh gi s b c tnh di truyn ca cc dng, ging vi cc tnh trng c h
s di truyn cao.
nh gi chnh xc cc c trng hnh thi, chng ti tin hnh theo
di, nh gi thi k tr c n thu hoch v giai on ny cc c trng
hnh thi n nh v rt t bin ng.
c im hnh thi ca cc ging ng th nghim c chng ti nh
gi c th thng qua bng sau:

32
 Bng 3.3. Mt s c im hnh thi ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

Ch tiu
Dng Dng l
Dng ht Mu ht
cy (lng /thn l)
Ging
C919 ng t bn rng nga vng cam
NK430 ng TB bn rng nga vng
3Q ng TB Bn rng nga vng
LVN10 ng nhiu Bn rng nga vng cam

- Dng cy: c trng ny l c s quan trng cho vic b tr mt . C

5 ging ng nghin cu u c dng cy ng.
- Dng l: ch yu em so snh gia cc ging vi nhau bng mt
thng tm ra c mc lng t, nhiu, trung bnh so snh cc ging.
y l mt trong nhng ch tiu phn bit ging chu hn th hin qua mc
lng/thn l. L c nhiu lng s chu hn cao hn. Ging LVN10 c nhiu
lng trn thn l, nn th hin ging c kh nng chu hn tt cn 2 ging 3Q
v NK430 c s lng trn thn l mc trung bnh nn y l 2 ging c kh
nng chu hn trung bnh. Ging C919 (/c) c t lng nn c kh nng chu
hn km.
- Dng ht: Cc ging c dng ht bn rng nga.
- Mu ht: Mu sc ht do c tnh di truyn ca ging qui nh. Quan
st cc ging ng chng ti thy hu ht cc ging u c ht mu vng.
Ging C919, LVN10 c mu vng cam. Mu sc ht l c im quan trng
quyt nh mu m v gi tr bun ca ht ng.
3.4. Chiu cao cy cui cng v s l/cy ca cc ging ng
Chiu cao cy l mt c trng ca ging do bn cht di truyn ca
ging quyt nh, c tng quan nghch vi kh nng mn cm hn. Chiu

33
cao cy cng thp th nhim hn tng v ngc li. Tuy nhin hng chn lc
lai to hin nay trong chn ging chng chu hn l chn nhng ging ng c
chiu cao trung bnh (t 170 190 cm). Chiu cao cy phn nh s tch ly
dinh dng trong sut qu trnh sinh trng pht trin vn chuyn vt cht
t thn l v ht, gp phn tng nng sut ng. Chiu cao cy ph thuc vo
iu kin ngoi cnh, k thut canh tc v l mt ch tiu quan trng nh
gi tnh hnh sinh trng ca cy ng. Cc ging khc nhau th tc tng
trng chiu cao cy cng khc nhau.
S l/cy phn nh kh nng sinh trng ca cy trng. Cng vi tng
trng chiu cao cy l s gia tng s l/cy. Khi chiu cao cy ngng tng
trng th s l cng ngng tng trng theo. Nh vy, vi chc nng quang
hp s l/cy c mi lin quan cht ch n chiu cao cy v u nh hng
n s tch lu cht kh v lin quan trc tip n nng sut ng.

34
 Bng 3.4. Chiu cao cy cui cng v s l/cy ca cc ging ng
V Xun 2012
Chiu cao cy cui S l/cy
TT Tn ging
cng (cm) (l)
1 LVN10 191,2 a 18,6 a

2 NK430 176,3 b 18,0 ab

3 C919 (/c) 170,9 b 17,2 b

4 3Q 187,9 a 18,4 a

LSD 0,05 7,91 0,97

CV% 2,2 2,7

Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong ct c cng ch ci khng sai khc mc ngha 0,05

Chiu cao cy cui cng ca cc ging dao ng t 170,9 191,2 cm.
Ging LVN10 c chiu cao cy cao nht. Ging C919 (/c) c chiu cao cy
thp nht.
S l/cy cc ging dao ng t 17,2 18,6 l. Hai ging 3Q v
LVN10 c s l nhiu nht. Ging C919 (/c) c s l/cy t thp nht.

35
 th 3.1. Chiu cao cy ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

th 3.2. S l trn cy ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

36
 Chng ta thy cc ging chiu cao cy cui cng cao nht v s l trn
cy nhiu nht l ging LVN10, tip theo 3Q, NK430, C919.
3.5. Din tch l ca cc ging ng
L l c quan quang hp, to ra cc vt cht hu c cho cy sinh trng
v pht trin tt, l tin to nng sut ca cy trng. L cng l ni thot
hi nc, ng thi xc tin qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha xy ra trong cy. Kch
thc l c lin quan n s vn chuyn cc cht t l v ht.
Din tch l (LA) l mt trong nhng ch tiu nh gi kh nng
quang hp to cht kh ca cy. Vic theo di din tch l chng ta s a ra
c cc bin php k thut nhm tng ti a kh nng s dng nh sng mt
tri ca cy trn n v din tch. Din tch l tng dn t khi cy mc; sau
din tch l tng dn cc thi k sau v t cao nht thi k tung phn
phun ru. Sau gim dn do s gi i ca l.
Din tch l nh hng n nng sut kinh t c 2 giai on khc nhau.
giai on sinh trng sinh dng, l nh hng n nng sut ht qua tch ly
cht kh trc lc tung phn phun ru. giai on sinh trng sinh thc
thng qua qu trnh to cht kh sau tr c. Cho nn nng sut kinh t s cao
nht khi m ch s din tch l ca qun th rung ng gi tr ti thch nht
nh.
Theo kt qu ca cc nh chn to ging ng, da trn cc ch tiu sinh
l cho thy: l to vn chuyn vt cht hu c tt hn l nh. Do l rng
bn cho nng sut cao hn v tip nhn c nhiu nh sng. Chng ti tin
hnh theo di ng thi tng din tch l ca cc ging ng qua cc thi k
bng sau:

37
 Bng 3.5. Din tch l ca cc ging ng qua cc giai on
n v:
dm2l/cy
Ging Xon ngn Tung phn phun ru Chn sa chn sp
LVN10 40,16 ab 43,93 a 41,83 a
NK430 38,83 bc 41,55 a 40,15 a
C919 (/c) 37,28 c 39,48 a 37,97 a
3Q 40,92 a 44,12 a 42,68 a
LSD 0,05 1,78 7,85 6,02
CV% 2,3 9,3 7,4
Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong ct c cng ch ci khng sai khc mc ngha 0,05

* Giai on xon ngn: Din tch l (LA) ca cc ging ng th nghim

dao ng t 37,28 40,92 dm2l/cy. Cc ging 3Q v LVN10 c LA cao
nht. Ging C919 (/c) c LA thp nht.
* Giai on tung phn - phun ru: Giai on ny cy ng pht trin l
mnh nht vi mc ch tch lu vt cht hu c lm c s to nng sut v
sau. Do LA ca cc ging ng giai on ny c xu hng tng ln v t
cc i. Din tch l (LA) cc ging th nghim dao ng t 39,48 44,12
dm2 l/cy. Trong ging 3Q v LVN10 c LA cao nht. Ging C919 (/c)
c LA thp nht.
* Giai on chn sa, chn sp: Thi k ny hot ng quang hp ca cy
bt u gim dn. Do din tch l ca cc ging c xu hng gim xung
v thp hn so vi thi k tung phn phun ru. Din tch l (LA) cc ging
ng dao ng t 37,97 42,68 dm2 l/cy. Ging LVN10 c LA cao nht, tip
n l ging 3Q v NK430. Ging C919 (/c) c LA thp nht.

38
 th 3.3. Din tch l ca cc ging ng qua 3 giai on
Din tch l ni ln sc sng, kh nng sinh trng ca cy tt hay km,
bnh thng hay khng bnh thng. Nu cy chu hn khng tt cy cn ci
dn n din tch l nh, vng. Qua bng 3.3 ba thi k chng ta thy c
ging chu hn tt nht ging 3Q v LVN10; ging NK430 chu hn trung
bnh. Ging chu hn km nht l ging C919 (/c).
3.6. Ch s din tch l ca cc ging ng
Ch s din tch l (LAI) l ch tiu th hin kh nng hp thu nng lng
nh sng mt tri v quang hp ca qun th rung ng. Khi ng bt u mc
n giai on tung phn phun ru, LAI c xu hng tng dn v t cao
nht khi ng tung phn phun ru th tinh. Giai on chn, cc l gi c xu
hng rng dn nn LAI cng gim theo.
LAI t cc i l 4 m2 l/m2 t. Ch s din tch l ng thay i ty
theo c tnh di truyn ca mi ging, iu kin ngoi cnh v cc bin php
k thut tc ng.

39
 Bng 3.6. Ch s din tch l ca cc ging ng
n v: m2 l/m2 t

Ging Xon ngn Tung phn phun ru Chn sa chn sp

LVN10 2,00 2,19 2,09

NK430 1,94 2,08 2,01

C919 (/c) 1,87 1,97 1,90

3Q 2,05 2,21 2,13

* Giai on xon ngn: Ch s din tch l (LAI) dao ng t 1,87 2,05

m2 l/m2 t. Ging LVN10 v 3Q c LAI t cao nht, tip theo n ging
NK430. Ging thp nht l C919 (/c).
* Giai on tung phn - phun ru: Giai on ny cy ng pht trin l
mnh tch lu vt cht hu c lm c s to nng sut v sau. Do LAI
ca cc ging ng giai on ny t cc i.
Ch s din tch l (LAI) cc ging ng dao ng t 1,97 2,21 m 2
l/m2 t. Ging 3Q v LVN10 c LA cao nht nn LAI cng cao nht. Sau
n ging NK430. Ging C919 (/c) c LAI thp nht.
* Giai on chn sa, chn sp: Thi k ny mt s l gi ca cy rng i.
Do ch s din tch l thi k ny c xu hng gim xung.
Ch s din tch l (LAI) cc ging dao ng t 1,90 2,13 m 2 l/m2
t. Ging 3Q v LVN10 c LAI cao nht, tip theo l ging NK430 (2,01 m 2
l/m2 t). Ging C919 (/c) c LAI thp nht.

40
 th 3.4. Ch s din tch l ca cc ging ng qua 3 giai on
Nh vy cc kt qu nghin cu v din tch l v ch s din tch l ca
chng ti hon ton trng khp vi cc nghin cu ca cc nh sinh l thc
vt trc . LAI ca 5 ging ng chng ti nghin cu c LAI < 4 m 2 l/m2
t. iu ny phn nh ng thc t. Cc ging ng thng t LAI thp hn
nhiu so vi tr s ti u. Do lm hn ch mt phn nng sut ng. l
mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho nng sut thc thu thng thp hn
nng sut l thuyt. T chng ti a ra khuyn co nng cao din tch l
ng s lm tng nng sut. Cc bin php nh chm sc, phng tr su bnh
(c bit l su hi l) cn c coi trng. Ngoi ra vic b tr mt thch
hp cng l bin php ti u nng cao hiu qu quang hp, t nng cao
nng sut ng.
3.7. Kh nng tch lu cht kh ca cc ging ng
Cy trng ni chung v cy ng ni ring trong qu trnh sinh trng,
pht trin s dng cc sn phm quang hp nui cy v pht trin thn
l. Ngoi ra mt phn sn phm quang hp c gi li sau vn chuyn
v cc c quan kinh t. Do kh nng tch lu vt cht kh l ch tiu phn
nh tc sinh trng cng nh nng sut ca cy ng.

41
 Trong thi hn nht nh, nng sut kinh t v nng sut sinh vt hc c
mi tng quan thun. Do khi lng cht kh c tch lu cng ln s
to tin nng cao nng sut ng.
Kh nng tch lu cht kh ph thuc vo sinh trng v pht trin ca
cy ng. ng thi ph thuc vo ging v iu kin ngoi cnh. Ging tt
cy sinh trng tt th khi lng cht kh tch lu c cng ln v ngc
li.
Bng 3.7. Khi lng cht kh ca cc ging ng
VT:
g/cy
Ging Xon ngn Tung phn phun ru Chn sa chn sp
LVN10 5,83 a 9,54 a 20,12 a
NK430 5,20 ab 9,14 ab 18,24 a
C919 (/c) 4,91 b 8,54 b 14,88 b
3Q 5,74 ab 9,36 ab 19,96 a
LSD 0,05 0,92 0,92 3,20
CV% 8,5 5,0 8,8

Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong ct c cng ch ci khng sai khc mc ngha 0,05

* Giai on xon ngn: Khi lng cht kh dao ng t 4,91 5,83
g/cy. Ging LVN10 c khi lng cht kh t cao nht, tip theo n ging
3Q. Hai ging thp nht l NK430 v C919 (/c).
* Giai on tung phn - phun ru: Giai on ny cy ng pht trin l
mnh tch lu vt cht hu c lm c s to nng sut v sau. Do kh
nng tch lu cht kh cng tng theo.
Khi lng cht kh cc ging ng dao ng t 8,54 9,54 g/cy.
Ging LVN10 c khi lng cht kh cao nht. Ging C919 (/c) c khi
lng cht kh thp nht.

42
 * Giai on chn sa, chn sp: y l thi k m hot ng quang hp
din ra mnh m nht. Do khi lng cht kh m cy trng tch lu c
trong giai on ny cng t cao nht.
Nh vy s tch lu cht kh ca mi ging l khc nhau ni ln mc
chu hn ca ging, ging chu hn th c kh nng tch lu cht kh cao.
Khi lng cht kh cc ging dao ng t 14,88 20,12 g/cy. Ging
LVN10 c khi lng cht kh tch lu c cao nht trong 4 ging ng.
Ging C919 (/c) c khi lng cht kh thp nht.

th 3.5. Khi lng cht kh ca cc ging ng qua 3 giai on

3.8. m cy ho, cng thot hi nc v hm lng nc trong

thn l ca cc ging ng
Trong i sng cy ng, nc ng vai tr quan trng. Do vy, vic tm
hiu cc c im nh m cy ho, cng thot hi nc v hm lng
nc trong thn l ca cc ging ng l cn thit nh gi kh nng chu
hn ca chng. Cc ch tiu sinh l trn s phn nh phn no v nhu cu

43
cung cp nc ca cy, v kh nng gi nc trong cy khi gp phi s thiu
ht nc.
Bng 3.8. m cy ho, cng thot hi nc v hm lng nc trong thn l

m cy ho Cng thot hi Hm lng nc

Tn ging
(%) nc (g/dm2/gi) trong thn l (%)
LVN10 9,55 b 0,44 c 81,58 a
NK430 10,93 b 0,53 b 79,83 c
C919 (/c) 13,22 a 0,64 a 79,07 d
3Q 9,77 b 0,49 bc 80,79 b
LSD 0,05 1,47 0,08 0,31
CV% 6,8 7,8 1,2

Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong ct c cng ch ci khng sai khc mc ngha 0,05

+ m cy ho l m m cn bng nc ca cy b ph v v
cy bt u ho hay ni cch khc m cy ho l m t ngng ti
thiu m m ny cy bt u xy ra hin tng ho. m cy ho l
mt ch tiu sinh l quan trng phn nh c phn no nhu cu cung cp
nc ca cy. m cy ho khng ch ph thuc vo c tnh ca t m
cn ph thuc vo c im sinh l ca cy, ph thuc vo qu trnh pht
trin c th ca cy trng.
m cy ho cng nh th ging cng c kh nng chu hn tt. Qua
kt qu nghin cu chng ti nhn thy: Ging LVN10 c m cy ho thp
nht v sai khc v mt thng k vi cc ging cn li. Ging C919 (/c) c
m cy ho cao nht (13,22%), ging NK430 v 3Q u c m cy ho
thp hn C919 (/c).
+ Cng thot hi nc: y cng l mt ch tiu sinh l lin quan
kh nng chu hn ca cc ging ng. N biu hin lng nc mt i trong
mt n v thi gian trn mt n v din tch l. Nh vy, cng thot hi

44
nc cng nh, chng t cy cng t b mt nc. Do , nhng ging chu
hn tt th cng thot hi nc cng thp.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy: ging LVN10 c cng thot hi nc
thp nht (0,44 g/dm2/gi). Tip theo n ging 3Q (0,49 g/dm 2/gi) v
NK430 (0,53 g/dm2/gi). Ging C919 (/c) c cng thot hi nc cao
nht (0,64 g/dm2/gi).
+ Hm lng nc trong thn l: Hm lng nc trong thn l phn nh
kh nng gi nc ca c th thc vt cng nh kh nng iu tit nc ca
m t bo. Trong iu kin kh hn xy ra, hm lng nc cn cho chng ta
thy kh nng gi nc chng chu vi iu kin bt li ca cy. Kt qu
nghin cu cho thy: Ging LVN10 c hm lng nc trong thn l cao nht
(81,58%). Tip n l ging 3Q v NK430. Ging C919 (/c) c hm lng
nc trong thn l thp nht (79,07%).

th 3.6. m cy ho ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

45
 th 3.7. Cng thot hi nc ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

th 3.8. Hm lng nc trong thn l ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

Nhn xt chung: m cy ho, cng thot hi nc v hm lng
nc trong thn l lin quan trc tip n kh nng gi nc ca cy ng.
Trong iu kin kh hn, nhng ging c m cy ho thp, cng thot
hi nc thp v hm lng nc trong thn l cao c kh nng chu hn tt.

46
Ging LVN10 c kh nng chu hn tt nht; ging 3Q v NK430 c kh
nng chu hn trung bnh. Ging C919 (/c) c kh nng chu hn km.
3.9. Chiu di b r v khi lng b r ca cc ging ng
B r c vai tr v cng quan trng trong vic ht nc v cc cht dinh
dng cung cp cho hu ht cc hot ng sng ca cy. i vi cy ng,
vic nghin cu v b r li cng quan trng hn nhiu.
C ch chng chu hn c hiu qu nht ca cy trng c lin quan n
mt lot cc tnh trng c th nh chiu di b r, khi lng b r; Lafitte v
ctv., 2001; Kato v ctv., 2006 kt lun: nhng c tnh c th ca b r c
tng tc vi cng ca s kh hn. Chnh v vy, nhiu tc gi coi s
sinh trng v pht trin ca b r l mt ch tiu quan trng nh gi kh
nng chu hn ca chng.

Bng 3.9. Chiu di b r v khi lng b r ca cc ging ng

Tn ging Chiu di b r (cm) Khi lng b r (gam)

LVN10 41,93 a 2,03 a

NK430 37,13 bc 1,80 ab

C919 (/c) 32,46 c 1,50 b

3Q 39,81 ab 1,96 ab
LSD 0,05 6,88 0,48

CV% 9,1 13,1

Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong ct c cng ch ci khng sai khc mc ngha 0,05
Qua kt qu nghin cu chng ti nhn thy: Chiu di b r ca cc
ging dao ng t 32,46 41,93 cm. Trong ging LVN10 c chiu di b
r cao nht, tip theo l n ging 3Q (39,81 cm) v NK430 (37,13 cm).
Ging C919 (/c) c chiu di b r thp nht.

47
 Khi lng b r: Cc ging c chiu di b r khc nhau nn khi
lng b r cng c s chnh lch ng k. Ging LVN10 c b r n su
nht nn khi lng b r cng cao nht (2,03 gam). Tip n l ging 3Q
(1,96 gam) v NK430 (1,80 gam). Ging C919 (/c) c khi lng b r thp
nht (1,50 gam).

th 3.9. Chiu di b r ca cc ging ng

48
 th 3.10. Khi lng b r ca cc ging ng

Nh vy, qua kt qu nghin cu cc c im chu hn ca cc ging

ng chng ti c mt s nhn xt nh sau: Cc ch tiu chu hn khc nhau
tng ging th nghim. Ging LVN10 c m cy ho thp, hm lng
nc trong thn l cao, cng thot hi nc thp; ng thi c b r
kho, n su v khi lng b r ln nht nn th hin y l ging ng chu
hn tt. Ging 3Q va NK430 c kh nng chu hn trung bnh. Ging C919 c
kh nng chu hn km.
3.10. Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ca cc ging ng
Nng sut l kt qu cui cng ca sn xut nng nghip. N phn nh
y v chnh xc nht qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng.
Nng sut cao hay thp biu hin ging sinh trng tt hay xu. Nng sut
cc ging ng ph thuc trc tip vo cc yu t cu thnh nng sut nh s
bp/cy, s hng ht/bp, s ht/hng v KL1000 ht.

49
 Bng 3.10. Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc ging ng
v Xun 2012
S S KL 1000
S NSLT NSTT
Tn ging hng/bp ht/hng ht
bp/cy (t/ha) (t/ha)
(hng) (ht) (gam)
LVN10 1 17,3 a 30,6 a 317,2 a 84,1 a 64,6 a
NK430 1 14,7 b 27,7 c 292,2 b 59,5 c 45,5 b
C919 (/c) 1 14,3 b 27,1 c 285,9 c 55,2 c 42,6 b
3Q 1 16,9 a 28,9 b 311,7 a 76,3 bc 60,8 ab
LSD 0,05
1,31 1,06 5,61 7,28 5,61
CV% 4,2 1,9 0,9 5,3 5,3
Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong ct c cng ch ci khng sai khc mc ngha 0,05
Trong cc ging ng, ging NK430 v C919 (/c) c nng sut l thuyt
v nng sut thc thu thp nht. Ging LVN10 v 3Q c nng sut cao nht
(60,8 64,6 t/ha).

th 3.11. S hng/bp ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

50
 th 3.12. S ht/hng ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

th 3.13. KL1000 ht ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012

51
 th 3.14. Nng sut l thuyt v nng sut thc thu ca cc ging ng

52
 KT LUN V NGH

I. Kt lun
1. c im hnh thi v sinh trng
- TGST ca ging C919 ngn nht (105 ngy); ging NK430 c TGST
di nht l 114 ngy.
- Cc ging ng c chung loi hnh sinh trng dng cy ng. Tuy
nhin mi ging u c dng l vi mc lng/ thn l khc nhau s biu
hin mc chu hn khc nhau, ging LVN10 c mc lng/thn l nhiu
hn so vi 3 ging cn li.
- Ging LVN10 c chiu cao cy v s l/cy cao nht; ging C919 t
thp nht.
2. Cc ch tiu sinh l, chu hn
- Giai on tung phn phun ru c din tch l v ch s din tch l t
cc i. Trong cc giai on, ging LVN10 v 3Q c din tch l v ch s
din tch l cao nht; ging C919 thp nht.
- Giai on chn sa chn sp c khi lng cht kh c tch lu t
gi tr cc i. Trong 3 giai on, ging LVN10 c khi lng cht kh tch
lu cao nht; ging C919 thp nht.
- Ging LVN10 c kh nng chu hn tt nht, bi v: m cy ho thp
nht, cng thot hi nc thp nht, hm lng nc trong thn l cao
nht, chiu di b r v khi lng b r cao nht.
3. Kh nng cho nng sut
Ging LVN10 v 3Q c cc yu t cu thnh nng sut cao nht v nng
sut thu c cng cao nht (60,8 64,6 t/ha).

53
II. ngh
1. i vi cc vng c iu kin kh hu khc nghit, c bit iu kin
nng hn vo giai on cui v Xun, nn a ging LVN10 c kh nng
chu hn tt vo c cu.
2. Cn nh gi thm nhiu ging ng na c cc ging ng chu hn
khc trn vng ct ni ng tnh Ngh An.

54
 TI LIU THAMKHO

Ting Vit
1. L Trn Bnh, L Th Mui (1998), Phn lp gen v chn dng chng
chu ngoi cnh bt li cy la, NXB i Hc Quc Gia, H Ni.
2. Cc thng k tnh Sn La (2008), Nin gim thng k tnh Sn La 2007
3. Bi Mnh Cng (2007), ng dng cng ngh sinh hc trong chon
to ging ng. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
4. Phm Th Trn Chu, Nguyn Nh Hin, Phng Gia Tng (1997),
Thc hnh ha sinh hc, NXB Gio Dc.
5. i kh tng thy vn khu vc Ty Bc (2008), S liu kh tng
Sn La nm 2006 -2007.
6. Nguyn Th ng, o Chu Thu, ng Vn Minh (2003), t i
ni Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
7. Trn Kim ng, Nguyn Quang Ph, inh Th Hoa (1991), Gio trnh
sinh l cy trng, NXB i Hc V Gio Dc Chuyn Nghip.
8. Phan Xun Ho (2005), Bi ging cho cc lp tp hun, o to cn
b k thut chn to ging ng, Vin Nghin cu Ng.
9. Nguyn Th Thy Hng (2006) Su tp, nh gi v nghin cu kh
nng chu hn ca mt s ging u tng a phng ca tnh Sn La, Lun
vn thc s sinh hc.
10. L Qu Kha (2005), Nghin cu kh nng chu hn v mt s bin
php k thut pht trin ging ng lai cho vng nc nh tri, Lun n Tin S.
11. Nguyn c Lng, Dng Vn Sn, Lng Vn Hinh (2000), Gio
trnh cy ng, NXB Nng nghip.
12. Nguyn c Lng, Phan Thanh Trc, Lng Vn Hinh, Trn Vn
in (1999), Gio trnh chn to ging cy trng, NXB Nng Nghip.

55
 13. Hong Vn Ph, Th Ngc Oanh (2002), Gio trnh phng php
nghin cu trong trng trt (dnh cho cao hc), NXB Nng Nghip.
14. Dng Vn Sn (1996), Nghin cu mt s vt liu ng chu hn
nhp ni s dng trong cng tc chn to ging, Lun n PTS khoa hc nng
nghip.
15. Nguyn Th Tm (2003), Nghin cu kh nng chu nng v chn
dng chu nng la bng cng ngh t bo thc vt, Lun n Tin s sinh
hc, Vin cng ngh sinh hc, H Ni.
16. Nguyn Hi Tut v Ng Kim Khi (1996), X l thng k kt qu
nghin cu thc nghim trong nng lm ng nghip trn my vi tnh, NXB
Nng Nghip, H Ni.
17. Phan Th Vn, Ng Hu Tnh, Lun Th p (2005), nh gi
nhanh kh nng chu hn ca cc dng v cc t hp ng lai lun giao giai
on cy con bng phng php gy hn nhn to, Tp ch Nng nghip
v pht trin nng thn 2/2005.
18. Phan Th Vn (2006), Nghin cu kh nng chu hn ca mt s
dng, ging ng lai ngn ngy phc v sn xut ti cc tnh trung du v min
ni pha bc, Lun n tin s nng nghip.
Ting Anh
19.Allen,L.H.(1990),Plantresponsestorisingcarbondioxideand
potentialinteractionwithairpollutants. JournalofEnvironmental Quality.,19,
pp.15-34.
20. Banziger M., et al (2000), Breeding for Drought and Nitrogen stress
ToleranceinMaize.FromTheorytoPractice,Mexico,D.F., CIMMYT,66.
21. Bates LS (1973) "Rapid determination of free proline for water-
stress studies". Plant Soil 39: 205-207.
22. Bolanos, J. And G.O. Edmeades (1991), Valalue of selection for
osmotic potential in tropical maize, Agronomy Journal., 83, pp. 948-956.

56
 23.Bolanos,J.AndG.O.Edmeades(1996),Theimportanceofthe
anthesissilking interval in breeding for drought tolerance in tropical
maize, Field Crops Research, 48, pp. 65-80.
24. Bolanos, J. And G.O. Edmeades (1993), Eight cycles of selection for
drought tolerance in lowlnd tropical maize. II. Responses in reproductive
behavior, Field Crops Research, 31, pp. 253-268.
25. CIMMYT (2005), Drought: Grim Reaper of Harvests and Lives.
A SOLID FUTURE, pp. 5-8.
26. Crosson, P. And E.L. Anderson (1992), Global food-Resources
and Prospects for the Major Cereals. World Development report 1992,
Agriculture and Rural Development, Washington, D.C, World Bank.
27. Denmead O. T. And R. H. Shaw (1960), The effects of soil moisture
stress at different stager of growth on the development and field of corn,
Agron. J., (52), 272-274.
28. Dow, E. W., T. B. Daynard, J. F. Muldoon, D. J. Major, and G. W.
Thurtell (1984), Resistance to drought and density stress in cnadian and
European maize hybricds Can. J. Plant Sci, (64), 575-585.
29. FalconerD.S(1989),IntroductiontoQuantitativeGenetics.3rd Editioned,
London: Longman.
30. FAOSTAT Databases (2/2008).
31. Fischer R. A. And F. E. Palmer (1984), Tropical maize. In
The physiology of tropical field crops (P.R. Goldsworthy and N. M. Fisher,
eds.), Wiley Intercience, New York, pp. 213-248.
32. Fischer R.A., E.C. Johnson, and G. O. Edmeades (1983), Breeding
and selection for drought resistance in tropical maize, CIMMYT, EL Batan,
Mexico: centro International de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo, pp. 16.
33. Fischer, K. S., Johnson, E.C., G. O. Edmeades (1985), Breeding and
selection for drought resistance in tropical mize, CIMMYT.

57
 34. Hall, A. J., F. Vililla,N. Trapani and C. Chimeti (1982), The effects
of water stress and genotype on the dynamics of pollen shedding and silking
in maize, Field Crops res, (5), 349-363.
35. Herrero, M. P. And R. R. Johnson (1981), Drought stress and its
effect on maize reproductive systems, Crop Sci, (21), 105-110.
36. IFPRI 2006-2007 (2007). Focus on the Worlds Poorest and Hungry
people by Joachim von Braun Annual Reprt (2006-2007).
37.IFPRI(2003),2020Projections,I.Projections,Editions,Editor, ashington,
D.C.
38. Lafitte, H. R., and G. O. Edmeades (1994), Improvement for
tolerance to low soil nitrogen in tropical maize. II. Grain yield; biomass
production, and Naccumulation. Field Crops Research, 39, pp. 15-25.
39. Monsanto (2001), Water requirements fos maize.
40. Morgan J. M. And Tan M. K. (1996), Choromosomal location of a
wheats osmoregulation gene using RFLP analysis, Aust. J. Plant physiol.
(23), 803-806.
41. Muthukuda, D.H., et al (2001), Performanca of maize (Zea mays L.)
Seedlings of diffirent genotypes during post germination drought. In The 8th
Asian Regional Maize workshop, Bangkok Thai Lan.
42. Prasatrisupab T., KonghiraP., Prathumes R., Sriyisoon W. Sukjaroen
P. And Suwantaradon K. (1990), Using a drought index to assess drought
tolerance in com, Paper presented at the 21 st Thai National Corn and Sorghum
Co43. Reeder, L. (1997), Breeding for yield stability in a commercial program in
theUSA.InDevelopingDroughtandlowNTolerantMaize, Proceedings of a
Symposium, CIMMYT, Mexico: CIMMYT, El Batan
44. Rosenzweig C. And Allen L. H., et al. (1995), Climate Change and
Agriculture: Analysis of Potential Internationnal Impacts, Madison,

58
Wisconsin: America Society of Agronomy, Inc.
45. Ruaan, B. (2003), The Mechanics of the Maize plant, cited.
46. Rubin, A. (1978), C S Sinh L Thc Vt, Tp 3, NXB Khoa hc v
k thut.
47. Schoper, J. B., R. J. Lambert, B. L. Vasilas and M. E. Westgate
(1987), Plant factors controlling seed set in maize: The influence of silk,
pollen and ear leaf water status and tassel heat treatment at pollination, Plant
Physiolygy, 83, pp. 121- 125).
48. Signh N.N and K. R. Sarkar (1991), Physiological, genetical basis of
drought tolerance in maze, Paper presented at the Golden Jubilee Symp. On
genetic Res and Education: Curent Trends and the Next 15 year, (Organised
by the Indian Soc. Genetics and Plant Breeding, IARI, New Delhi), pp. 12-15
49.SubramanyamM.(1992),Geneticsofsomephysiologicaland
morphological parametes of drought resistance in maize (Zea mays L.), Ph.
D. Thesis, Division of Genetics, IARI, New Delhi
50. Westgate M. E. and Boyer J. S. (1986), reproduction at low silk and
pollen water potential in Maize, Crop Sci. (28), 512-516.
51. Zinselmeier, C., M.E. Westgate, and R. J. Jones (1995), Kernel set at
low water potential does not vary with source/sink ratio in maize. Crop Sci,
35, pp. 158 163. ference, Chumporn, Thailand.

59
 LI CM N

hon thnh bn lun vn ny trong sut qu trnh hc tp v thc hin

ti ti nhn c s ch bo, gip , ng vin ca thy c, bn b v
ngi thn. Qua bn lun vn ti xin by t lng bit n chn thnh n:
- PGS.TS Nguyn Quang ph l Ngi trc tip hng dn ti mt
cch tn tnh v chu o trong sut thi gian thc hin ti v hon chnh
lun vn.
- Cc Thy C trong khoa Nng Lm Ng trng i hc Vinh
ng gp nhng kin ht sc qy bu cho ti hon thnh lun vn.
Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n Khoa Sau i hc trng i hc Vinh,
gia nh, ngi thn, bn b to iu kin cho ti trong sut thi gian hc
tp v nghin cu.

Ngh An, thng 10 nm 2012

Tc gi

L Vn Huy

60
 LI CAM OAN

Ti xin cam oan ay l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti.

Cc kt qu, s liu trong lun vn l trung thc v cha c ai cng b
trong bt k cng trnh nghin cu no khc.

Ngh An, ngy 15 thng 10 nm 2012

Tc gi

L Vn Huy

61
 DANH MC CC T VIT TT

1. TGST: Thi gian sinh trng.

2. LA: Din tch l
3. LAI: Ch s din tch l
4. R3: Giai on xon ngn
5. R5: Giai on tung phn phun ru
6. R7: Giai on chn sa chn sp
7. NSLT: Nng sut l thuyt
8. NSTT: Nng sut thc thu
9. KL: Khi lng

62
 MC LC
Trang
PHN M U..........................................................................................1
1.1. Tnh cp thit ca ti..........................................................................1
1.2. Mc tiu ca ti.................................................................................2
1.3. ngha khoa hc v thc tin................................................................2
1.3.1. ngha khoa hc.................................................................................2
1.3.2. ngha thc tin.................................................................................2
1.4. Phm vi nghin cu................................................................................2
Chng 1: TNG QUAN CC VN NGHIN CU......................4
1.1. Ngun gc v phn loi ng...................................................................4
1.1.1. Ngun gc cy ng..............................................................................4
1.1.2. Phn loi cy ng................................................................................4
1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut ng trn Th Gii v Vit Nam............................5
1.2.1. Tnh hnh sn xut ng trn Th Gii..................................................5
1.2.2. Tnh hnh sn xut ng Vit Nam.....................................................7
1.2.3. Tnh hnh sn xut ng Ngh An......................................................9
1.3. Tnh chu hn thc vt.......................................................................10
1.3.1. Khi nim v tnh chu hn................................................................10
1.3.2. Cc loi hn.......................................................................................10
1.3.3. C ch chng chu hn thc vt.....................................................11
1.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu v ng chu hn trn th gii v Vit Nam
.....................................................................................................................13
1.4.1. nh hng ca hn n sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca
cy ng.........................................................................................................13
1.4.2. Mt s kt qu nghin cu v kh nng chu hn ca cy ng.........18
Chng 2: I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP
NGHIN CU...........................................................................................25

63
2.1. i tng nghin cu...........................................................................25
2.2. Ni dung nghin cu............................................................................25
2.3. Phng php nghin cu......................................................................25
2.3.1. Phng php b tr rung th nghim................................................25
2.3.2. Quy m th nghim ng rung.........................................................25
2.4. Cc bin php k thut.........................................................................26
2.5. Cc ch tiu v phng php theo di..................................................26
2.5.1. Cc ch tiu sinh trng.....................................................................26
2.5.2. Cc ch tiu sinh l............................................................................27
2.5.3. Mt s ch tiu v hn v kh nng chu hn ca cc ging ng......27
2.5.4. Ch tiu v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut cy ng
.....................................................................................................................29
2.6. Phng php x l s liu....................................................................29
Chng 3: KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN.....................30
3.1. Din bin ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit trong cc thng th
nghim.........................................................................................................30
3.2. Thi gian sinh trng v cc thi k pht dc ca cc ging ng.......31
3.3. Mt s c im hnh thi ca cc ging Ng.....................................32
3.4. Chiu cao cy cui cng v s l/cy ca cc ging ng.....................34
3.5. Din tch l ca cc ging ng.............................................................37
3.6. Ch s din tch l ca cc ging ng...................................................39
3.7. Kh nng tch lu cht kh ca cc ging ng.....................................41
3.8. m cy ho, cng thot hi nc v hm lng nc trong
thn l ca cc ging ng............................................................................44
3.9. Chiu di b r v khi lng b r ca cc ging ng.......................47
3.10. Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ca cc ging ng.......50
KT LUN V NGH.......................................................................53

64
TI LIU THAMKHO..........................................................................55

DANH MC BNG
Trang
Bng 1.1: Tnh hnh sn xut ng trn Th Gii giai on 2000 - 2007........6
Bng 2.1: Din bin ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit trong cc thng th
nghim.......................................................................................................28
Bng 3.1: Din bin ca cc yu t kh hu thi tit trong cc thng th
nghim.......................................................................................................30
Bng 3.2: Thi gian cc giai on sinh trng ca cc ging ng th
nghim v Xun 2012...............................................................................31
Bng 3.3: Mt s c im hnh thi ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012
...................................................................................................................33
Bng 3.4: Chiu cao cy cui cng v s l/cy ca cc ging ng V
Xun 2012.................................................................................................35
Bng 3.5: Din tch l ca cc ging ng..................................................38
Bng 3.6: Ch s din tch l ca cc ging ng.......................................40
Bng 3.7: Khi lng cht kh ca cc ging ng....................................42
Bng 3.8: m cy ho, cng thot hi nc v hm lng
nc trong thn l......................................................................................44
Bng 3.9: Chiu di b r v khi lng b r ca cc ging ng............48
Bng 3.10. Cc yu t cu thnh nng sut ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012
...................................................................................................................50

65
 DANH MC TH

Trang
th 3.1: Chiu cao cy ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012.......................36
th 3.2: S l trn cy ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012........................36
th 3.3: Din tch l ca cc ging ng qua 3 giai on..........................39
th 3.4: Ch s din tch l ca cc ging ng qua 3 giai on...............41
th 3.5: Khi lng cht kh ca cc ging ng qua 3 giai on...........43
th 3.6: m cy ho ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012......................46
th 3.7: Cng thot hi nc ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012
......................................................................................................................46
th 3.8: Hm lng nc trong thn l ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012
......................................................................................................................47
th 3.9: Chiu di b r ca cc ging ng.............................................49
th 3.10: Khi lng b r ca cc ging ng........................................49
th 3.11: S hng/bp ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012........................51
th 3.12: S ht/hng ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012.........................51
th 3.13: KL1000 ht ca cc ging ng v Xun 2012.........................52
th 3.14: Nng sut l thuyt v nng sut thc thu ca cc ging
ng................................................................................................................52

66