1

Amber Li

Dr. Mitchell

UWRT 1104-040

18 October 2017

Global Conflicts Around the World

What many people dont understand about the world is that global conflicts are a constant

occurrence. Through this essay there will be detailed explanations and examples of different

types of global conflicts in different nations other than America. Different outcomes of these

conflicts will help us acknowledge the importance of understanding them, and developing ways

to prevent these conflicts. According to scholars, global conflicts have been on a rise from 1946-

present day. Conflict is a part of life. We cant hide from it, cant avoid it, but if we try, we can

resolve it. ("Stefan Wolff: The path to ending ethnic conflicts | TED Talk | TED.com."

https://www.ted.com/talks/stefan_wolff_the_path_to_ending_ethnic_conflicts. Published 10 July

2010.20). This quote discusses how conflicts are all around us in daily life and how getting

caught up in conflict is inevitable. Despite that fact there are multiple conflict resolutions and

negotiations that can be promoted to stop the continuation or start of new conflicts.

The idea that historians and conflict scholars put forth, reveals that both agree the best

way to learn is to gain knowledge about the less known situations as well as the popular

situations. For example, what we hear most is the conflict that the U.S. Military is involved in

the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. What other conflicts is there in the world? When there are only

certain conflict events that people learn about, the stereotypes start to develop, and other related

conflicts tend to be forgotten or buried in the past. In short, to be able to find out why global
 2

conflicts are on the rise, learn about the least known conflicts to gain a wider perspective on it. In

brief, the civil war in Libya; Territorial Disputes in Ukraine; and the Yugoslav Wars are included

in maintaining a stand on global conflicts. Furthermore, these are also examples of civil wars and

ethnic cleansing amongst the scores of other conflicts in the world.

It is important to keep an open mind and gain knowledge about conflicts like ethnic

cleansing or civil wars that help bring out ways to prevent conflicts from happening again. First,

consider the historical account of the breakup of Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav wars from

1989-1992. Former Yugoslavia was made up of six constituent republics joined under one

currency. The states included Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia,

Kosovo, Montenegro, and Vojvodina1( "Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces: AP Human

Geography Crash ...." 25 Mar. 2017, Accessed 15 Nov. 2017. )2( "Breakup of Yugoslavia -

Wikipedia." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.). To

demonstrate this a documentary about Basketball starting in Yugoslavia was made called Once

Brothers. The title itself gives off an emotional connotation to how one harmful act by a player

broke the teammates up for good politically. In addition, the documentary follows the point of

view of Vlade Divac from the moment Yugoslavia won the National Basketball Championships

in Argentina. Vlade performed one innocent move of taking a Croatian flag from a Croat saying,

Yugoslavia is one, and threw the flag on the ground. This was of course caught on camera by

the press and quickly became viral amongst the citizens of Yugoslavia. (3 "30 For 30 Once

1
"Centripetal vs. Centrifugal Forces: AP Human Geography Crash ...." 25 Mar. 2017,
https://www.albert.io/blog/centripetal-vs-centrifugal-forces-ap-human-geography-crash-course/.
Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.
2
"Breakup of Yugoslavia - Wikipedia." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia. Accessed
15 Nov. 2017.
3
(# "30 For 30 Once Brothers-Bir Zamanlar Kardetiler (Trke Altyazl ...." 27 Aug. 2013,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKYoktdtxOI.)
 3

Brothers-Bir Zamanlar Kardetiler (Trke Altyazl ...." 27 Aug. 2013,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKYoktdtxOI.)4Politically the act Vlade engaged upon

created a good reason for the Croatians to interpret that the Serbians had ill intentions on them.

Since the Serbians at the time gained all control of the government of Yugoslavia, Croatians

thought it was unfair that only Serbians got to rule. Vlade, who threw the Croatian flag down on

the ground was a Serb. That one move Vlade thought was innocent was viewed differently by

masses. Not only did he destroy the feeling of brotherhood amongst the Yugoslavian players, his

actions also lead to an inter republic war breaking out. Vlade had to suffer through not only the

breakup of his nation but also the dissolution of his brotherhood relationship with his teammates

in basketball. Differing ideologies creates different ideas about how independence can be

reached.

Like many wars, cultural and religious differences amongst the ethnic groups solidified

the impending breakup of Yugoslavia. Due to the leadership of former leader Slobodan

Milosevic, inter-ethnic tensions in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Croatia rose causing centrifugal

Nationalist forces to break up relationships. ( "Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign ...."

17 Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.).

What the republics wanted was the end of Milosevic abusing power of the Serbs and

independence from the Communist powers (5"The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 19901992 - Office

of the Historian."https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia. Accessed

15 Nov. 2017.). As I informed before, in former Yugoslavia, there were civil wars which

4
"The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 19901992 - Office of the Historian."
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/breakup-yugoslavia. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.)

5
"Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign ...." 17 Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-
conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.
 4

occurred in Slovenia between Belgrade and the Slovenes. Next conflicts in Serbia dominated

Croatian city of Knin with Croatia eventually achieving independence.

Then there was the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in which ethnic cleansing was initiated.

Ethnic Cleansing was initiated by the Serbs and Croats against large populations of Muslim

Bosniaks. It broke up families and friends in all the republics because of the hostile atmosphere

in the nation. Secondly, there is the Civil war in Libya with the fall of Libyas Colonel

Muammar Al-Gaddafi (Gaddafi) in 2011, Libya has been struggling to rebuild their state

institutions. Its former leader is Fayez al-Sarraj who is also serving as the Government of

National Accord 6(Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign ...." 17 Nov. 2017,

https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.). Due to the

state Gaddafi left Libya in the country is now buried in chaotic unrest. However, the main

obstacle which is preventing the government from resolving the unrest, is that there is no control

over the rebel militias which have risen in power and strength. Certain leaders tried to resolve the

problems but ran into difficulties along the way.

With no organization trying to prevent these Jihadists loyal to Gaddafi took advantage of

the political instability and gained land to broaden their range of violence and launch even more

attacks. In addition to the tensions, the UN tried to resolve the conflicts between the Jihadists and

citizens of Libya, but to no avail. What ended up happening was that the UN tried backing a

Government of National Accord to discuss plans of creating a new government. However, once

arriving in Libya to have negotiations with the lawmakers refuted the negotiation. Moreover, the

battle between the two warring groups of Jihadist and rebel Militias have resulted in recurring

bloodshed. Karl Marlantes reasons, People cant judge rationally when it is a religious fight.

6
"Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign ...." 17 Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-
conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.
 5

(Marlantes, Page 54). Marlantes is trying to express that when religions that are looked down

upon are involved then people tend to be closed minded. What tends to happen is that

condemnation is brought down upon certain religions which makes it even harder for individuals

to discern which side is right and which side is wrong. Without the correct political resolutions,

laws, or leadership then Libya will time and time again fall vulnerable to extremist forces

wishing to seize power. Indeed, there needs to be more emphasis put on the severity of these

conflicts. Currently there is a recent conflict which deals with the territorial dispute in Ukraine.

Accordingly in Ukraine, statistics reveal that 10,090 people have been killed while 1.6

million people are internally displaced (7 "Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign ...." 17

Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.).

The front line of this territorial conflict is about two hundred and eighty miles long in Ukraine.

Circumstances in Ukraine seem dim because of the frequency of shelling and violent skirmishes

that are still going on. What exactly caused this violent manner to be uprooted? The main cause

asserts the result of Russia blaming Ukraine for plotting terrorist attacks on Crimea. Russia,

however carried out a large war and military exercises in Crimea to show Russian control over

the territory. The incident started out as a protest directed toward Ukrainian president, Viktor

Yanukovich, because he rejected a deal the citizens wanted to take place (8 "Global Conflict

Tracker - Council on Foreign ...." 17 Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-

conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.). The people felt like they were not being listened to,

and felt wronged. With more problems to be found and resolved people like us need to be more

curious to what is happening there. When we do it helps promote the moral code that our country

7
"Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign ...." 17 Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-
conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.
8
"Global Conflict Tracker - Council on Foreign ...." 17 Nov. 2017, https://www.cfr.org/interactives/global-
conflict-tracker. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.
 6

has abided by. The United States is finding ways to help resolve this tension through the UN, .

Ethnic scholar Stefan Wolff points out, There is no bad war and no good peace. (The meaning

of this quote is that there is no single bad war, because all wars throughout history are equally as

bad. There really is no peace that will be lasting because of different ideas amongst the citizens

of countries which if not handled well may turn into small conflicts.

Why is it important to be curious about conflicts and how can they be prevented?

Lieutenant Murphey Archibald gave advice in a lecture to, Think hard about what you hear or

learn, go behind it, have an open mind; dont accept everything you learn or hear. (Lieutenant

Murphey Archibald, Vietnam War Veteran Global Connections Course Lecture. October 18,

2017.). If everyone can be more engaged in finding out the nitty gritty details of how any conflict

happens there may be hope in preventing other mistakes from happening. Archibald insists that

people should question everything that people say. He also reminded the audience to not be

afraid to ask the dumb questions or any question that has not been asked yet. Some steps that can

be taken to prevent conflicts include: sustainable peace organizations in countries and better

leadership and government officials. Leadership is important to gain more order in the nation.

War is societys dirty work, usually done by kids cleaning up failures perpetrated by adults.

(Marlantes, 184). This quote makes people think deeply about how sometimes nations are being

led by an inexperienced child which results in the military coming in to clean up the mess that

is left behind by their decisions. The next step will be to find better ways in having negotiations

about conflicts.

An important one is to have better negotiations and policies put forth to put ends to civil

wars. The preferred way is to allow all conflict parties to see their core conflicts and address any

questions or concerns that need to be brought up. For citizens of that country the rights of the
 7

individuals and communities should be voiced at every negotiation so neither side is felt to be

left in the dark. Being in a difficult situation and making difficult decisions will eventually

create more responsibility. Dont be afraid to be curious. Dont forget to ask the hard questions.

(Lieutenant Murphey Archibald, Vietnam War Veteran Global Connections Course Lecture.

October 18, 2017.). Lieutenant Archibald reveals that sometimes individuals will not fully

understand the actual conflict unless they are right in the middle of it. Though, experiencing and

learning more about the conflict will cause us to be more responsible and mature in choosing

decisions. It is okay to be curious about different conflicts and to ask the questions that are hard

to answer. Hence these are the key in discovering what needs to be taken into consideration for

conflicts to be resolved. In like manner it is important to keep in mind is that Peace is the start of

reconciliation, not the end of everything because it takes time. It is the people's responsibility to

be open minded and aware of what is going on around the world rather than not ask the hard

questions.

In conclusion the key to better understanding how to prevent future incidents of conflicts

from arising, is to be informed on what is going on in the world around us. Many people tend to

overlook certain important factors as to why conflicts are becoming recurring and seem to not

care about how conflicts can be fixed. Conflicts are part of human nature and will always be

around us. It is up to the people to be more open minded and critical of the information given on

global conflicts so that steps can be taken to resolve these said conflicts. We should care about

the hard topics even if we havent experienced conflicts like these. To care and spreading the

knowledge to change it makes that much of a difference to our future.

 8

Works Cited (Not on Bibliography)

"The Breakup of Yugoslavia, 19901992 - Office of the Historian." https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-

1992/breakup-yugoslavia. Accessed 15 Nov. 2017.

Annotated Bibliography

Berg, Peter. Once Brothers. Youtube, uploaded by Umut Yasar, 27 August 2013,

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKYoktdtxOI

This documentary on 30 for 30 is a primary source. The main idea of the video is to follow NBA

basketball player Vlade Divac (Serbian) and Drazen Petrovic (Croatian) through the breakup of

Yugoslavia due to ethnic tensions between two states during the early 1990s. Their story

involved sports mixed with political differences. After World War II Yugoslavia was introduced

as six different republics united under similar economic currencies. Vlade Divac was a basketball

player in the Yugoslavian National Team, which included Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and

Macedonian players. During one critical basketball tournament Yugoslavia won gold at the

World Championships (Argentina 1990). Drazen and Vlade embraced each other and their team

since they were as close as brothers could get. Everyone was celebrating and one person, a Croat

held up and waved the Croatian flag to celebrate. Vlade out of impulse took the flag out of the

person's hand and threw it on the ground announcing Yugoslavia is united., but little did Vlade

know that that one move would damage the relationship between his whole team. His actions

were caught on news and spread around the nation, causing the Serbians to feel elated since the

Serbs were the ones in charge of the government. Yet hatred and betrayal were felt from the
 9

Croatians since the action made them feel like they were being stepped on. A civil war broke out

involving ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia which affected many relationships. Lots of people died

and it got so bad that from 1991-1992 tensions were so tense Yugoslavia started to break apart.

The scope of this documentary is that starting from the beginning Vlade Divac wished to go back

in time to find out what happened to his team, his friends, his brothers. The organization who

filmed this 30 for 30 films was ESPN, director Peter Berg. For this documentary series about

issues, teams, people, and tensions ESPN hired award-winning directors, Denzel Washington

and

Forest Whitaker They worked with NBA to produce that documentary. Denzel Washington is

known for winning three Golden Globes awards for his acting, producing, and directing jobs. He

has also won two Academy awards. This source is extremely credible due to it being a fact-based

documentary which follows Vlade Divac through the actual civil war in Yugoslavia. Volume 1

aired October 6, 2009 to December 10, 2010. The date of the source fits with the timeline for my

topic of the reasons for mass killings and genocide. It has helped me realize that ethnic tensions

in any country can end badly and effect many citizens. Vlade and Petrovic completely cut of

communications when playing basketball for their own NBA teams in America. When they did

know that the other was back in Yugoslavia to visit, neither tried to visit each other due to what

Vlade did with the Croatian flag at that fateful game. I did not know that even ethnic differences

could reach relationships through sports too. This source is very helpful in helping me extinguish

how political and economic aspects are related to the start of ethnic cleansing or civil war. This

source also reveals that respect towards different nationalities and races needs to be implemented

before judging people.

 10

Blum, R, GH Stanton, S Sagi, and ED Richter. "'ethnic Cleansing' Bleaches the Atrocities of

Genocide." European Journal of Public Health. 18.2 (2008): 204-9. Print.

In volume 18 Issue 2 of the European Journal of Public Health they define what the actual

meanings of genocide and ethnic cleansing are. Genocide in the twentieth-century

evolved from a combination of social Darwinism, racial genetic theories, and

nationalism. The acts of genocide are greatly used with Xenophobic totalitarian regimes

and political mass murder on large scales. Examples include Armenian genocide in the

Ottoman Empire in 1915. The Soviets in 1988 used the term Atnicheskie Christki to

describe eradicators of Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh. Totalitarians exploited

ethically flawed pseudo-medical theories to instigate forced sterilizations, selections, and

massacres. Like Hitler with the Jews; and Stalin with the deportation of over two million

members of ethnic minorities to slave labor camps in Serbia. In both situations, more than

hundreds and thousands of lives were lost. The conflict in Bosnia can be labeled as

genocide while Kosovo at that time was claimed as ethnic cleansing. Prominent genocide

legal scholar William Schabas says that ethnic cleansing can never be labeled as

genocide because the real intent is to drive out a population, whereas genocide is the

destroying of the populations. In Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, and Darfur while diplomats

debated negotiations, perpetrators raped, killed, and tortured civilians. The UN had

diplomatic excuses to make which allowed 1.6 million crisis affected people and about

70,000 deaths by late 2004. The numbers quickly rising to 400,000 deaths. This source is

a secondary source that is compiled of primary sources. It is a peer reviewed journal

which covers how people should not use the word Ethnic Cleansing to describe acts of

genocide. For this there are multiple authors of this journal including Rony Blum,
 11

Gregory H. Stanton, Shira Sagi, and Elihu D. Richtor. It is a popular source since it

targets readers for learning about specific word definitions. The audience includes public

health specialists and any person interested in Journals about the difference between

genocide and ethnic cleansing. These journals were published in 2008 which fits in with

my timeline of global conflicts involving mass killings. Truthfully this source is not

useful to me because it reiterates the information I learned from my other sources. It also

only distinguishes how journalists, the UN, and social media wrongly labels what

conflicts are genocides and which are ethnic cleansing. This source seems to have a lot of

references at the end of the journal to other books or articles in google scholar or another

place. I do not know if this source is reliable. Since it contains info I already know from

my other sources I dont need to include it in my research topics.

Center for Preventive Action. Global Conflict Tracker, Council of Foreign Relations, 1921,

www.cfr.org/interactives/global-conflict-tracker#!/global-conflict-tracker. Accessed

September 21, 2017.

The Global Conflicts Tracker website is a primary source showcasing critical, significant, or

mild/limited cases of global conflict. It is showcased through as an interactive map

formatted so navigation on the website is easy. The dots which symbolize different

conflicts vary in color on the map with critical/urgent (red dot), significant (orange dot),

and Limited cases (green dot). The connection between the colors signify how these

conflicts impacts U.S Interests. There are three major types of conflicts to focus on the

website which are Civil Wars, Territorial Disputes, and Transnational Terrorism. The

summary of the various information on this website contain those three topics. Civil War
 12

in Libya has an estimated 6,000 Islamic fighters and 434,869 internationally displaced

persons. In March 30, 2016, the UN tried to back a Government of national accord which

arrived in Libya to discuss a plan for a new government to take control. Libyan

lawmakers rejected the proposal harshly and snubbed the UNs efforts to find a resolution

between the two warring factions in Libya. About 76,000 refugees made their journey in

a boat from Libya to Europe due to the constant bloodshed between the factions of

Jihadists and militias. This problem is rated critical (red dot) for the US. Ukraine is

having a territorial conflict causing death of 10,090 people and 1.6 million people

displaced. The front line of this conflict is 280 miles long in Ukraine. This conflict started

in early 2014 and recently has reached a stalemate. Frequent shelling and skirmishes still

go on and violence has spiked. Rises in civilian casualties has risen concerns of further

escalation of the conflict. The main reason Ukraine is doing bad is because Russia

blamed Ukraine for plotting terrorist attacks in Crimea. Russia however carried a large

war and military exercises in Crimea to show Russian control over the territory. It first

started out as a protest towards Ukrainian president, Viktor Yanukovich, who rejected a

deal for greater economic integration. Rated significant (Orange dot) The last conflict is

the Islamist Militancy in Pakistan which goes under the title Transnational Terrorism.

Attacks slowed through 2015 but there was an attack on Bacha Khan University which

killed twenty-one people. This attack revealed their resiliency to carry out attacks. Not

soon after a suicide bombing attack was made on a hospital targeting lawyers, killing

more than seventy-five people and injuring 100. Attacks on Christians, the court system,

and Pakistani security forces are on a rise there. There are 130 estimated number of

nuclear weapons in Pakistan. 2,799 number of militants killed by drones flown in by the
 13

U.S. since 2006, and 655 million dollars in U.S foreign assistance. Rated significant

(orange dot).The source was created by the Council on Foreign Relations and the Center

for Preventive Action. CFR was formed in the year of 1921 and does not take

institutional positions on matters of policy. It is a website organization in which anyone

can look up information and articles on international matters. This global conflict tracker

is objective because it provides fact based details on conflicts around the world. This

website is for members, government officials, scholars, educators, students, business

executives, journalists, editors, and any other citizen to help them better understand the

world and the foreign choices made. It is different than my other sources because it goes

into more detail about certain events and misunderstandings which lead to the start of

terrorist attacks or civil wars. It reveals more statistical numbers on how many lives were

lost or how many civilians got injured in the skirmish. Information is updated daily with

the last revision September 20, 2017. It will go into my research project due to its

accuracy in providing factual evidence of mass killings and or genocides around the

world. The Council on Foreign Relations does not take institutional positions on matters

of policy. This source is reliable and trustworthy because the CFR is a leading foreign

policy organization that shares information to better inform what is going on in the world.

It has helped me realize that engagement in ethnic conflicts are more complex than

people think and it should be more understood so choices can be fixed.

Wolff, Stefan. The Path to ending Ethnic Conflicts. Tedtalks, uploaded by TEDtalks, 10 July

2010,

www.ted.com/talks/stefan_wolff_the_path_to_ending_ethnic_conflicts
 14

The Path to ending Ethnic Conflicts, is a talk presented at a TED conference in front of

an audience of other scholars. TEDGlobal posted it on their website so the public could

listen to it as well making it a Primary source. Stefan Wolff is an Ethnic Conflicts

Scholar who studies prevention and settlement of Ethnic Conflicts. The lecture provided

a different side of conflicts revealing that there is hope for settling on peace and

agreements between governments only if they take the chance to work together. Ethnic

conflicts are a constant presence as a major international security threat these past few

decades. Torture, Rape, and ethnic cleansing have become effective non-lethal weapons

in civil wars around the globe. We are met with bad news and haunting images of how

civil wars have affected people. Some examples include the Russia and Georgia Five Day

War. There was a genocide in Rwanda in 1994, with a death of 800,000 civilians

slaughtered like pigs. In 2007 citizens in Kenya protested presidential elections, the

skirmish killing and displacing thousands of people. In Kyrgyzstan levels of violence has

risen between ethnic Kyrgyz and Ethnic Uzbeks. What needs to be found are possible

sustainable solutions to end these tensions. However, after the Cold War there has been

an overall decline in civil wars. In fact, 30% fewer than a decade ago. There is no bad

war and no good peace. Why are the numbers of civil wars decreasing? Three factors

answer the question which include leadership, diplomacy, and Institutional Design.

Violence numbers are decreasing due to military solutions, cease fire agreements, and

peace negotiations. In Africa Wolffs colleague noted that The ceasefire on Tuesday

night was just in time for a genocide on Wednesday morning. In other words, the

negotiations in Africa on preventing civil wars to erupt failed. However, there are

examples of good news on this topic. There was a historic agreement in Northern Ireland
 15

during 1998 signed by Senator George Mitchell. This agreement imposed very clear

negotiations on a commitment to peaceful means. It allowed all conflict parties to see

their core conflicts and questions addressed. The rights of individuals and entire

communities were clearly voiced too. Modifications were put into place on the peace

agreement by the Irish and British governments in 2006 and 2008. Macedonia in 2001

ended their civil war as well as Liberia in 2003, and the successful ending of the ethnic

conflict in Aceh in Indonesia in 2005. With all three cases leaders came together to

develop peace agreements and compromises to end the tensions. The source came from a

recording of a conference by TEDtalks Institution featuring an academic scholar on

ethnic conflicts named Stefan Wolff. However, the speech seemed to involve both

objective and biased perspectives on ethnic civil wars. Wolff tended to include his

opinions throughout stating The good news is.... institutions can choose to come

together to form negotiations and agreements on the conflicts. The key dates and

specific events included in the source is reliable because they are facts. Though Wolffs

opinion on how to prevent ethnic conflicts and have sustainable peace can be

questionable. The audience targeted for this speech includes other scholars anyone

interested in the topic, in other words public. This source was helpful for me in the fact

that Wolff added some detail on what happened to lead these underdeveloped countries

into civil war. I would use this in my research to have as examples of how lack of

leadership, diplomacy, and institutional design can cause nations to fall into conflicts.

The source made me see a different side of conflict, not only the bad side but also the

good. There are always improvements that can be made in worldwide negotiations on

peace.
16