...

,

.

2005 10

1 3
1 3
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 , 5

2 9
1 9
2 10
3 12
4 14
1. 14
2. 16

3 21
1 21
2 22
1. (601) 22
2. 25
3. (601-1) 27
4. (602) 29
5. (602-1) 32
6. (603) 35

i
 7. (604, 604-1, 604-2) 37
3 39
1. (606) (606-1) 39
2. (607) 40
3. (608) 41
4. (609) 43
5. (612) 44
6. (612-1) 46
7. (613) 47
8. (614) 49
9. (615) 50
4 51
1. (610) 51
2. (611) 53
3. (702) 55
5 56
1. (605) 56
2. (707) 58

4 63
1 63
2 64
1. (701) 65
2. (701-1) 65
3. (701-2) 66
3 67
1. (703) 67

ii
 2. (704, 704-1, 704-2) 69
4 71
1. (705) 71
2. (706) 72
3. (708) 74
4. (708-1) 78
5. (708-2) 79
6. (708-3) 80
7. (709) 82
8. (709-1) 84
5 86
1. (711, 712, 712-1, 712-2, 713, 713-1) 86
2. (713-2) 88
3. (714) 89
4. (715) 89
6 (710) 90
7 91
1. 91
2. 99
8 100
1. 100
2. 102

5 107
1 107
2 108
3 110

iii
 1. 110
2. 112
4 115
5 117
6 119
7 120
8 123
1. 124
2. 125
3. 125

, 127
1 129
1. 129
2. 130
3. 132
4. 135
5. 146
6. 156

2 160
1. , 160
2. 161
3. 163

iv


< 1-1> 6
< 2-1> 11
< 2-2> 13
< 2-3> 14
< 2-4> 14
< 2-5> KSM 5333 14
< 2-6> 15
< 2-7> , 15
< 2-8> 16
< 2-9> 17

< 3-1> 23
< 3-2> 34

< 4-1> 95
< 4-2> 96

< 5-1> 115

< 5-2> 115
< 5-3> 118
< 5-4> 118
< 5-5> 118
< 5-6> 119
< 5-7> 120

< -1> 130

< -2> 133

v
< -3> 135
< -4> 137
< -5> 138
< -6> 139
< -7> 140
< -8> 142
< -9> 145
< -10> 146
< -11> 147
< -12> 150
< -13> 152
< -14> 152
< -15> 156
< -16> 158
< -17> 159
< -18> 162

vi


[ 2-1] 9
[ 2-2] CIE 13
[ 2-3] 17

[ 3-1] (601) 25
[ 3-2] (601-2) 27
[ 3-3] (601-1) 28
[ 3-4] (602)
31
[ 3-5] 31
[ 3-6] (602-1) 34
[ 3-7] (603) 36
[ 3-8] (604-1) 38
[ 3-9] (604-2) 38
[ 3-10] (606) (606-1)
40
[ 3-11] (607) 41
[ 3-12] (608) 42
[ 3-13] (609) 44
[ 3-14] (612) (1) 45
[ 3-15] (612) (2) 46
[ 3-16] (612-1)
47
[ 3-17] (613) 48
[ 3-18] (614) 49

vii
[ 3-19] (615) 51
[ 3-20] (610) 54
[ 3-21] (611) 54
[ 3-22] (702) 55
[ 3-23] (605) 57
[ 3-24] (707) (1) 58
[ 3-25] (707) (2) 59

[ 4-1] (701) 65
[ 4-2] (701-1) 66
[ 4-3] (701-2) 66
[ 4-4] (703) 68
[ 4-5] (704) (1) 69
[ 4-6] (704-1) (2) 70
[ 4-7] (704-2) (3) 70
[ 4-8] (705) 71
[ 4-9] (706) 74
[ 4-10] 77
[ 4-11] (708) 77
[ 4-12] (708) 78
[ 4-13] (708-1) 81
[ 4-14] 82
[ 4-15] (709) 83
[ 4-16] (709-1) 85
[ 4-17] (711, 712, 712-1, 712-2, 713, 713-1)
87
[ 4-18] (713-2) 88
[ 4-19] 89

viii
[ 4-20] 90
[ 4-21] 94
[ 4-22] 98
[ 4-23] 102

[ 5-1] 112
[ 5-2] ( ) 116
[ 5-3] 122
[ 5-4] 1 () 122
[ 5-5] 122
[ 5-6] 123

[ -1] 143
[ -2] 145
[ -3] 151
[ -4] 154
[ -5] 162

ix
 1

:
.
:
.

,
, . ,
,

, , , .

4
3 , , ,
.

32
1 , , ,
1 .

2 | 3
 2
, ,
,
3( )


.

31()
, , ,
, 32
, , ,
1 .

.
: ,
, .

: ,
, .

4 | 1
 4

, , .
.
:
: ,
:

:
(, , ) .

5 ,

.
,
,

. < 1-1> .

5 , | 5
< 1-1>



601
601-1

602
602-1
603
604
604-1
604-2
605
606
606-1
607
608
609
610 ,
611
612
613
614
615
701
701-1
701-2
702
703
704
704-1
704-2
705-1
706
707
708

708-1
709

709-1
710
711
712
712-1

713
713-1
713-2
714
715

6 | 1
2
1

.
:
:
:

, , ,
(1), (2), (w), (s)
. (l1) , (l2)
. [ 4.1]
.

[ 2-1]

1 | 9
 2

, , , ,
, .

: 300, 1520.
: 1520.
: 1015.

: 3001,000, 1.02.0,
1015.
: 1015.

: 1520 .

: 1520 .
: 300,
1015 .
: 300, 200,
50 20 10,
15 .

: 1015 .
: 300, 1015.
: 1015.

10 | 2

: 50, 3045
.

: 50100cm, 1015cm
.

< 2-1> .

< 2-1>
:

()
(l1) 300 300 300 300
(l2) 300 300 300 300
(w) 1520 1520 1520 1520

(w) 1520 1520 1520 1520
(w) 1015 1015 1015 1015

(s) 1015 1015 1015 1015
(w) 1015 1015 1015 1015
(l1) 3001,000 300 500 1,000

(l2) (12) l1 500 800 1,000
(w) 1015 1015 1015 1015

(w) 1520 1520 1520 1520

2 | 11





()
(w) 1020 1020 1020 1020

(s) 1015 1015 1015 1015

(l1) 300 300 300 300

(l2) 200300 200300 200300 200300
(w) 1050 1050 1050 1050
(l1) 50 50 50

(l2) 50 50 50

(w) 3045 3045 3045
(w) 1015 1015 1015 1015
(l1) 300 300 300 300
(l2) 300 300 300 300

(w) 1015 1015 1015 1015
(w) 1015 1015 1015 1015

(s) 1015 1015 1015 1015
(l1) 50100 50100 50100 50100
(l2) 50100 50100 50100 50100
(w) 1015 1015 1015 1015

,
. < 2-2> .

12 | 2
< 2-2>

37875
33538()

PA 26709() E=1
35250
) (KSM 5322, KSM 5333, KSM 5336)

, [ 2-2] (CIE)
.

0.9

520
530
0.8

540

550
0.7

560
0.6

570

0.5 580

590

0.4
600

610
620
630
0.3 640
490 650
700
nm

0.2

480
0.1

470
460

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

[ 2-2] CIE

3 | 13
 4

1.

.
< 2-3> < 2-6> .

< 2-3>
(10)

3.1
15
2.9

< 2-4>
(10)

4.2
15
4.6
) KSM 5333 .

< 2-5> KSM 5333

1 15 18%
2 20 23%
3 25%
) .

14 | 2
< 2-6>
(10)

(kg) (Premix) (kg)
(Drop-on)

49.3 45.3 4kg

47.3 45.3 2kg

) 95 , (1995).

KSM 5333
< 2-7>
.

< 2-7> ,
(10)

(kg)

(kg) (Drop-on)

1 49.3 37.8 7.5 45.3 4.0kg

2 49.3 35.6 9.7 45.3 4.0kg
3 49.3 34.0 11.3 45.3 4.0kg
1 47.3 37.8 7.5 45.3 2.0kg
2 47.3 35.6 9.7 45.3 2.0kg
3 47.3 34.0 11.3 45.3 2.0kg
) 3 .

4 | 15
 2.

,
.
< 2-8>, < 2-9>
.

,
. < 2-8>
.

< 2-8>
: mcd/Lux

(
8%)
130 90 6
88.76 1.05
50 80 30 50 2
) .
.
.

16 | 2
< 2-9>
: mcd/Lux

86.50 1.0 300 175 64
86.50 1.5 240 136 48
88.76 1.05 160 87 32
) .

.

. ,
.

10 1 3
20, 10 1
2 90% .
30m
65, 1.2m
88.76, 1.05. [ 4.3]
.

( )
( )

[ 2-3]

4 | 17
4 | 19
 3

, , ,
, .

, .
13: , ,
133:
132:

, .
61: , ,
15:
162:
271:
272:

,
.
28:

1 | 21



.

1. (601)

, ,
.
6m .
.

, .

10( ) 13
( ) 1
1
. 3m . ,
2.75m
. 6m
. ,
.
1
, 2
.

22 | 3
 , ,
, ,
.
,
. < 3-1>
.

< 3-1>

(km/h) (km/h) (m) (m)
100 85.0 715 502
80 65.0 527 368
60 45.0 354 251
50 37.5 277 197
40 30.0 211 151
30 20.0 150 109
20 10.0 95 71
) (2000)

.
,
(5 ).

,
.
,
.
5 .

2 | 23

,
, .

.

.

.
2 .


.
2 .

.
2

.
.

24 | 3

.
< 2-1> .
[ 3-1] (601) .

[ 3-1] (601)

2.

.
3 .
.

2 | 25
 ([
3-1] ).

13( )


.
10 3m ,
2.75m ,

3m .

.
,
.
,
.

.

< 2-1> .
[ 3-2] (601-2) .

26 | 3
 [ 3-2] (601-2)

,
.
,
.
,
(5 ).

3. (601-1)

9m

.
.
(308) .

2 | 27
 (601-1)

([ 3-2] ).

.

(arm) . ,

.
< 2-1>
. [ 3-3] (601-1) .

l1 = l2 = 50
w2 = 3045
d1 = 23
d2 = 25

[ 3-3] (601-1)

23 1218m ,
, , .
. ,
.

28 | 3
 ( ) .

,

. ,
,
.

, 23
1 6m .

4. (602)

.
2 .
.
:
.
: , (604)
.
3m , 2.75m
.

13( )

,

2 | 29
 .

. , , , ,
,
.

30m
.
30m .
.

10 3.0m
, 2.75m
. 2.75m
,
.

( ) (
) .

.
. , 2
2
2
.

< 2-1> .
[ 3-4] (602) (604)
, [ 3-5] .

30 | 3
 (604)

w=1020
l1=3001,000
l2=(12)l1
=1015

(602)

[ 3-4] (602)

2

2

1
2
2

[ 3-5]

2 | 31
 5. (602-1)

, .
3 .
, , ,
. .
: .
: .
:
.
: .
(321, 322) .

132( )


. 22
2( )


.
(321) (322)
.
.
,

32 | 3
 ,

.

,
, ,
, ,
.

< 2-1>
. [ 3-6] (602-1) .

,
.
(602-1)
.

,
.
,

. , , ,
, V/C(/) V/C
.

< 3-2>
.

2 | 33
 ,

.
77m,
87m .

, .

d=

W1=1520
W2=s=1015
l1=l2=300

[ 3-6] (602-1)

< 3-2>

(/h) (m)

30 50
50 75
65 110
80 150

34 | 3
 6. (603)

.
.
6m .
.
(610), (611)
.
.

10( )


.

.

, .

, (
) . < 2-1>
.
[ 3-7] (603) .

2 | 35

.
.
.
,
(5 ).

,


.
,

.
.

[ 3-7] (603)

36 | 3
7. (604, 604-1, 604-2)

.
(604)
, (604-1)

, ,
(604-2)
.


.
, ,
.

,
1 .

13( )

. , ,
.

.

,

2 | 37

.
< 2-1>
. [ 3-8], [ 3-9] (604-1, 604-2)
.

w=s=1015
l1=l2=300

[ 3-8] (604-1)

l1=200
l2=300
w1w2=5020

[ 3-9] (604-2)

38 | 3
 3

1. (606) (606-1)

(211, 211-1) .

X ,
1 .

25m
, 25m . ,
300m , 300m
.

[ 3-10] (606) (606-1)

.

3 | 39
 [ 3-10] (606) (606-1)

2. (607)

.
.
(210-1) .
X ,
1 .

25m ,
25m . ,

40 | 3
 300m , 300m .
.

[ 3-11] (607)

[ 3-11] (607)

3. (608)

.
.
.
X ,
1 .

3 | 41

25m ,
25m . ,
300m , 300m .
.

6( )


.
22( )
12
. , ,
,



. [ 3-12] (608)
.

d: 25m()
300m()

[ 3-12] (608)

42 | 3
 4. (609)

.
.
.
(212-1) .
X ,
1 .

16( )
,


.
(609) (212-1)



([ 3-11] ).
(212-1)

.
1 . [ 3-13] (609)
.

3 | 43
 d=25m

[ 3-13] (609)

9m .
, , .
25m ,
25m .
.

5. (612)

.
(220) .
, 1
.

44 | 3
 15( )


.
12( ) 13(
)
.
,

.

435 .
1 . [ 3-14], [ 3-15]
(612) .

a=100220cm
b=150360cm
d=50m

[ 3-14] (612) (1)

3 | 45
 [ 3-15] (612) (2)

(220) ,
.
(220)
50m, 50m
.

6. (612-1)

.
(220) , (612)
.
1 .

46 | 3
 [ 3-16] (612-1)

7. (613)

.
.
2 ()
.
1
.

27( )
. ,
. , . ,
. , .

3 | 47
 .
(223) .
,
437 .
1 . [ 3-17] (613)
.

(223) ,
.
(223) 50m,
50m
.
.

a=230
b=150240

[ 3-17] (613)

48 | 3
 8. (614)

.
(224) .
1
.

272( )
. ,

. ,

. 4
38 . [ 3-18] (614)
.

23m .

a=220
b=150240
w=3060
d1=25m
d2=b2=300480

[ 3-18] (614)

3 | 49
 9. (615)

(225) .

1
.

300600 .

.
.
(225) (615)
. 439 .
[ 3-19] (615) .

50 | 3
 [ 3-19] (615)

1. (610)

.
. ,
.
1 .

4 | 51
 29()
.

5m .
5m .

5m .
3m .
.

5m .

.

1 .

,
(214) .
(214) ,
.

. ,

(215) . ,
.

52 | 3
2. (611)

.
. ,

.
1 .

28( )


.
, , ,
. ,
. ,
5m . ,
10m
. ,
10m . ,
. , 10m
.

. 1
.

4 | 53

,
(214) .
(214) ,
.

. ,
(214) . ,
. [
3-20] (610), [ 4.24] (611)
.

[ 3-20] (610)

[ 3-21] (611)

54 | 3
 3. (702)

.
.
1 .

(702) ,

.

. ,
(611)
. , 1
. [ 4.26] (702)
.

d=50~150cm
l=15cm
2=45cm

[ 3-22] (702)

4 | 55
 5

1. (605)

.
, ,
, .
3060 .

. .
1 .

(605)

.


. 3060cm
,
.
1 ([
3-23] (605) ).

56 | 3

,
(5
).

d2=d315d1, w=3060, l1=1520, l2=3040

[ 3-23] (605)

5 | 57
 2. (707)

, , ,
.

. , .
(313) .
1 .

,
(5
).

l1=45100
l2=1520
d1=3040
d2=d115=1,500

[ 3-24] (707) (1)

58 | 3
 [ 3-25] (707) (2)

(707)
.
, ,
, 3 ,
.

,
.
100 .
(14
). 1
([ 3-24], [ 3-25] (707)
).

5 | 59
5 | 61
 4

, , ,
, , .

:
,
.
30:
:
,
.
22 1:
: (316)
(708, 708-1) ,
.
10:
:
,
.
13:
:
,
.

1 | 63
 2

. 29() 28(
) ,

.
(701), (701-1), (701-2)
.

, (314)
.
500600
.

. ,
(314)
.
500600
.

64 | 4
1. (701)

.
1 .

.
1520, 500600, 200250
, 1 . [
4-1] (701) .

[ 4-1] (701)

2. (701-1)

.
1 .

. 1520, 275, 500
, 1 . [

2 | 65
 4-2] (701-1) .

[ 4-2] (701-1)

3. (701-2)

()
.
1 .

,
. 1520cm,
275cm, 500cm, 1
. [ 4-3] (701-2) .

[ 4-3] (701-2)

66 | 4


30,45,60 .

1. (703)

.
.
,
1 .

,

.
2
1
.



. , .

3 | 67
 (704), (704-1)
T (704-2) .
. (l1) (l2) 50
100 , 4(4l) 200400 .

[ 4-4] (703)

68 | 4
2. (704, 704-1, 704-2)

.
,
1 .

.
(704), (704-1) T
(704-2) .
1 . [ 4-5], [ 4-6] [
4-7] (704, 704-1, 704-2) .

[ 4-5] (704) (1)

3 | 69
 [ 4-6] (704-1) (2)

l1=l2=1520
d1=s=100
d2=200
w=15

[ 4-7] (704-2) (3)

70 | 4
 4

1. (705)

.
5060m .
, 1020m .
2 .
1 .

(705)
. 150cm,
250cm
, 1
([ 4-8] (705) ).

W=2030
l1=250
l2=500
l3=150
d1=5060m
d2=2030m

[ 4-8] (705)

4 | 71

. ,
, , .
(120) .

, , ,
. (705)

(120) .

2. (706)

.
25m .
3060 .
1 .

(706)
.
, ,
.
3060 25m .
1 .

72 | 4

25m ,
.
3045,
4560 .

23m
.
,
. ,

. 23m
5m
.


.
.
.

,
. ,

.

.
[ 4-9] (706) .

4 | 73
 W=30 60
l=25m

[ 4-9] (706)

3. (708)

.
4m
.
(316) .
1 .
5m
.

10( )

.
9( )

74 | 4
 .
.
(224), (120), (316),
(705), (121, 317)
. , ,
, 100m ,
200m
. ,

. , , ,
4m
.
.

.
.
. 3

.
.
.
,

,

,
.
.
,

4 | 75
 .
, , ,


.

,

.


.
4.0m .

.
.
23m
,

5m
.
.

1 . [
4-10], [ 4-11] (708) .

76 | 4

3 .
4m , 2m .
6m , 2 .

3
.
.
4m 2m ,
6m 2
.

[ 4-10]

d1=6m, 8m
l1=s=4550
l2=1.5l1
l3=90100

[ 4-11] (708)

4 | 77
 d1=6m, 8m
d2=4m
d3=
l1=s=4550
l3=90100
l2=1.5l1

[ 4-12] (708)

4. (708-1)

.
4m
.
(316) .
1 .

(708-1)

78 | 4
 . (708-1)
(708)
.
.
, 1 ([
4-13] (708-1) ).

, ,
, .

(708-1)
(708) ,
, , ,
.

5. (708-2)

.
4m
.
(316) .
1 .

. , ,

4 | 79

, ,

.
( )
.

15m , 15m
, .

.

,

. [ 4.43]
.

6. (708-3)

30/h

.

10 .

30/h

80 | 4
 .
,

. ,

.
.

([
4-20] ).

d1=4m
l1=4550
l2=1.5l1

[ 4-13] (708-1)

4 | 81
 [ 4-14]

7. (709)

.
50 .
2m
.
.
(318) .
1 .

50 ,
.
, ,

82 | 4
 0.7m, 0.4m 2m
.

.
(318) .
1 . [ 4-15]
(709) .

w=1015
l1=l2=50100
d1=2m
d2=4m, 6m

[ 4-15] (709)

,
,
.
.
4m , 2 .

4 | 83

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.

8. (709-1)

.
.
1.1m .
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.
(302) (709-1)
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1.1m , .
1.1m

84 | 4
 (, 1995)
0.7m 0.4m .
1 ([ 4-16]
(709-1) ).

(709-1) .
100m . ,
200m .

. ,
. [ 4-16] (709-1)
.

w=1015
l1=l2=50100
d1=100m
d2=1.1m

[ 4-16] (709-1)

4 | 85
 5

1. (711, 712, 712-1, 712-2, 713, 713-1)

,
.
25m , 50m
.
1 .

13( )
.

. 23m ,
. 25m
, 50m
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713-1) .

.
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300m .
.
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86 | 4

,
.
.
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25m . (711,
712, 712-1, 712-2, 713, 713-1) , (304,
305, 305-1, 306, 306-1, 307) . 712-2

.

d1=23m
d2= 25m()
300m()
*d3<25m,
*d3>50m,

[ 4-17] (711, 712, 712-1, 712-2, 713, 713-1)

5 | 87
 2. (713-2)

,
.
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(320) .
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(713-2)

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1 .
[ 4-18] (713-2) .

25m .
.

a=230
b=150
d=25m()

[ 4-18] (713-2)

88 | 4
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(110-1, 110-2) .

3
.

[ 4-19]

4. (715)

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5 | 89

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300m
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90 | 4
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7 | 91
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7 | 93
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94 | 4
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< 4-1>

(/h) 80 70 60 50 40 30

125 95 70 50 30 20
(m) 80 65 45 35 20 15

.
2
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2 ,
6m, 12m
.
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7m .
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7 | 95
 L = 1.5NS+l-T 2.0NS
L = N =
S = l =
T =

d2

.
1m
, < 4-2> .

,

.
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3.0m

3.0m
.
,

.

< 4-2>

(/h) 80 70 60 50 40 30
1/55 1/50 1/40 1/35 1/30 1/20

1/25 1/20 1/20 1/15 1/10 1/8

96 | 4
 d3
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. AASHTO 50/h 1:8,
60/h 1:15 ,
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AASHTO AASHTO
.
1:4 .
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30 .
85 .

.

K 2
N = ( S )
E

N =
S =
K =
E =

7 | 97
 [ 4-22]
80/h, 2.0m,
5 ,
, d2 = (3.5 - 2.0) 0.51) 55 = 41.25m 45m
d3 = 3.25 15 = 48.75m 50m
3.25m
d1 = (1.5 5 7 + 125 - 45 = 132.5m 135m)
> (2 5 7 = 70m )
[ 4-22]
, d2 = (3.25 - 2.0) 0.5 25 = 15.625m 20m
d3 = 3.0 15 = 45m
3.0m
d1 = (1.5 5 7 + 80 - 45 = 87.5m 90m)
> (2 5 7 = 70m )
, ,
20m, 45m,
90m .

135m(90m) 50m 45m(20m)

[ 4-22]

1) 0.5

98 | 4
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102 | 4

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8 | 103
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KS M 3152(
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5
5 .
: 1 30g 30
.
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.
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6.4mm, 190g
457mm
.
.
6.4mm .
: 65 10
, 21 10
.
: ( 6.3, 76.2, 50
)
( 25.4) 900
.

3 | 113
 : 6
5 4 ,
5 -20 4
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: 1.3mm ,
6.0 0.5bar, 0.24 0.2/min, 38010
, 1 25( 0.4 )
0.1m/sec 10

80% .
:
5040 ,
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(Xenon) ,
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pH 6.08.0 20ppm
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114 | 5
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,
< 5-2>
.

< 5-1>

1 2 3 4 5 6
x 0.310 0.453 0.500 0.500 0.440 0.310

y 0.348 0.440 0.440 0.380 0.380 0.283
x 0.545 0.559 0.609 0.597 - -

y 0.424 0.439 0.390 0.390 - -

< 5-2>

1 2 3 4 5 6
x 0.310 0.453 0.500 0.500 0.440 0.310

y 0.348 0.440 0.440 0.380 0.380 0.283
x 0.609 0.597 0.559 0.545 - -

y 0.390 0.390 0.439 0.425 - -

4 | 115

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CIE A, 0, 0.2 5,
0.3 < 5-1>
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KS R 1066 < 5-2>
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0 .9

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0 .5

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3
1 4
5 4

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6

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0 .0 0 .1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 .7 0 .8
x

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116 | 5
 5

< 5-3> .
KS R 1066
< 5-5> .

(KS R5018)
.
.

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SI =
En

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E' : (lx)

D' : (m)

E n : (lx)

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,
.
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2 .

5 | 117

. 0.2 ASTM ,

.

< 5-3>

R (mcd/lx)

0.2 0 - 279
0.2 20 - 112
0.3 5 20 220
1 10 10 25
2 15 2 2.5

< 5-4>

1.0
0.6

< 5-5>

(mcd)

0 60
0.2
20 12
0.3 5 54
1 10 21
2 15 18

118 | 5
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100150

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6 | 119


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ASTM
,
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< 5-7>

1N(8m)
1N(13m)

1N(20m)
1 N/2
N/4-N/2
N/4 FHWA
N/2 FHWA

120 | 5


,
.

.

. N ,
.

8m : 1N=(3m)+(5m)
13m : 1N=(5m)+(8m)
20m : 1N=(10m)+(10m)

.

N/4N/2
.

4
,

.

FHWA
.

7 | 121
 [ 5-3]

[ 5-4] 1 ()

[ 5-5]

122 | 5
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0.2 5mcd/lx .

8 | 123
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5mcd/lx . 2

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124 | 5
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f1.8 . ASA400
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8 | 125