Cân Bằng Trong Dung Dịch

K yu mn Ha hc Tri h Phng Nam Ln III
CHUYN CN BNG AXIT BAZ, CN BNG TO

PHC TRONG DUNG DCH
T Ha, trng THPT Chuyn L T Trng,
TP Cn Th
T nhiu nm nay, trong cc thi hc sinh gii, Olympic 30/04, vng 1 (thi hc
sinh gii quc gia HSGQG) v vng 2 (thi chn i tuyn d thi Olympic Ha hc
Quc t), ha hc phn tch chim mt v tr quan trng. Ni dung thi HSG khu vc
hay vng 1 thng tp trung ch yu vo tnh ton cn bng axit baz, tnh cn bng
oxi ha kh v mt phn lin quan n cn bng to thnh hp cht t tan. Cn trong
thi vng 2 ca mt s nm gn y li cp n tnh cn bng trong dung dch vi
ni dung kh a dng v ton din.
Trong khi , trong cc thi vng loi ca nhiu quc gia, hay trong cc bi tp
chun b (Preparatory problems), hoc trong nhiu thi Olympic Ha hc Quc t
(International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO)) cp n nhng vn rt su sc v
cp nht v cn bng trong dung dch v php chun th tch.
Vi hu ht cc bi tp ha hc phn tch, khu nh hng v pht hin c
bn cht cng nh trnh t cc qu trnh xy ra trong dung dch l vic lm quan trng,
nht thit phi c,kt hp vi vic p dng cc phng php gn ng mt cch hp l
s gip hc sinh c c ci nhn thu o, gip cho tin trnh gii ton c thc s
khoa hc, mch lcv n gin ha ht mc c th. Bn cnh , vic hiu c bn
cht cc cn bng trong dung dchl nn tng gip hc sinh pht trin c kh nng
l lun v tnh ton trong ho phn tch.
Trong khun kh hn hp ca bi vit ny, cc tc gi trnh by mt s ni
dung v cn bng axit baz v cn bng to phc trong dung dch v a ra mt s
ng dng ca phn ng chun axit baz v phc cht trong ha phn tchvi mc
tiu h thng ho nhng phng php v k nng tnh ton cn bng ni ring, pht
trin t duy ho hc phn tch ni chung, gp phn vo vic ging dy v bi dng
ho hc phn tch cho hc sinh v bn thn gio vin. Cc cn bng s xt n cc iu
kin thc t ca qu trnh trong dung dch sao cho vic nh gi nh lng phn ng
c n gin v c ngha thc t nht.
Tin Giang, thng 7 nm 2016 Trang 94

NI DUNG
A. CN BNG AXIT BAZ
I. CC NH NGHA V AXITBAZ
1) Theo Areniut
Axit l nhng hp cht cha hiro, khi ha tan trong nc cc phn t ca n
phn li ra cc ion H+.
V d:
HBr H+ + Br
Cc dung dch axit c mt s tnh cht chung l tnh cht ca cation H +
Baz l hp cht cha nhm OH, khi ha tan trong nc cc phn t ca n phn li
ra cc ion OH.
V d:
KOH K+ + OH
Thuyt axit baz caAreniut gii thch c tnh cht axit v baz ca nhiu cht
trong dung mi nc Tuy nhin n khng p dng c cho cc cht trong dung
mi khng nc. Hn na nhiu cht m phn t ca chng khng cha nhm OH
nhng vn th hin c tnh cht baz (nh NH 3..) hoc nhng cht m phn t ca
chng khng cha hiro m vn th hin c tnh cht axit (nh cc cation kim loi
yu..) th thuyt Areniut khng gii thch c.
2) Theo Bronxtet
Axit l nhng tiu phn c kh nng cho proton H+.
H+
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl

cho gn, ngi ta ch vit: HCl H+ + Cl
Baz l nhng tiu phn c kh nng nhn proton H+.
H+
H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH

3) Theo thuyt electron ca Liuyt: axit l nhng cht c kh nng nhn cp electron
khng phn chia, cn baz l nhng cht c kh nng cho cp electron khng phn
chia.
V d: .. ..
H+ + [:. O
. : H] H.:. O: H
Axit baz
..
. . . :Cl:
. . .H
. . . :. B
: Cl + :. .N: H
.:Cl:
. H
Trong cc nh ngha v axitbaz, th nh ngha ca Bronxtet c p dng rng ri

nht, c bit i vi cc dung dch axit, baz, mui Do vy trong cc phn sau ta
ch cp n thuyt proton ca Bronxtet.

II. HNG S PHN LY AXIT (Ka) HNG S PHN LY BAZ (Kb)
V s in li ca cht in li yu l qu trnh thun nghch, nn n tun theo
mi nh lut v cn bng ho hc.
V d:
Xt axit yu CH3COOH phn li trong dung dch nc:
CH3COOH CH3COO + H+
phng trnh trn, nc l dung mi, nn nng H2O trong dung dch long c
coi l hng s, do trng thi cn bng, ta c:
CH3COO -

. H+

Ka =
[ CH3COOH ]
Ka ca axit kho st ch ph thuc vo nhit v c gi l hng s phn li axit.
Tng qut i vi mt axit yu HA: + -
HA H + A
Tng t nh vy i vi mt baz H +
yu,
v

-
. Ad
NH 3 trong dung dch
Ka =
nc: [ HA ]
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH
NH 4 +

.
OH -

Kb =
[ NH3 ]
Kb i vi baz nghin cu cng ch ph thuc vo nhit v c gi l hng s
phn li baz.
Tng qut i vi mt baz yu B:
B + H2O BH+ + OH-

BH +

. OH -

Kb =
[ B]
Lu :
+ Nng ca cc phn t v ion tnh Ka v Kb c biu th bng mol.l1
+ i vi mt cp axit baz lin hp bt k, ta c:
Ka.Kb = const = 10-14 ( 25oC)
T ta thy rng nu Ka cng ln th Kb ca baz lin hp cng b v ngc

li.
Ngoi i lng Ka, Kb, ngi ta cn dng n i lng pKa, pKb.
pKa = -lgKa pKb = -lgKb pKa + pKb = = 14
v
Mt axit c pKa cng b th axit cng mnh v ngc li; tng t, mt
baz c pKb cng b th baz cng mnh v ngc li.
V d:
Axit axetic CH3COOH c Ka = 1,74.1010, pKa = 4,76 th mnh hn axit
xianhidric HCN c Ka = 6,2.1010, pKa = 9,21.
Amoniac NH3 c pKb = 4,76 th mnh hn hidrazin N2H4 c pKb = 6,01.

III. PHN LOI
Axit mt nc (n axit): l nhng cht khi tan trong nc th phn t phn li
mt nc ra ion H+, v d: HCl, HBrO, NH 4+Mi n axit s c mt gi tr K a xc
nh ti mt nhit xc nh.
HCl H+ + Cl Ka = 106
HBrO H+ + BrO Ka = 108,6
+
NH4 NH3 + H+ Ka = 109,24
Axit nhiu nc (a axit): l nhng cht khi tan trong nc th phn t phn li
nhiu nc ra ion H+, v d: H2SO4 (axit 2 nc), H3PO4(axit 3 nc), ng vi mi nc
phn li c mt hng s axit.
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4 Ka1 = 103
HSO4 H+ + SO42 Ka2 = 101,99
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 Ka1 = 102,12

H2PO4 H+ + HPO42 Ka2 = 107,21
HPO42 H+ + PO43 Ka3 = 1012,36
Lu : H3PO3 l mt axit 2 nc.
H3PO3 H+ + H2PO3 Ka1 = 101,8

H2PO3 H+ + HPO32 Ka2 = 106,15
HPO32 H+ + PO33
Ni chung proton tch ra khi tiu phn ca nc trc d dng hn nc sau v
in tch ion ca nc sau m hn nc trc nn gi proton cht hn. Do hng s
phn li ca nc sau thng nh hn ca nc trc. i vi cc a axit nh H 3PO4,
H2SO3, H2CO3 c tt c cc nhm OH nh vo cng mt nguyn t trung tm, th
hng s phn li ca nc sau thng bng khong 105 hng s phn li ca nc trc.
Nhng axit mnh l nhng axit khi ho tan trong nc th phn li hon ton
thnh cc ion (cation H+ v anion gc axit), trn phng trnh phn li, mi tn l mt
chiu. Cn nhng axit yu l nhng axit khi ho tan trong nc ch mt phn s phn
t ho tan phn li ra thnh ion H+, s cn li tn ti di dng phn t trong dung dch.
Phn loi:
Baz mt nc (n baz): l nhng cht khi tan trong nc ch phn li mt nc
ra ion OH, v d: NaOH, NH3, Mi n baz s c mt gi tr Kb xc nh ti mt
nhit xc nh.
NaOH Na+ + OH Kb = 100,2
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH Kb = 104,76
Baz nhiu nc (a baz): l nhng cht khi tan trong nc th phn t phn li
nhiu nc ra ion OH, v d: Mg(OH)2, Fe(OH)2 ng vi mi nc phn li c mt
hng s baz.
Mg(OH)2 Mg(OH)+ + OH Kb1
Mg(OH)+ Mg2+ + OH Kb2
+
Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)2 + OH Kb1
+ 2+
Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH) + OH Kb2
Fe(OH)2+ Fe3+ + OH Kb3
Nhng baz mnh l nhng baz khi ho tan trong nc th phn li hon ton
thnh cc ion (cation kim loi v anion OH), trn phng trnh phn li, mi tn l 1
chiu. Cn nhng baz yu l nhng baz khi ho tan trong nc ch mt phn s
phn t ho tan phn li ra thnh ion OH , s cn li tn ti di dng phn t trong
dung dch.
V d: H+
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O+
H+
Axit 1 Baz 1 Baz 2 Axit 2
Trong v d trn, CH3COOH nhng H+ cho H2O, nn CH3COOH l axit, cn
H2O nhn H+ nn l baz. Theo phn ng nghch th CH 3COO nhn H+ ca H3O+ nn
CH3COO l baz, cn H3O+ nhng H+ nn l axit.
Vy mt axit khi nhng H+ i th phn cn li ca n tr thnh mt baz, cn
mt baz khi nhn H+ th tr thnh mt axit, t xut hin khi nim cp axit
baz lin hp. V d trong phn ng trn ta c hai cp axit baz lin hp l:
CH3COOH/CH3COO v H3O+/H2O
Mt s v d khc:
H+
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH

H+
Hai cp axitbaz lin hp trong phn ng trn l (NH4+/NH3) v (H2O/OH)
H+
CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COO + NH4+

H+
Hai cp axitbaz lin hp ca phn ng trn l (CH 3COOH/CH3COO) v
(NH4+/NH3)
Cc phn ng cho nhn proton c gi l cc phn ng axit baz.
Theo quan nim c in th NH4+, H2PO4.. khng phi l cc axit; CN , CH3COO..
khng phi l cc baz m chng l cc cation v anion ca cc mui thy phn.
Nhng theo nh ngha ca Bronxtet
th cc ion l nhng axit v baz; cn nhng phn ng thy phn chnh l
phn ng axit (NH4+, H2PO4..) hoc baz (CN, CH3COO..) vi nc.
Ty theo bn cht ca dung mi, mt cht c th th hin tnh axit hay baz.
V d: Trong nc, CH3COOH l mt axit v n cho nc proton to thnh
baz lin hp CH3COO
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O+
(Axit)
Nhng trong dung mi l hidro florua lng (H 2F2) th CH3COOH li l baz v
n nhn proton ca dung mi to thnh axit lin hp:
CH3COOH + H2F2 CH3COOH2+ + HF2
(Baz)
Nh vy, qua cc v d trn, ta thy nh ngha axit, baz ca Bronxtet tng
qut hn nh ngha ca Areniut v c u im l nu r c vai tr ca dung mi.
Cc hp cht lng tnh: l nhng hp cht va c kh nng cho, va c kh
nng nhn H+.
+ Hiroxit lng tnh l nhng hiroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn li nh axit,
va c th phn li nh baz.
Mt s hiroxit lng tnh: Be(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Cr(OH)3,
Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH Phn li theo kiu baz.

Al(OH)3 AlO2 .H2O + H+ Phn li theo kiu axit.
Hiroxit lng tnh khi tng tc vi axit cng nh vi baz u to thnh
mui. Do vy, iu ch cc hiroxit ny, cn dng mt lng kim va , trnh
dng d v kim d c kh nng ho tan cc hiroxit to thnh.
Oxit ca cc hiroxit lng tnh cng c tnh cht lng tnh tng t hiroxit.
+ Cc hp cht lng tnh khc nh mui axit ca cc axit yu nh NaHCO 3, NaHS...,
nc, amino axit... Trong dung dch:
NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3
HCO3 + H+ H2CO3
(baz)
HCO3 H++ CO32
(axit)
IV. TCH S ION CA NC pH CHT CH TH MU

1) Tch s ion ca ncpH
Nc l mt cht in li rt yu, l mt dung mi t proton phn, n phn li
theo phng trnh:
H2O H+ + OH, K
+
Hoc H
H2O + H2O OH + H3O+

Hng s cn bng ca phn ng trn l:
[H 3O + ].[OH - ]
K=
[H 2O]2
Nc phn li rt t, nn [H2O] c coi l 1 hng s, vy:
K.[H2O]2 = K H O = [H3O+].[OH]=[H+].[OH].
2
K H O c gi l tch s ion ca nc. N l 1 hng s, ch ph thuc vo nhit

2
, khng ph thuc vo nng ca cc ion H + v OH trong dung dch nc. Ngoi

k hiu K H O , ngi ta cn dung k hiu Kw.
2
25oC, Kw = [H3O+].[OH] = [H+].[OH] = 1014

Ngi ta cn thng dng pKw = lgKw = 14.
Tuy nhin, gi tr ny cn c dng nhit khng khc nhiu vi 25oC.
T phng trnh tch s ion ca nc, ta thy trong nc nguyn cht th
[H+] = [OH] = 10-14 = 107 mol.l1
Nc l mi trng trung tnh, t suy ra mi trng trung tnh l mi trng
trong
[H+] = [OH] = 107 mol.l1 .
Khi ho tan mt axit vo nc th [H+] tng v [OH] gim (do Kw khng i).
Vy dung dch c [H+] > [OH].
Ngc li, khi ho tan mt baz vo nc th [OH ] tng v [H+] gim, ngha l
dung dch kim c [H+] < [OH].
ch mc axit hoc kim ca mt dung dch, ngi ta thng dng pH
+
(power of Hydrogen) hn l nng [H pH ]:= -lg[H+] [H+] = 10-pH
Vy nu dng pH biu th c tnh ca mi trng th 25oC:

pH = 7 : mi trng trung tnh [H+] = [OH] = 107 M
pH < 7 : mi trng axit [H+] > 107
pH > 7 : mi trng kim [H+] < 107
Ngoi i lng pH, ngi ta cn dng i lng pOH:
pOH = -lg[OH-] pH + pOH = 14
2) Cht ch th mu
Cht ch th mu pH l nhng cht b bin i mu sc ca mnh cc gi tr
pH khc nhau ca mi trng (dung dch). Chng thng l cc axit hu c yu c th
biu din cng thc tng qut l HInd (Ind: Indicator: cht ch th), trong dung dch
phn li nh sau:
HInd H+ + Ind
Dng axit Dng baz
Dng axit v dng baz phi c mu sc khc nhau. Trong dung dch, cht ch
th c mu dng no tu thuc vo nng dng no nhiu hn. Trn thc t ngi ta
thy khi nng ca dng axit gp 10 dng baz th dung dch c mu ca dng axit
v ngc li (c nhng cht t l thay i c th c 6 7 ln). Nu K i l hng s
axit ca cht ch th, ta c:
[H + ].[Ind - ] [HInd]
Ki = hoc [H+] = K i .
[HInd] [Ind - ]
Khi [HInd] 10 [Ind] tc l pH pKi1, dung dch c mu ca HInd
Cn khi [Ind] 10 [HInd] tc l pH pKi + 1, dung dch c mu ca Ind.
Khong gi tr pH = pKi 1 gi l khong pH i mu ca cht ch th.
Cht ch th mu dng nhn bit pH ca cc dung dch v i khi cn c th nhn
bit cht. ng dng quan trng hn ca cht ch th l dng nhn bit c axit
baz tc dng vi nhau tha, thiu hay va . T tnh c nng ca cc dung
dch axit hay baz khi bit c nng ca cht kia.
Khong bin i mu ca mt s cht ch th:

Bng 1. Mt s cht ch th axit baz quan trng
Tn thng dng Khong i mu pKa Mu ca dng axit baz

Thimol xanh 1,2 2,8 1,65 vng
Metyl vng 2,9 4,0 vng
Metyl da cam 3,1 4,4 3,46 da cam
Bromcresol xanh 3,8 5,4 4,66 Vng xanh
Metyl 4,2 6,3 5,00 vng
Bromcresol ta 5,2 6,8 6,12 Vng ta
Bromthimol xanh 6,2 7,6 7,10 Vng xanh
Phenol 6,8 8,4 7,81 Vng
Cresol ta 7,6 9,2 Vng ta
Phenolphtalein 8,3 10 Khng mu hng
Thimolphtalein 9,3 10,5 Khng mu xanh
Alizarin vng GG 10 12 Khng mu vng
V. DUNG DCH M
Dung dch m l nhng dung dch m pH khng b bin i ng k khi ta
thm vo nhng lng nh axit mnh hoc baz mnh; hoc pha long dung dch
(khng qu long).
Dung dch m thng l dung dch cha hn hp axit yu v mui ca n vi
baz mnh (v d CH3COOH + CH3COONa dung dch m axetat) hoc baz yu v
mui ca n vi axit mnh (v d NH3 + NH4Cl l dung dch m amoni).
pH ca dung dch m t thay i do c cn bng gia 2 dng axit v baz lin
hp, v d:
CH3COOH CH3COO + H+ (1)
+
CH3COONa CH3COO + Na (2)
Khi thm ion H+ vo th cn bng (1) b chuyn dch v pha tri, cn khi thm
OH vo th do H+ b trung ho, cn bng li chuyn v pha phi. Kt qu l nng
H+ thay i khng ng k.

Dung dch m c ngha rt ln trong khoa hc v i sng. Nhiu phn ng
ho hc ch xy ra 1 gi tr pH xc nh. V d: Mu ngi v ng vt l 1 dung
dch m c pH khong 7,35 n 7,45; nh c s thit lp cn bng gia ion
bicacbonat v kh cacbonic c trong mu.
VI. TNH TON CN BNG TRONG DUNG DCH AXIT BAZ

1. nh lut bo ton proton (iu kin proton)
nh lut bo ton proton l mt trng hp ring ca nh lut bo ton nng
u p dng cho cc h axitbaz.
Ni dung: nng cn bng ca proton c trong dung dch bng hiu gia tng
nng ca proton gii phng ra v tng nng proton thu vo c ta cc cu t c
trong dung dch.

[H+]= [ H ]i - [ H ]
+ +
i
cho i i
nhan
Tng qut: xt cc cn bng xy ra trong mt dung dch axitbaz gm mt axit

yu HA, c nng u CA, mt baz yu B, c nng u C B v mt cht in ly
lng tnh HX, c nng u CX.
(1) HA H+ + A, Ka
(2) B + H2O BH+ + OH, Kb
(3) HX H+ + X2, Ka2
(4) HX + H2O H2X + OH, Kb2
(5) H2O H+ + OH, KW
Trong dung dch, cc cn bng 1, 3,5 l cc cn bng cung cp H +, cc cn bng
2,4 l cc cn bng thu H+.
nh lut bo ton proton c th c biu din mt cch n gin nh sau:
[H+] = [H+](1) + [H+](3)+ [H+](5) [H+](2) [H+](4 )
[H+] = [A] + [X2] + [OH] [BH+] [H2X] (*)
Mt khc:
[H + ][A - ] [HA]
Ka = [A - ] = K a ,
[HA] [H + ]
[H + ][X 2- ] 2- [HX - ]
Ka 2 = [X ] = K a 2
[HX - ] [H + ]
+ KW K
Kw = [H+][OH] [H ] = - v
[OH - ] = W+
[OH ] [H ]
+ -
[BH ][OH ] [B]
Kb = [BH + ] = K b
[B] [OH - ]
[H X][OH - ] [HX - ]
K b2 = 2 [H 2 X] = K b2
[HX - ] [OH - ]
Thay cc gi tr ny vo (*) ta c:
[HA] [HX - ] K W [B] [HX - ]
[H + ] = K a + K a2 + - K b - K b2
[H + ] [H + ] [H + ] [OH - ] [OH - ]
+ [HA] [HX - ] K W -1
[H ] = K a +
+ Ka 2 +
+ + - K a (HB) [H + ][B] - K a -1 1[H + ][HX - ]
[H ] [H ] [H ]
Mt cch gn ng, nu xem [HA] = CA, [HX] = CX, ta c:

K a CA + K a 2 CX + K w
[H + ] = -1
1 + CB Ka HB + CX K a -1 1
2. Dung dch cc n axit v n baz
a) n axit mnh:
Xt dung dch axit mnh HA c nng mol l C a (Ca>> 107), b qua s in ly ca
nc, trong dung dch xem nh ch c qu trnh:
HA H+ + A
[H+] = Ca
pH = -lg [H+] = -lgCa
V d: pH ca dung dch HCl 0,02 M l pH = lg[0,02] = 1,7.

Nu Ca 107: khng c b qua s in ly ca nc.
V d: Nh mt git HCl 3,4.103 M vo 300 ml nc. Tnh pH ca dung dch, bit
rng th tch ca mt git l 0,03 ml.
Gii: -3
3,4.10 .0,03.1000
CHCl = = 3,4.10-7M
1000.(300 + 0,03)
HCl H+ + Cl-
3,4.107 3,4.107 3,4.107
HCl l axit mnh, nng HCl ; 10-7 M, nn tnh lun H+ do H2O phn li
H2O

H+ + OH- , Kw
Ban u 3,4.107
Cn bng: (x + 3,4.107) x
+ -
Ta c: K w = [H ].[OH ]
= (x + 3,4.107).x = 1014 x = 2,723.10 8
10-14
[H+ ] = -8
. = 3,672.10-7
2,723.10
pH = 6,43
b) n baz mnh:
Xt n baz mnh BOH c nng mol l C b (Cb>> 107), b qua s in ly ca
nc, trong dung dch xem nh ch c qu trnh:
BOH B+ + OH
Kw
[OH] = Cb [H+]=
[OH - ]
pOH = lg[OH]= lgCb pH = 14pOH = 14lgCb
Kw
Hay: pH = lg[H+] = lg = lgKw + lg[OH] = 14pOH = 14lgCb
[OH - ]
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch NaOH 103M.
Gii: pH = 14 lgCb =14lg 103 = 11.
Nu Cb 107: khng c b qua s in ly ca nc.
V d: Tnh [H+], [OH], pH ca dung dch NaOH 1,2.106M
Gii: NaOH Na+ + OH
1,2.106
H2O H+ + OH
Ban u 1,2.106
[ ] x x + 1,2. 106
Ta c: [H+][ OH] = x (x + 1,2. 106) = 1014 x = 8,276.109
pH = 14 lg(8,276.109+ 1,2.106)= 8,08.
c) n axit yu
Trng hp tng qut trong dung dch n axit yu HA, Ca (M)c cc qu trnh:
HA H+ + A Ka =
H2O H+ + OH Kw = [H+][O
[H + ][A - ] K .C
[H + ][A - ] = K a .[HA] K a .C a [A - ] = a + a H]
[HA] [H ]
K
[OH - ] = w+
[H ]
p dng iu kin proton ta c:
K a .Ca Kw
[H+] = [A] + [OH] = + + +
[H ] [H ]
[H+]2 =KaCa + Kw
[H+]= K a Ca + K w (*)
Nu KaCa>> Kw : s phn ly ca nc xy ra khng ng k [H+] = K a C a
pH = lg K a Ca = (pKa lgCa)
Nu ngay t u chng minh c KaCa>> Kw, ta s b qua s in ly ca nc
v pH s c tnh theo cn bng:
HA H+ + A
Ban u: Ca
[ ] Cax x x
x2
Ka = . Gii phng trnh ta tm c x.
Ca - x
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch HCOOH 0,1M. Cho KHCOOH = 1,78.104. (S 2,37)
Nu KaCa Kw : khng b qua s in ly ca nc, pH ca dung dch tnh theo (*).
V d: tnh pH ca dung dch NH4Cl 104M, cho KNH4+ = 109,24 (S: 6,58)
d) n baz yu
Tng t nh trng hp n axit yu.
Nu KbCb>> Kw: b qua s in ly ca nc. Khi pH s tnh theo cn bng phn
ly ca baz yu.
pH =
V d: tnh pH ca dung dch NaCN 0,01M, KHCN = 109,35. S: 10,68.
Nu KbCb Kw: khng b qua s in ly ca nc. Khi dng iu kin proton

tnh ton.
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2SO4 0,01M, K HSO =101,99. S: 7,15.
-
4
e) Hn hp cc n axit yu: (*)

Xt dung dch cha cc n axit yu HA1 (C1), HA2 (C2), HA3 (C3) , xy ra cc
cn bng:
H2O H+ + OH Kw
HA1 H+ + A1 Ka1 (2)
HA2 H+ + A2 Ka2
HA3 H+ + A3 Ka3
Nu Ka1C1>> Ka2C2> Ka3C3>> Kw th c th tnh ton theo cn bng (2) nh dung dch
cha mt n axit.
V d: tnh pH ca dung dch gm CH3COOH 0,01M (C1) v NH4+ 0,1M (C2).
Gii:
H2O H+ + OH Kw
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO , Ka1 = 104,75 (2)
NH4+ NH3 + H+ , Ka2 = 109,24
V Ka1C1=106,76>> Ka2C2=1010,24> Kw nn tnh H+ theo cn bng (2)
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO , Ka1 = 104,75
Ban u: 0,01M
[ ] 0,01x x x
x.x
K a1 = 10-4,76 x = 4,26.104, pH = 3,37.
=
0, 01 - x
Nu Ka1C1 Ka2C2 Ka3C3 , p dng iu kin proton ta c:

[H+] = [A1] + [A2] + [A3] + [OH] . T hp v b qua [OH] ta c:
[H+]= K a [HA1 ] + K a [HA 2 ] + K a [HA 3 ] . Mt cch gn ng xem [HA]i = CHAi ta
1 2 3
c:
[H+] = K a Ca1 + K a Ca 2 + K a Ca3 .
1 2 3
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm CH3COOH 0,01M (C1) v CH3CH2COOH

0,05M (C2), Ka= 104,89.
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO , Ka1 = 104,75
CH3CH2COOH H+ + CH3CH2COO , Ka2 = 104,89
H2O H+ + OH Kw
Ka1C1 Ka2C2>> Kw nn b qua s phn ly ca nc. p dng iu kin proton ta
c:
[H+] = [CH3COO] + [CH3CH2COO]
[H+]= K a [CH 3COOH ] + K a [CH 3CH 2 COOH]
1 2
4
= 0, 01.10-4,75 + 0, 05.10 -4,89
= 9,07.10
pH = 3,04
f) Hn hp cc n baz yu (*)
Cch tnh ton tng t nh trng hp hn hp cc n axit yu.
V d 1: tnh pH ca dung dch gm NH3 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M. S: 11,12.
V d 2: tnh pH ca dung dch KCN 0,1M v NH3 0,1M. Cho KCN = 104,65. S:
11,26 (dng KP).
g)Hn hp cc axit mnh v axit yu hay hn hp cc baz mnh v baz yu(*):
Tnh ton tng t trng hp c k n cn bng ca nc phn a, b.
V d 1: Tnh pH trong dung dch to thnh khi trn 20 ml dd HCl 0,02M vi 30
ml dd CH3COOH 0,15M.( 2,09)
V d 2: Tnh pH trong dung dch gm NaOH 104M v NaNO2 0,1M. KHNO2 =
103,29. (10)
h) Hn hp cc axit yu v baz lin hp:
Xt dd axit yu HA, Ca v baz lin hp Cb. Trong dd c cc cn bng:
H2O H+ + OH Kw
HA H+ + A, Ka (2)
Hay A + H2O HA + OH, Kb = KW.Ka1 (3)
Cn bng (2) din t ng hin tng khi dung dch c phn ng axit. (c th
tnh gn ng pH bng biu thc [H+] =Ka.Ca/Cb) nu [H+] << Ca, Cb). Khi tnh
pH ca dd ta s dng cn bng (2).
HA H+ + A, Ka (2)
Ban u: Ca Cb
[] : Cah h h + Cb
Theo nh lut tc dng khi lng:
(h + Cb ) h
Ka = . Trong trng hp h << Ca, Cb th h= Ka.Ca/Cb v ta c cng
Ca - h
thc gn ng tnh pH:
pH = pKa + lgCb/Ca
(Phng trnh HendersonHasselbalch, hay c dng tnh gn ng pH ca cc
dung dch m)
Nu pH >>7 th cn bng (3) m t ng hin tng v da vo tnh pH.
V d 1: Tnh pH ca hn hp NH4+ 0,05M v NH3 0,07M.
Gii:
Tnh gn ng [H+] = Ka.Ca/Cb = 109,24.0,05/0,07 = 4,11.1010 pH = 9,38 > 7,
do tnh pH theo cn bng sau: (b qua s in ly ca nc).
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH+, Kb = Kw.Ka1
Ba u: 0,07M 0,05M
[] 0,07 x 0,05+ x x
(0, 05 + x) x (0, 05 + x) x
Kb = 104,76 = . Gii ra x = 2,432.105
0, 07 - x 0, 07 - x
pOH = 4,614 pH = 9,386
V d 2: Tnh pH ca hn hp HCOOH 0,01M v HCOONa 0,001M (3,06)
3. a axit a baz
a) a axit:
Xt s phn ly ca a axit H3A
H3A H+ H2A , Ka1
H2A H+ + HA2 ,
HA2 H+ + A3 , Ka3
Thng thng vi cc a axit th Ka1<< Ka2<< Ka3, nn ta c th b qua cc nc sau v
tnh pH ca dung dch da vo nc th nht ca axit (nh trng hp n axit yu).
V d: tnh pH v nng cc ion trong dung dch H2S 0,01M.
Dng nc 1 tnh pH.
Dng nc 2 tnh nng cc cu t c k n nng cc ion tnh c t cn
bng trn.
b) a baz

Phn t a baz c kh nng nhn mt s proton. Qu trnh proton ha ca a baz
ngc vi qu trnh phn ly ca axit tng ng.
Phn ly ca triaxit. Proton ha ca tri baz

H3A H H2A , Ka1
+
A3 + H2O HA2 + OH Kb1 =
KW.Ka31
H2A H+ + HA2 , Ka2 HA2+ H2O H2A + OH, Kb2 =
KW.Ka21
HA2 H+ + A3 H2A+ H2O H3A + OH, Kb3 =
KW.Ka21
Nu Kb1>> Kb2>> Kb3 th s proton ha nc 1 l chim u th v ta c th tnh cn
bng ca a baz theo nc 1 nh mt n baz.
V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2CO3 0,1M. (11,66)
CO32 + H2O HCO3 + OH , Kb1 = 103,67(1)
HCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + OH Kb2 = 107,65
H2O H+ + OH Kw
Kb1>> Kb2>> Kw nn xem cn bng (1) l ch yu.
CO32 + H2O HCO3 + OH , Kb1 = 103,67
Ban u: 0,1M
[ ] : 0,1x x x
Kt qu tnh cho pH = 11,66, [HCO3]= 4,62.103.

4. Cc cht in ly lng tnh
a. Khi qut
Cc cht va c tnh axit (cho proton), va c tnh baz (nhn proton) gi l cht
lng tnh. Thuc loi ny gm c:
Hydroxit ca mt s kim loi nh Pb(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Zn(OH), Sn(OH)2, Cr(OH)3
V d: Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH , Kb = 1032,4.
Al(OH)3 AlO2 + H+ + H2O, Ka = 4.1013
Cc aminoaxit: (H2N)xR(COOH)y.
V d: Alanin c cc cn bng sau trong dung dch:
H2NCH(CH3)COOH +H3NCH(CH3)COO
+
H3NCH(CH3)COO H+ + H2NCH(CH3)COO + H+, Ka2 = 109,87
+
H3NCH(CH3)COO + H+ +H3NCH(CH3)COOH, Ka11=102,34
+
H3NCH(CH3)COO H2O H+ + +H3NCH(CH3)COOH + OH, Ka2 = 109,87
Cc mui axit nh NaHCO3, NaHS, Na2HPO4...
Mui ca axit yu v baz yu nh CH3COONH4, (NH4)2CO3...
b. Tnh ton trong cn bng cht in ly lng tnh:
tnh ton trong dung dch cht in ly lng tnh phi k n cn bng cho v nhn
proton, khi ta cn s dng iu kin proton, nh lut tc dng khi lng...
Xt trng hp tng qut dung dch cha mui axit NaHA, C, ta s c cc cn bng
sau:
H2O H+ + OH Kw =[H+][OH]
[H + ][A 2- ]
HA H+ + A2

, Ka2 =
[HA - ]
[H 2 A]
HA + H+ H2A , Ka11 =
[HA - ][H + ]
Phng trnh iu kin proton: [H+] = [OH] + [A2] [H2A]
Kw [HA - ]
[H+] = + Ka2 Ka11[HA][H+]
[H + ] +
[H ]
K w + Ka 2 [HA - ]
[H+] = . Trong a s trng hp HA phn ly yu nn xem [HA]
1 + Ka1-1[HA - ]
= C, nn ta c:
Kw + Ka 2 C
[H+] = .
1 + K a -1 1C
Trong trng hp Kw<< Ka2C, Ka1<< C, ta s c [H+] = K a1.K a 2
pK a1 + pK a 2
hay pH =
2
V d: Hy cho bit cc dung dch NaHCO3, NaHSO3, NaHS, NH4HCO3 c phn ng
axit hay baz? Tnh pH ca cc dung dch nu nng cc cht ban u u bng
0,1M.
Gii: xt dung dch NaHCO3 0,1M, trong dung dch c cc qu trnh:
NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3
HCO3 H++ CO32, Ka2 =1010,33
HCO3 + H+ H2CO3, Ka11 =106,35
H2O H+ + OH
p dng iu kin proton ta c:
[H+] = [CO32] + [OH] [H2CO3]
[HCO3- ] Kw
= Ka2 + + + Ka11[HCO3][H+]
[H ] [H ]
K w + K a 2 [HCO3- ]
[H+] = , nu xem [HCO3]= 0,1M (do Ka2 rt b), ta c
1 + K a -1 1[HCO3- ]
K w + K a 2 0,1
[H+] = , v do Kw<< Ka20,1, Ka1<< 0,1 nn c th tnh gn ng
1 + K a -1 1 0,1
[ H+] = K a1.K a 2 = 10-6,35.10-10,33 = 4,57.10-9 pH = 8,34.
c. Cn bng to phc hiroxo trong dung dich nc ca cc ion kim loi.
Trong dung dch nc, cc cation kim loi tn ti di dng hyrat ha. Chng l
nhng axit c kh nng cho proton v to ra cc phc hiroxo kim loi.
Cc ion kim loi kim khng th hin tnh axit v hiroxit ca chng l nhng baz
rt mnh.
Cc ion kim loi km th l nhng axit yu.
Cc cation trng thi oxi ha cao thng c tnh axit mnh hn ion cng loi
trng thi oxi ha thp hn.
Xt trng hp n gin: Mn+ + H2O MOHn1 + H+
[MOH n -1 ][ H + ]
Hng s cn bng: *b =
[ M n+ ]
hiu r hn ta xt bi tp c th sau: tnh pH ca dung dch Fe(ClO4)2 0,01M. Bit

Fe2+ + H2O FeOH+ + H+ *b = 105,92
Ban u: 0,01M
Phn ng: x x x
[ ] : 0,01x x x
x.x
*b = = 10-5,92 , gii x = 103,96 pH =3,96.
0, 01 - x
VII. MT S DNG BI TP THAM KHO
Cu 1 Axit hipoclor, HOCl, l mt axit yu (K a = 3,2.108) thng c s dng
lm cht ty trng.
(a) Hy tnh [H+] ca dung dch HOCl 0,14M.
(b) Hy vit phng trnh ion rt gn ca phn ng xy ra khi ho tan NaOCl vo
nc v tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng ny.
(c) Hy tnh pH ca dung dch c to thnh khi trn 40,0 mL dung dch HOCl
0,14M vi 10,0 mL dung dch NaOH 0,56M.
(d) Cn thm bao nhiu mmol NaOH rn vo 50,0 mL dung dch HOCl 0,20M thu
c dung dch m c pH= 7,49? Gi thit th tch dung dch khng thay i khi khi
thm NaOH rn.
(e) Nc ty ra gia dng c iu ch bng cch ho tan kh clo vo nc:
Cl2 (k) + H2O H+ + Cl + HOCl (aq)
Hy tnh pH ca dung dch ny nu nng ca HOCl trong dung dch l 0,065 M.
Gii
+
a) HOCl H + OCl Ka = 3,2.108
Ban u (M) 0,14
Phn li (M) x x x
Cn bng (M) 0,14 x x x
Ka = = 3,2.108
x2 + x.3,2.108 0,14.3,2.108 = 0
x 6,69.105 [H+] = 6,69.105M pH = 4,17
b) NaOCl Na+ + OCl
OCl + H2O HOCl + OH

1 x HOCl H+ + OCl Ka = 3,2.108
1x H2 O H+ + OH Kw = 1014
OCl + H2O HOCl + OH K = Kw.Ka1
K = Kb = Kw.Ka1 = = 3,125.107
c) NaOH + HOCl NaOCl + H 2O

5,6.103 mol 5,6.103 mol 5,6.103 mol 5,6.103 mol
nNaOH = 0.04.0,14 = 5,6.103 mol
nHOCl = 0,01.0,56 = 5,6.103 mol
CNaOCl = = 0,112M
NaOCl Na+ + OCl

0,112M 0,112M 0,112M
OCl + H2O HOCl + OH Kb = 3,125.107
Ban u (M) 0,112M
Phn li (M) y y y
Cn bng (M) 0,112y y y
Kb = = 3,125.107
y2 + x.3,125.107 0,112.3,125.107 = 0
y 1,87.104
[OH] = 1,87.104M pOH = 3,73 pH = 14 3,73 = 10,27
d) NaOH + HOCl NaOCl + H 2O

z mol z mol z mol
NaOCl Na+ + OCl
M M M
HOCl H+ + OCl Ka = 3,2.108
Ban u (M)
Phn li (M) 107.49 107.49 107.49
Cn bng (M) 107.49 107.49 + 107.49
t nNaOH = z (mol)
nHOCl = 0,05.0,2 = 0,01 mol
pH = 7,49 [H+] = 107.49
CNaClO = M
CHClO d= M
Ka = = 3,2.108
z 4,97.103

nNaOH = 4,97.103 mol
e) Cl2 + H2O HOCl + Cl + H+

0,065M 0,065M
HOCl H+ + OCl Ka = 3,2.108
Ban u (M) 0,065M 0,065M
Phn li (M) t t t
Cn bng (M) 0,065t 0,065 + t t
Ka = = 3,2.108
t 3,2.108
[H+] = 3,2.108M pH = 7,49
Cu 2 (IChO 35) Dung dch m l dung dch c kh nng chng li s thay i pH.
Thng thng dung dch m gm mt axit yu v baz lin hp ca n (v d
CH3COOH/CH3COO) hay mt baz yu v axit lin hp ca n (V d NH 3/NH4+).
pH ca dung dch m c to thnh bi axit yu HA v baz lin hp A c tnh
theo phng trnh Henderson Hasselbalch:
[A - ]
pH = pK a + lg
[HA]
(a) Tnh pH ca dung dch m cha axit fomic 0,200M (Ka = 2,1.104) v natri fomat
0,150M.
(b) Tnh s thay i pH khi thm 0,01000 mol NaOH vo 1 lt dung dch trn.
(c) Tnh th tch ca dung dch NaOH 0,200M cn thm vo 100,0cm 3 dung dch
CH3COOH 0,150M (Ka = 1,8.105) thu c dung dch m c pH = 5,00.
(d) Tnh pH ca dung dch m cha axit benzoic 0,0100M (Ka = 6,6.105) v
C6H5COONa 0,0100M.
(e) Trn nhng th tch bng nhau ca dung dch CH 3COOH 0,100 M (Ka = 1,8.105)
vi dung dch NaOH 0,0500M. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
(f) Trn nhng th tch bng nhau ca dung dch CH 3COOH 0,100M vi dung dch
NaOH 0,150M. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
(g) Trn nhng th tch bng nhau ca dung dch CH 3COOH 0,150M vi dung dch
(h) Trn nhng th tch bng nhau ca dung dch CH 3COOH 0,100M vi dung dch
Gii
a)
[ HCOOH ] = 0, 2M
HCOO-

= 0,15M

HCOO -
= - lg(2,1.10-4 ) + lg 0,15 = 3,55
Ta c: pH = pK a + lg
[ HCOOH ] 0, 2
0, 01
b) Ta c: C NaOH = = 0,01M
1

HCOOH + NaOH HCOONa + H 2 O
Ban u 0,2M 0,01M 0,15M
[] 0,19M 0 0,16M

HCOO -
= - lg(2,1.10 -4 ) + lg 0,16 = 3,6
Ta c: pH = pK a + lg
[ HCOOH ] 0,19
pH thay i khng ng k
c) pH = 5 => H+ d
0, 2V
C NaOH = =CH3COO -
V + 0,1
0,015
CCH3COOH = M
V + 0,1
0, 015 - 0, 2V
[ CH 3COOH ] = M
V + 0,1

CH3COO- = - lg(1,8.10-5 ) + lg 0, 2V
Ta c: pH = pK a + lg =5
[ CH3COOH ] 0, 015 - 0, 2V
V = 0,048l

C6 H 5COO -
= - lg(6, 6.10 -5 ) + lg 0, 01 = 4,18
d) Ta c: pH = pK a + lg
[ C6 H5COOH ] 0, 01
e) Gi s c 1l dung dch
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H 2 O
Ban u 0,1M 0,05M
[] 0,05M 0 0,05M
-
CH 3COO
= - lg(1,8.10 -5 ) + lg 0, 05 = 4, 74
pH = pK a + lg
[ CH3COOH ] 0, 05
f)
;
+ NaOH Na + H2O
Ban u: 0,0500M 0,0750M
Cn li: 0,0250M 0,0500M
NaOH +
C 0,0250M 0,0250M
Na +
C 0,0500M 0,0500M
+ H2O CH3COOH+ = 109,26
C 0,0500M 0,0250M
[ ](0,0500x)M x(M) (0,0250+x)M

M
[O ] 0,0250M
pOH = = 1,60
pH = 14 pOH =14 1,60 = 12,40.
g)
;
+ NaOH Na + H2O
Ban u: 0,0750M 0,0500M
Cn li: 0,0250M 0,0500M
Na +
0,0500M 0,0500M
+ H2O CH3COOH+ = 109,26
Do = 109,26 rt nh nn xem [ ]= = 0,0500M;
[CH3COOH] = = 0,0250M.
Theo phng trnh Henderson Hasselbalch:
pH = pKa +
= +
5,05.
h)
;
+ NaOH Na + H2O
Ban u 0,0500M 0,0500M
[] 0,0500M
Na +
C 0,0500M 0,0500M
+ H2O CH3COOH+ =
9,26
10
C 0,0500M
[] (0,0500x)M x(M) x(M)

pH = = 8,72.
Cu 3 (QG 2002 Vng 2) Hn hp B gm 100,00 ml HCl 0,120 M v 50,00 ml
Na3PO4.
(a) Tnh nng ca dung dch Na3PO4, bit rng hn hp B c pH = 1,50.
(b) Tnh th tch NaOH 0,100 M cn trung ho 100,00 ml hn hp B n pH bng
7,26.
(c) Thm Na2CO3 vo dung dch B cho n pH = 4,0. Hy cho bit thnh phn ch yu
trong dung dch thu c. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
pKa ca: H2CO3: 6,35; 10,33; H3PO4: 2,23; 7,26; 12,32. tan CO 2 trong nc bng
0,030 M.
Gii
a) Trn 100 ml dd HCl v 50ml Na3PO4 ta c hn hp B:
V pH = 1,5 mi trng c tnh axit mnh nn HCl phi d so vi Na3PO4

Gi a (M) l nng ca Na3PO4 trong hn hp B
Na3PO4 + 2HCl NaH2PO4 + 2NaCl
a 2a a (M)
(M)
a a a (M)
V Ka2 >> Kb3> Ka3> Kw nn coi s phn ly ch xy ra cn bng th 2

p dng iu kin proton:
M ta c: (M)
Cho
(M)
b) V pH = 7,26 mi trng trung ho nn HCl va to ra mui Na2HPO4

Thm V (lt) dd NaOH 0,100M vo 100,00 ml hn hp B, ta c:

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O (1)
Na3PO4 + HCl Na2HPO4 + NaCl (2)
V Kb2 >> Kb3> Ka3> Kw nn nng ph thuc vo cn bng th 2.
a) V pH = 4 mi trng c tnh axit m Na2CO3 c tnh baz mnh nn phi c HCl

d.
Gi b (M) nng Na2CO3 phn ng vi HCl
Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

b b
Na3PO4 + 2HCl NaH2PO4 + 2NaCl
V Ka2 >> Kb3> Ka3> Kw nn nng ph thuc vo cn bng

th 4.
p dng iu kin proton:
M ta c:

Cu 4:
a)Thm NH3 vo dung dch A l hn hp gm CH 3COOH 0,1M; HCOOH 0,2M;
H2SO4 0,01M cho n khi C NH = 0,58M .Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c.
3
b)Tnh s ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M cn cho vo 25 ml dung dch A thu c dung
dch c pH = 4,76.
- +
Cho pKa ca HCOOH l 3,75; ca CH3COOH l 4,76; ca HSO4 l 2; ca NH 4 l
9,24.
Gii
Do NH3 rt d so vi cc axit nn:
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
0,02 0,01 0,01
NH3 + HCOOH HCOONH4
0,2 0,2 0,2
NH3 + CH3COOH CH3COONH4
0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
+
Thnh phn gii hn: NH3 : 0,26M; NH 4 : 0,32M; CH3COO : 0,1M; HCOO :
2-
0,2M; SO4 : 0,01M.
Cn bng:
+
NH 4 NH3 + H+ K1 = 109,24 (1)
H2O H+ + OH K2 = 1014 (2)
+
NH3 + H2O NH 4 + OH
K3 = 104,67 (3)
CH3COO + H2O CH3COOH + OH K4 = 109,24 (4)
HCOO + H2O HCOOH + OH K5 = 1010,25 (5)
2-
SO 4 + H2O HSO4 + OH K6 = 1012 (6)
So snh (1) v (2) thy (1) l ch yu.
So snh (3), (4), (5), (6) thy (3) l ch yu.
Vy cn bng (1) v (3) l ch yu hay c th coi dung dch l mt h m gm
NH4+ 0,32M v NH3 0,26M.
Cb 0,26
pH h m c tnh nh sau: pH = pKa + lg . C = 9,24 + lg .
0,32
= 9,15
a

b) Khi cho NaOH vo dung dch A pH = 4,76 th:

10-2
% HSO4 b trung ho: 1 = 100%
10 -2 + 10 -4,76
10-3,75
% HCOOH b trung ho: 2 = -3,75 91,098%
10 + 10-4,76
10 -4,76
% CH3COOH b trung ho: 3 = -4,76 50%
10 + 10-4,76
25(CH + C HSO4- + 0,91098.CHCOOH + 0,5. CCH 3COOH ) = V. 0,1
V = 63,049 ml
Cu 5:(IChO 26 Exam) Axit lactic c to thnh trong c trong qu trnh vn ng
mnh. Trong mu axit lactic c trung ha bi ion hidrocacbonat.
Axit lactic l mt n axit (k hiu l HL), c hng s phn li axit K HL = 1,4 .10-4.
Hng s phn ly axit ca axit cacbonic: Ka1 = 4,5 .10-7 v Ka2 = 4,7 .10-11. Bit rng
ton b lng CO2 sinh ra tan ht trong dung dch.
(a) Hy tnh pH ca dung dch HL 3,00 .10-3.
(b) Hy tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng gia axit lactic v ion hidrocacbonat.
(c) Thm 3,00 .10-3 mol axit lactic vo 1,00 lit dung dch NaHCO 3 0,024 M. Bit th
tch dung dch khng thay i v HL b trung ha hon ton.
i. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch NaHCO3 trc khi thm HL.
ii. Hy tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi thm HL.
(d) pH trong mu ngi dao ng trong khong t 7,40 n 7,00 ty thuc vo lng
axit lactic c to thnh trong qu trnh vn ng. Mt dung dch c pH = 7,40 v
[HCO3-] = 0,022. Hy tnh s mol axit lactic cn thm vo 1,00 lit dung dch trn
pH gim xung 7,00?
(e) Dung dch bo ha CaCO3 (r) c pH = 9,95. Hy tnh tan v tch s tan ca
canxi cacbonat.
(g) Bit rng trong mu c cha ion canxi. Hy xc nh nng ion canxi ti a c
trong mu mu c pH = 7,40 v [HCO3-] = 0,022.
Gii
[ H + ]2
a. K HL = = 1,4.10- 4
3.10- 3 - [ H + ]
[H+] = 5,82.10-4;
pH = 3,24;
b. HL + HCO3- L- + H2O + CO2 K = KHL/Ka1 = 1,4.10-4/
-7
4,5.10 = 311
CK a 2 + K w 0,024 4,7.10-11 + 10-14
[H + ] = = = 4,62.10- 9
c. i. C 0,024
1+ 1+
K a1 4,5.10- 7
pH = 8,34
ii. HL + HCO3- L- + H2O + CO2
b 3.10-3 0,024
cb - 0,021 3.10-3 3.10-3
[HCO3- ] 0, 021
pH = pK a1 + lg = 6,35 + lg = 7, 20
[CO 2 ] 0, 003

[ HCO3- ][ H + ]
d. C: K a1 =
[CO2 ]
[ HCO3- ][ H + ] 0,022 10-7 , 4
[CO2 ] = = -7
= 1,95.10- 3
K a1 4,5.10
HL + HCO3- L- + H2O + CO2
b x 0,022 1,95.10 -3
cb - 0,022 - x x 1,95.10-3 + x
0,022 - x
7, 00 = 6,35 + lg
1,95.10-3 + x
x = 2,43.10-3 mol.
e. Da vo gin Ladder ta thy pH = 9,95 th dng HCO 3- v CO32- tn ti l ch
yu;
CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32-
CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH- Kb1 = Kw/Ka2 = 2,13.10-4
C S = [Ca2+] = [CO32-] + [HCO3-]
[HCO3-] = [OH-] = 8,91 .10-5
[ HCO3- ][OH - ]
C: K b1 =
[CO32 - ]
[ HCO3- ][OH - ] (8,91.10-5 ) 2
[CO32 - ] = = = 3,73.10- 5
K b1 2,13.10- 4
S = [Ca2+] = [CO32-] + [HCO3-] = 8,91 .10-5 + 3,73 .10-5 = 1,26.10-4 M
T = [Ca2+][CO32-] = 1,26 .10-4 3,73.10-5 = 4,70.10-9
[ HCO3- ][OH - ] 0,022 10-6,6
g. C [CO32 - ] = = -4
= 2,59.10- 5
K b1 2,13.10
2+
TCaCO3 4,70.10-9
[Ca ]max = 2-
= -5
= 1,81.10- 4 M
[CO3 ] 2,59.10

B. CN BNG TO PHC
1. KHI NIM, PHN LOI, CCH GI TN PHC CHT
1.1. Khi nim phc cht
Khi cc nguyn t ho hc ring bit kt hp vi nhau th to thnh cc hp
cht n gin, hay cc hp cht bc nht, v d cc oxit (Na 2O, CuO,...), cc halogenua
(NaCl, CuCl2,...), nhng hp cht n gin li c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh hp
cht bc cao, hay hp cht phn t, v d K 2HgI4 (HgI2.2KI); Ag(NH3)2Cl
(AgCl.2NH3); K4Fe(CN)6 [Fe(CN)2. 4KCN]... Gi chng l cc hp cht phn t
nhn mnh rng y khng phi l cc nguyn t hay cc gc, m l cc phn t kt
hp v i nhau. Cu to ca chng khng c gii thch tho ng trong khun kh
ca thuyt ha tr c in. C mt vn t ra l trong s cc hp cht phn t th
hp cht no c gi l hp cht phc (phc cht).
Theo A. Werner, tc gi ca thuyt phi tr th phc cht l hp cht c thnh
phn phc tp, phn t bn trong dung dch nc, khng phn hu hoc ch phn
hu rt t ra cc hp phn to thnh hp cht . Trong lch s pht trin ca ho hc
phc cht c nhiu nh ngha v phc cht ca cc tc gi khc nhau. Tc gi ca
cc nh ngha ny thng thin v vic nhn mnh tnh cht ny hay tnh cht khc
ca phc cht, i khi da trn du hiu v thnh phn hoc v bn cht ca lc to
phc.
S d cha c c nh ngha tht tho ng v khi nim phc cht v trong
nhiu trng hp khng c ranh gii r rt gia hp cht n gin v phc cht. Mt
hp cht, tu thuc vo iu kin nhit ng, khi th c coi l hp cht n gin, khi
th li c coi l ph c cht. Chng hn, trng thi hi natri clorua gm cc n
phn t NaCl (hp cht nh t n gin), nhng trng thi tinh th, th nh php
phn tch cu trc bng tia X ch r, n l phc cht cao phn t (NaCl)n, trong
mi ion Na+ c phi tr mt cch i xng kiu bt din bi 6 ion Cl , v mi ion
Cl c phi tr tng t bi 6 ion Na+.
t nhiu c th phn r ranh gii tn ti ca phc cht c th a ra nh
ngha sau y ca A. Grinbe:
Phc cht l nhng hp cht phn t xc nh, khi kt hp cc hp phn ca
chng li th to thnh cc ion phc tp tch in dng hay m, c kh nng tn ti
dng tinh th cng nh trong dung dch. Trong trng hp ring, in tch ca ion
phc tp c th bng khng.
Ly v d hp cht tetrapyriincupro (II) nitrat [CuPy 4](NO3)2. C th coi hp
cht ny l sn phm kt hp gia Cu(NO 3)2 v pyriin (Py). Tnh cht ca phc cht
to thnh khc bit vi tnh cht ca cc cht u. Phc cht trn c kh nng tn ti
dng tinh th v trong dung dch.
nh ngha ny tt nhin cng cha tht hon ho v bao gm c cc oxiaxit

kiu H2SO4 v cc mui sunfat. iu ny khng phi l nhc im, v v mt s mt
c th coi cc hp cht ny l phc cht.
Cho n gn y ngi ta vn cn bn lun v khi nim phc cht. Theo K. B.
Iaximirxki th phc cht l nhng hp cht toc cc nhm ring bit tcc
nguyn t,ion hoc phn t vi nhng c trng: a) c mt s phi tr, b) khng phn
ly hon ton trong dung dch (hoc trong chn khng), c) c thnh phn phc tp (s
phi tr v s ho tr khng trng nhau). Trong ba du hiu ny tc ginhn mnh

sphi tr, ngha l sphn bhnh hc cc nguyn t hoc cc nhm nguyn t quanh
nguyn t ca mt nguyn t khc.
Do c mt s phi tr trong phn t nn hin nay ngi ta cn gi phc cht l

hp cht phi tr. Tuy nhin, khi nim phc cht rng hn khi nim hp cht
phi tr. Phc cht cn bao gm c nhng hp cht phn t trong khng th ch r
c tm phi tr v c nhng hp cht xm nhp.
Khi to thnh phc cht cc hp cht n gin khng th kt hp vi nhau mt
cch tu tin m phi tun theo nhng quy lut nht nh. Cc quy lut dng lm c s
cho vic iu ch phc cht, cng nh cc quy lut iu khin qu trnh hnh thnh
chng s c nghin cu trong mn ho hc phc cht.
1.2. Cch vit cng thc
Phn phc cht trong du [ ] c gi l phn cu ni.
Phn trung ha in tch phc ngoi du [ ] c gi l cu ngoi.
V d: [Ag(NH3)2]+Cl; [Cu(NH3)4]2+SO42
1.3. Phn loi
a. Da vo nhn ca ion trung tm
Phc n nhn l nhng phc cht ch c 1 ion trung tm (ion trung tm l ion
n nguyn t).
V d: [Ag(NH3)2]+; [Cu(NH3)4]2+; [FeF6]3
Phc a nhn l nhng phc cht c nhiu ion trung tm cng loi.
V d: [Hg2Cl4]2; [Fe2(OH)4]2+; [Cu3(OH)4]2+
b. Da vo phi t
Phc n phi l nhng phc cht ch c 1 loi phi t.
V d: [Co(NH3)6]3+; [Ag(S2O3)3]5; [FeF6]3
Phc d phi l nhng phc cht c nhiu loi phi t khc nhau.
+ Phc n nhn d phi:
V d: [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]; [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3]
+ Phc a nhn d phi:
V d: [Cr(OH)Cr(NH3)5]5+; [CoNH2Co(NH3)5]5+
c. Da vo in tch ca ion phc
Phc cation
V d: [Co(NH3)6]3+; [Fe2(OH)4]2+
Phc anion
V d: [Ag(S2O3)3]5; [FeF6]3
Phc trung ha
V d: [Pt(NH3)2Cl2], [Co(NH3)3Cl3], [Fe(CO)5]. Cc phc cht trung ho khng c
cu ngoi.
d. Da vo cu trc
Phc n cng l nhng phc cht m phi t ch lin kt vi ion trung tm
thng qua mt nguyn t.
V d: [Cu(NH3)4]2+; [FeF6]3
Phc a cng l nhng phc cht m phi t c th lin kt vi ion trung tm
thng qua nhiu nguyn t. Nhng phc a cng m phi t to vi ion trung tm mt
hoc nhiu vng kn c gi l phc cng cua.
V d: Phc ca ion Pb2+ vi diethyldithiocarbamate

Phc ca ion kim loivi EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
e. Da vo thnh phn ca phc

Phc cht to bi ion trung tm l cation kim loi v phi t l phn t cc cht
v c. Phc loi ny thng gp l phc hirat (phi t l cc phn t H 2O) v phc
amonicat (phi t l cc phn t NH3).
V d: [Cu(NH3)4]2+; [Al(H2O)6]3+
Phc cht to bi ion trung tm l cation kim loi v phi t l anion v c.
V d: [FeF6]3; [Ag(S2O3)3]5
Phc cht to bi ion trung tm l cation kim loi v phi t l anion hoc phn
t hp cht hu c
V d: [Fe(C2O4)3]3
1.4. Cch gi tn phc cht
Theo danh php IUPAC tn gi chnh thc cc phc cht nh sau:
a) u tin gi tn cation, sau n tn anion.
b) Tn gi ca tt c cc phi t l anion u tn cng bng ch o (cloro,
bromo, sunfato, oxalato...), tr phi t l cc gc (metyl, phenyl,). Tn gi
cc phi t trung ho khng c ui g c trng. Phi t amoniac c gi l
ammin (hai ch m, phn bit vi amin hu c ch vit mt ch m), phi t nc
c gi l aqu.
c) S cc nhm phi tr cng loi c ch r bng cc tip u ch Hy Lp:
mono, i, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, v.v... Nu trong danh php phi t c cc tin t
th s dng cc tin t bis, tris,tetrakis, pentakis (thng p dng cho cc
phn t hu c phc tp ch yu l cc phi t a cng). Chmono thngc
b.
d) gi tn ion phc, u tin gi tn cc phi t l anion, sau n cc phi
t trung ho, sau na l cc phi t cation, cui cng l tn gi ca ion trung tm.
Cng thc ca ion phc c vit theo trnh t ngc li. Ion phc c t trong
hai du mc vung.
e) Trng hp nguyn t trung tm nm trong anion phc s c 1 s thay i v

tn:
Tn nguyn t trung tm i thnh
ch plomat
km zincat
st ferat
coban cobantat
vng aurat/aumat
bc argentat
thy ngn mercurat
thic stanat
niken nikentat
ng cuprat
telu teluat
Ha tr ca ion trung tm c k hiu bng ch s La M trong du ngoc

n sau tn ion trung tm (nu gi tn cation phc hay phc cht khng in ly) hoc
sau ui at (nu hp cht cha anion phc). Nu nguyn t trung tm ho tr khng
th ha tr c biu th bng s 0.
Nu mt nhm lin kt vi hai nguyn t kim loi (nhm cu), th gi tn n
sau tn tt c cc phi t, trc tn gi n ch ; nhm cu OH c gi l nhm
ol hoc hiroxo.
2. BIU DIN CN BNG TO PHC TRONG DUNG DCH
2.1. Hng s to thnh tng nc (hng s bn tng nc)
Do phn t nc c cc i in t khng lin kt nn c th l phi t. Do ,
cc ion kim loi c kh nng to phc trong dung dch nc s kt hp vi nc
to cc phc aqua.
Xt mt ion kim loi M n+, trong nc n s tn ti di dng [M(H 2O)p]n+. Nu
thm vo dung dch phi t L to c phc vi M n+, th trong dung dch s xy ra
cn bng:
[M(H2O)p]n+ + L [ML(H2O)p1] + H2O

Nh vy, cn bng to phc trong dung dch nc l s thay th phi t H 2O
bng phi t L
Ta c hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
( 2 ) p-1 2

ML H O [H O]
Kcb =
M ( H 2O ) p
n+
[L]

Suy ra:
( 2 ) p-1
K ML H O
k= = = const
[H 2 O] M ( H 2O ) p
n+
[L]

k c gi l hng s to thnh hoc hng s bn ca phc.
Cc phn t H2O trong [M(H2O)p] v [ML(H2O)p1] thc t khng nh hng
n tnh cht ca ML v M n+ nn cn bng trn c vit li:
M + L
ML

Trong trng hp tng qut s to phc gia ion kim loi M n+ vi phi t Lm
c biu din theo s sau ( n gin tm thi khng ghi in tch ion):
M + L
ML
k1
ML + L
ML2
k2
... ... ...
MLn1 + L
MLn
kn
k1, k2 ..., kn l cc hng s to thnh tng nc hoc hng s bn tng nc ca cc
phc cht tng ng.
Nghch o ca hng s bn gi l hng s khng bn hoc hng s phn li ca
phc.
1
K=
k
Ngi ta cn dng i lng pk = lgk
Gi tr ca hng s bn v hng s khng bn ca phc cho bit mc bn
hoc khng bn ca phc cht . Hng s bn cng ln, phc cng bn. Ngc li,
hng s khng bn cng ln th phc cng t bn v phc phn ly cng nhiu.
V d:
Ion Ni2+ c s phi tr cc i l 6 nn trong dung dch c dng [Ni(H 2O)6]2+.
Khi cho to phc vi ion etylen diamin tetra acetat (Y4), trong dung dch c cn bng:
[Ni(H2O)6]2+ + Y4 [Ni(H2O)5Y]2 + H2O

Hay:
Ni2+ + Y4 NiY2

Hng s bn ca phc NiY2
[NiY 2- ]
k= = 1018,62 v K = 1018,62
[Ni 2+ ][Y 4- ]
2.2. Hng s to thnh tng hp (hng s bn tng hp)
C th biu din cn bng to phc qua hng s to thnh tng hp bng cch
t hp cc cn bng tng nc.
Gi s, Mn+ to c phc n bc p vi phi t L, trong dung dch c cc cn
bng ( n gin tm thi khng ghi in tch ion)
M + L
ML
k1
ML + L
ML2

k2
... ... ...
MLp1 + L
MLp

kp
M + pL
MLp

bp
[ML p ]
bp = c gi l hng s to thnh tng hp hay l hng s bn tng hp
[M n+ ][L]p
ca phc MLp
p
Vi bp =k1k2k3kp = k
i =1
i
[ML] =b1[M][L]; [ML2] = b2[M][L]2. ... [MLp] = bp[M][L]p

'
ng vi hng s bn tng cng, ta c hng s khng bn tng cng K p l
nghch o ca hng s bn tng cng bp.
T cc cn bng trn, ta thy rng nu trong dung dch c d phi t th s to
phc bc cao s chim u th v ngc li, nu thiu phi t th s to phc bc thp
s chim u th.
i vi phc nhiu nhn th hng s to thnh tng hp c thm ch s cho bit
s lng ion trung tm, ch s sau ch s phi t. V d:
2Fe3+ + 2H2O Fe2(OH)24+2(2)= 102,85

V d:
Phc [Zn(NH3)4]2+ c to thnh theo cc cn bng:

[ZnNH3] 2+, [Zn(NH 3 ) 2+ ]
2+
Zn + NH3
k1 = 2+
= 102,18
[Zn ][NH3 ]

[Zn(NH3)2] 2+, [Zn(NH3 ) 2 2+ ]
[ZnNH3] 2+
+ NH3
k2 = 2+
= 102,25
[Zn(NH3 ) ][NH 3 ]

[Zn(NH3)3] 2+ , k3 = [Zn(NH 3 )32 + ]
[Zn(NH3)2] 2+
+ NH3
2+
= 102,31
[Zn(NH 3 ) 2 ][NH 3 ]

[Zn(NH3)4] 2+ , k4= [Zn(NH 3 ) 4 2+ ]
[Zn(NH3)3] 2+
+ NH3
2+
= 101,96
[Zn(NH 3 )3 ][NH3 ]
Hng s bn tng cng ca phc [Zn(NH3)4] 2+ l 4= k1k2k3k4 =108,70
2.3. Hng s to thnh iu kin (hng s bn iu kin)
Hng s to thnh iu kin (hng s bn iu kin) l hng s cn bng ca
phn ng gia ion kim loi v phi t ch p dng iu kin xc nh v pH v
(hoc) nng cht to phc ph.
Xt trng hp khi xy ra s to phc chnh gia M v L ( n gin tm thi
khng ghi in tch ion):
M + nL
MLn bn
- Qu trnh to phc hiroxo ca M:
jMn+ + iH2O
Mj(OH)i + iH+
*bij
- Qu trnh proton ha ca L l a baz:
i -1 -1
L + iH +
H iL

K a ( m - j ) vi i = 1 m
j =0
- Qu trnh to phc ph ca M vi phi t X:
M + mX
MXm
bX
- Qu trnh to phc hiroxo ca phc MLn:

MOHLn
MLn + OH
bOH
- Qu trnh to phc proton ca phc MLn:
MLn + H+
HMLn bH
Khi biu thc hng s bn iu kin c dng:
[ML n ]'
b =
[M]'[L]'

y: [MLn]= [MLn] + [MOHLn] + [HMLn] ([MLn] l tng nng cc dng
phc gia M v L)
[MLn] = [MLn](1 + bOH.[OH] + bH.[H+])
-1
= [MLn]. a ML n
'
= [MLn]. a MLn
l k
[M] = [M] + j[M j (OH)i ] + [MXm] ([M] l tng nng cc dng tn ti ca M
i j
khng to phc vi L)
l k * j-1 -1 ' -1
[M] = [M] (1 + j ij.[M] .h + bx[X]m) = [M]. a M = [M]. a M
i j
m
[L] = [L] + [Hi L] ([L] l tng nng cc dng tn ti ca L khng to phc vi
i=1
M)
m i -1 -1
+ i
[L] = [L](1 + [H ] . K a ( m- j ) ) = [L]. a L' -1 = [L] a L
i=1 j =0
' 'M .( 'L ) n MLn

Suy ra: ML n = ML n . = MLn .
'MLn M . nL
Trong :
' [M]
Tha s a M = l phn s nng ca M, ch phn ca ion kim loi
[M]'
khng to phc vi L;
'
[ L] K a1K a2...K an
Tha s a L = = hn + K hn- 1 + ...+ K K ...K l phn s nng ca L,
[ L]
'
a1 a1 a2 an
ch phn ca phi t khng to phc vi ion kim loi;

' [MLn ]
Tha s ML n = l phn s nng ca MLn, ch phn MLn khng
[ML n ]'
tham gia cc qu trnh ph.
Nu bit pH, bit nng cht to phc ph X c th tnh c d dng aM, aL
v ML v t tnh b.
n
Vic tnh ton b trong cc thi ch yu ch k n nh hng ca pH v s

to phc ph
3. NH GI CN BNG TO PHC TRONG DUNG DCH
Mt vi nguyn tc chung tnh ton cn bng to phc
- Xt cc tng tc ha hc xc nh thnh phn gii hn (TPGH), nu c.
- M t y cc cn bng xy ra.
- Bin lun gii gn ng: nh gi mc ca cc qu trnh ph (to phc
hidroxo ca cc ion kim loi, qu trnh proton ha ca phi t thng l baz yu,
), hoc nu s to phc xy ra theo tng nc th c th so snh mc xy ra
gia cc nc.Nu khng th gii gn ng, khi cn t hp cc nh lut c s
ca Ha hc gii theo phng trnh tng qut.

3.1. Tnh nng cn bng ca cc phn t phc cht
Trng hp ion trung tm rt d so vi phi t (C M>> CL vi M l ion trung
tm, L l phi t): c th coi phi t tham gia to phc ht vi ion trung tm to
thnh phc c s phi tr thp nht, khi c th tnh theo LTDKL (nu cc qu
trnh ph khng ng k).
V d 1:
Tnh cn bng trong dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2 1,0 M v NaCl 1,0.103M.
-
Cho lgica phc gia Cu2+ v Cl ln lt l 2,80; 4,40; 4,89 v 5,62; lg* CuOH +
= 8,0.
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt: C Cu = 1,0 M >> C Cl = 0,001 M v k1 = 102,80> k2 = 101,60> k3 =
2+ -
100,49 k4 = 100,93nn trong h xy ra qu trnh to phc CuCl+ l chnh.

TPGH: Cu2+ 0,999M; CuCl+ 0,001M.
nh gi qu trnh to phc hiroxo
Cu2+ + H2O Cu(OH)+ + H+, * = 108

[CuOH+] = 9,995.105 M << [Cu2+] = 0,999 9,995.105 0,999M, ngha l
qu trnh to phc hiroxo ca Cu2+ l khng ng k.
Do phc CuCl+ l chnh nn trong h c cn bng ch yu:

CuCl+ Cu2+ + Cl -

Vi C ca CuCl+ v Cu2+ theo TPGH [Cl - ] = 1,58.106 M; [Cu2+] = 0,999 M
v [CuCl+] = 0,001 1,58.106 = 9,98.104 M
T gi tr ca Cu2+ v Cl - tnh c, ta c:
[CuCli] = i[Cu2+][Cl - ]i
[CuCl2] = 6,26.108 M; [CuCl3] = 3,06.1013 M; [CuCl4] = 2,60.1018 M
Nhn thy [CuCl2]; [CuCl3]; [CuCl4] << [CuCl+]. Nh vy cch gii trn vi s
chp nhn phc c c s phi tr thp nht l hon ton hp l.
V d 2:
Thm 1 git (0,03ml) dung dch NH 4SCN 0,01 M vo 12 ml dung dch FeCl 3 0,1 M.
C mu ca phc xut hin hay khng ? Bit rng mt ta ch thy mu r khi
nng ca phc FeSCN2+ vt qu 7.106 M
Hng dn gii
NH4SCN NH4+ + SCN
0,01.0,03
C SCN - = C NH 4SCN = = 2,9.104 (M)
1,03
0,01.1
C Fe3+ = C FeCl3 = = 0,097 (M)
1,03
Ta thy C Fe3+ >> C SCN - , do c th coi s to phc ch xy ra nc 1
Fe3+ + SCN FeSCN2+ b = 103,03
C 9,7.102 2,9.104 0
[] (9,7.102 2,9.104 + y) y 2,9.104 y
[FeSCN 2 + ] 2,9.10 -4 - y
b= = 10 3,03
= 103,03
3+
[Fe ][SCN ] - ( 0,0967 + y ). y
Gi s y << 2,9.104 y = 2,9.104/103,03.0,0967
= 2,8.106 (M) = 105,55 (M) << 2,9.104 (M)
[FeSCN2+] = 2,9.104 (M) >> 7.106 (M) Vy ta c th nhn thy r rng mu ca
phc cht
Ngc li nu phi t rt d so vi ion trung tm (C L>> CM) v cc gi tr hng

s bn tng hp chnh lch nhau nhiu: n>>n1>> >>1, khi c th chp nhn
phc to thnh c s phi tr cc i v tnh theo LTDKL (b qua cc qu trnh ph)
V d 3:
Tnh nng cn bng ca cc cht trong dung dch gm CAg = 103M v C NH +
3
= 1M khi c s to phc n bc 2 gia Ag + v NH3. Hng s bn tng nc ca cc

phc ln lt l k1 = 103,32; k2 = 103,92.
Hng dn gii
Qu trnh to phc :
Ag+ + NH3 AgNH3+ , k1 = 103,32 (1)

Ag(NH3)2+ , k2 = 103,92
AgNH3+ + NH3
(2)
y k1 k2, C NH >> CAg nn c th gi thit l phc Ag(NH3)2+ s chim u
3
+
th. T hp (1) v (2) ta c:

Ag+ + 2NH3 Ag(NH3)2+
2=k1 k2=107,24 (3)
C 103 1,0
[] _ 1,0 2.103 103
Khi cn bng :
Ag(NH3)2+
AgNH3+ + NH3
k2-1 = 103,92
C 103 0,998
3
[] 10 x x 0,998 + x
(0,998 + x) x
k2-1 = -3
= 10-3,92 x = 1,002.106,92 = 1,2.107
10 - x
Nh vy [AgNH3+] << [Ag(NH3)2+]
tnh nng Ag+ ta da vo cn bng (1)
AgNH3+
Ag+ + NH3 , k1-1 = 103,32
C 1,2.107 0,998
7
[] 1,2.10 y y 0,998 + y
(0,998 + y ) y
k1-1 = -7
= 10-3,32 y = 1,2.1010,32 = 5,7.1011
1, 2.10 - y
Nng Ag+ cn li l rt b, gi thit v s to phc hon ton theo (3) l c
c s.
Vy: [Ag(NH3)2+] = 103 M; [AgNH3+] = 1,2.107 M; [Ag+] = 5,7.1011 M
3.2. Tnh cn bng theo hng s bn iu kin
Trng hp phn ng to phc c thc hin trong nhng iu kin xc nh
(v d pH = const, nng cht to phc ph c nh, lc ion hng nh, v.v), khi
chng ta ch quan tm n mc xy ra phn ng to phc chnh gia ion kim
loi v phi t, vic tnh cn bng s c tnh theo hng s bn iu kin (hay
hng s to thnh iu kin).

V d 4:
2
4
Trn 10,00 mL MgY 0,021M vi 20,00 mL NiSO 0,0105M pH = 9,00.
2+ 2 8,69 2
MgY
Tnh [Ni ]. Bit phc MgY c hng s bn = 10 v phc NiY c hng s
18,62 2+ 2+
NiY
bn = 10 . Phc hiroxo ca Mg c lg* = 12,8; phc hiroxo ca Ni c
4 1 2 3 1
lg* = 8,94. H Y c pk = 2,00; pk = 2,67; pk = 6,16; pk = 10,26.
Hng dn gii
0, 021.10
C MgY2- = = 0, 007M
30
0, 0105.20
C NiY2- = = 0, 007M
30
Phn ng:

Ni 2+ + MgY 2- 2+
Mg + NiY
2-
K =1018,62-8,69 = 109,93
C 0,007 0,007
[] 0,007 0,007
2+ 2
TPGH: Mg 0,007M v NiY 0,007M
pH = 9,00 c th b qua s phn li ca nc v qu trnh to phc hiroxo ca

2+
Mg (do * << h), nh vy trong h ch c mt cn bng duy nht:

NiY 2- 2+ 4-
(Ni ) ' + (Y )' (b ') -1
Trong
b
b =
a Y (H ) .a Ni(OH)
a Ni(OH) = 1 + *b .K -w1.[OH - ] = 1 + 10-8,94.1014.109-14 = 100,33
[H + ] 10-9
a Y(H) = 1 + = 1 + -10,26 = 101,28
k4 10
1018,62
b = = 1017,01
101,28.100,33
Xt cn bng:

NiY 2- 2+ 4-
(Ni ) ' + (Y )' (b ') -1 = 10-17,01
ban u 0,007

[] 0,007 x x x
2+ 10
[Ni ] = x = 2,65.10 M
2+ 2+ 10 0,33 9,9
Ni(OH)
[Ni ] = [Ni ]/ = 2,65.10 /10 = 10 M
V d 5:
C th dng ion oxalat C2O42 che Fe3+ trong phn ng to phc gia Co2+ v SCN
c khng? Gi thit nng u ca cc ion tng ng l C Co = 0,1M; C Fe = 2+ 2+
0,1M; C SCN = 0,3M v C C O = 0,2M. Hng s bn ca cc phc l CoC O = 5.104;

-
2
2-
4 2 4
3 3,03 9
CoSCN + = 10 ; FeSCN = 10
; FeC O = 2,5.10 .
2+
2
+
4
Hng dn gii
Do ch cn nh gi kh nng s dng C 2O42 lm cht che m khng cn tnh
nng cc cu t trong dung dch nn ta ch cn tnh gn ng. Vy ta xem:
- Ch c s to phc bc nht (v nng ca SCN v C2O42 khng ln hn
nhiu so vi nng ca Fe3+ v Co2+)
- Phn ng xy ra pH xc nh v khng c s to phc hiroxo ca Fe 3+ v
Co2+.
Tnh i vi tng ion ring l:
i vi Fe3+
Fe(SCN)2+ + C2O42 +
Fe(C2O4) + SCN

K1 = FeC O / FeSCN = 2,5.109/103,03 = 106,37 2

+
4
2+
phc st (III) thioxyanat b ph hy gn nh hon ton khi c s hin din ca

ion C2O42.
i vi Co2+
Co(SCN)+ + C2O42 Co(C2O4) + SCN

K1 = CoC O / CoSCN = 5.104/103 = 101,70 2 4

+
cn tnh ca phc Co(SCN)+ khi c s to phc ph vi ion C2O42.

Ta c: Co = 1 + CoC O [C2O42] 1 + 5.104.0,1 5.103.
2 4
b 103
= a = = 0,2
Co(C O ) 5.103
2 4
[Co(SCN) + ] [Co(SCN) + ]
0,2 = =
[Co 2+ ]'[SCN - ]' (0,1 - [Co(SCN) + ])(0,3 - [Co(SCN) + ]
[Co(SCN)+] 6.103 M
[Co(SCN) + ] 6.10-3
= = 6% hay khi c mt C2O42, lng phc cobalt (II)
CoCo2+ 0,1
thioxyanat Co(SCN)+ hin din trong dung dch ch cn li 6%, 94% b phn hy v
chuyn thnh phc oxalat. Nh vy, ta khng th dng C2O42 lm cht che Fe3+ trong
phn ng trn m phi chn mt cht che ph hp no khc.
3.3. nh hng ca pH n s to phc
Mc to phc ph thuc vo pH b chi phi bi hai yu t ngc chiu nhau:
Khi pH tng:

Mc to phc hidroxo ca ion kim loi tng nng ion kim loi gim
kh nng to phc gim.
Qu trnh proton ha phi t gim nng phi t tng kh nng to
phc tng.
Khi pH gim:
Mc to phc hidroxo ca ion kim loi gim nng ion kim loi tng
kh nng to phc tng.
Qu trnh proton ha phi t tng nng phi t gim kh nng to
phc gim.
V d 6:
Chng minh rng cc ion phc [Ag(NH3)2]+ v [Zn(NH3)4]2+ b ph hu hon ton
trong mi trng axit. Bit hng s bn tng cng (tng hp) ca [Ag(NH3)2]+ bng107
v [Zn(NH3)4]2+ bng109;
NH4 H+ + NH3 Ka = 5,70 10-10
Hng dn gii
y l dng bi ton t hp cn bng n thun nn vi kin thc c bn ny, HS
d dng tnh c HSCB ca phn ng t hp. T s xc nh c chiu phn ng
cn c vo gi tr HSCB
[Ag(NH3)2]+
+
Ag + 2NH3 K1 = 1 = 107
2 x NH3 + H+ NH4
+
K2 = Ka1 = (5,7.1010)1
Ag(NH3)2+ + 2H+

+
Ag + 2NH4

+
K = K1.K22 = 3,1.1011
Do K ca phn ng ln nn phn ng xy ra hon ton theo chiu thun, ngha l
phc b phn hy hon ton trong mi trng axit
Tng t i vi phn ng ha tan phc Zn(NH 3)42+, HS d dng tnh c HSCB ca
phn ng:
Zn(NH3)42+ + 4H+

2+ +
Zn + 4NH4 K= 9,5.10

27
V d 7:
Tnh nng cn bng ca cc cu t trong dung dch ban u cha Mg 2+ 102 M v
EDTA 2.102 M trong cc mi trng c pH l: 3; 7; 11
Bit:
b MgY = 108,7; b MgOH = 102,58 v H4Y c pK1 = 2,0; pK2 = 2,67; pK3 = 6,27; pK4 = 10,95
2- +
Hng dn gii
Cn bng to phc: Mg + Y MgY2
2+ 4
Ngoi phn ng to phc, trong dung dch cn xy ra cc phn ng ph sau:

* Phn ng gia ion Mg2+ vi ion OH
Mg2+ + OH MgOH+ bMgOH+ = 102,58
* Phn ng gia ion Y4 vi ion H+
Y4 + H+ HY3 K41 = 1010,95
HY3 + H+ H2Y2 K31 = 106,27
H2Y2 + H+ H3Y3 K21 = 102,67
H3Y3 + H+ H4Y K11 = 102
* Phn ng phn li ca nc:
H2O H+ + OH Kw = 1014
b qua cn bng ca nc

Gi [Mg2+]' l nng ca tt c cc dng tn ti ca ion Mg 2+ khng nm
trong phc cht
Khi : [Mg2+]'= [Mg2+] + [MgOH+] = [Mg2+] + bMgOH+.[Mg2+].[OH]
= [Mg2+] ( 1+ bMgOH+.[OH])
= [Mg2+]. aMg1
Gi [Y ]' l nng ca tt c cc dng tn ti ca ion Y 4 khng nm trong phc
4
cht
Khi : [Y4]' = [Y4] + [HY3] + [H2Y2] + [H3Y] + [H4Y]
= [Y4] + K41.[Y4].[H+] + K41.K31.[Y4].[H+]2 +
K41.K31.K21.[Y4].[H+]3 + K41.K31.K21. K11.[Y4].[H+]4
= [Y4](1 + K41.[H+] + K41.K31.[H+]2 + K41.K31.K21.[H+]3 +
K41.K31.K21. K11.[H+]4 )
= [Y4]. aY1
Gi b' l hng s cn bng iu kin th:
b' = [MgY2]/([Mg2+]'.[Y4]') =[MgY2]/([Mg2+].[Y4].aMg1.aY1 ) = b.aMg.aY
Theo nh lut tc dng khi lng
Nng ca Mg2+ c bo ton: [Mg2+]' + [MgY2] = 102 (M)
[MgY2] = 102 [Mg2+]'
Nng ca Y4 c bo ton: [Y4]' + [MgY2] = 2.102 (M)
[Y4]' = 2.102 [MgY2] = 2.102 102 +[Mg2+] = 102 + [Mg2+]
Vy b' = [MgY2]/ ([Mg2+]'.[Y4]' ) = b. aMg. aY
a) Trong trng hp pH = 5 [H+] = 105M, [OH] = 109M
aMg 1; aY = 107,24 v b ' = 108,7.107,24 = 101,46
[Mg2+]' = 6,74.103 M = 102,17M = [Mg2+]
[MgY2] = 102,49M v [Y4]'= 101,776M
[Y4] = 101,776. 107,24 = 109,016 (M)
[HY3] = 1010,95.10 9,016.105 = 103,066 (M); [H2Y2] = 101,796 (M); [H3Y] = 104,036
(M); [H4Y] = 107,126 (M)
b) Trng hp pH = 7
aMg = 1; aY = 104,024
b ' = 108,7 . 104,024 = 104,676
Coi [Mg2+]' << 102 [Mg2+]' = 1/b = 104,676 M << 102 M tho mn
[Mg2+] = [Mg2+]' = 104,676 M
[MgY2] = 102M
[Y4]'= 102M
[Y4] = 102. 104,024 = 106,024 (M)
[HY3] = 1010,95.10 6,024.107 = 102,074 (M); [H2Y2] = 102,804 (M)
[H3Y] = 107,134 (M); [H4Y] = 1012,134 (M)
c) Trng hp pH = 11
aMg = 0,7245; aY = 0,529
b ' = 108,7 . 0,7245.0,529 = 108,28
Coi [Mg2+]' << 102 [Mg2+]' = 1/b = 108,28 M << 102 M tho mn
[Mg2+] = [Mg2+]' . 0,7245 = 108,42 M
[MgY2] = 102M
[Y4]'= 102M
[Y4] = 102. 0,529 = 102,276 (M)

[HY3] = 102,326 (M); [H2Y2] = 107,056 (M); [H3Y] = 1015,4 (M); [H4Y] = 1024,4
(M)
3.4. nh hng ca s to phc n cc qu trnh khc
3.4.1. nh hng n cn bng oxi ha kh
S to phc vi cc dng oxi ha kh lm thay i hot ca chng l nguyn
nhn chnh lm thay i th oxi ha kh. Thng thng s to phc vi mt phi t
xy ra khc nhau i vi cc dng oxi ha v dng kh.
V d 8:
a/ Th kh chun ca cp Cu2+ /Cu = 0,34V. Nhng mt si dy Cu vo dung dch
CuSO4 0,01M. Tnh th in cc ca Cu2+ /Cu trong iu kin trn
b/ Ha tan 0,1 mol amoniac vo 100 ml dung dch trn (th tch thay i khng ng
k) ; chp nhn ch xy ra cn bng:
Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+
Th in cc o c gim i 0,361V. Xc nh hng s bn ca phc [Cu(NH 3)4]2+.
Hng dn gii
a/ p dng phng trnh Nerst ta c :
E(Cu2+/Cu) = 0,34 0,059/2 . lg0,01 = 0,281V
b/ Ta thy mol NH3 = 0,1 >> mol Cu2+ = 0,001 mol
Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+
Th in cc gim 0,361V E(Cu2+ /Cu) = 0,08 V
Theo phng trnh Nerst :
0,08 = 0,34 + 0,059/2. log[Cu2+]
[Cu2+] = 5,79 . 1015 ; [NH3] (0,1 45,79 . 1015)/0,1 1M
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ C(Cu2+) = 0,01M
Vy hng s bn ca phc bng : Kb = 0,01 / (5,79.1015) = 1,73.1012
V d 9:
Co2+ c tnh kh rt yu, rt kh oxi ha thnh Co 3+ trong mi trng axit, nhng khi
c mt NH3 d th Co2+ d dng b oxi ha bi H2O2. Gii thch ?
Cho E oCo /Co = 1,84V; E oH O /H O = 1,77 V;
3+ 2+
2 2 2
b Co(NH ) = 1035,16 ; b Co(NH ) = 104,39

3+ 2+
3 6 3 6
Hng dn gii
Trong mi trng axit, ion Co3+ l cht oxi ha rt mnh:
Co3+ + e Co2+ c E oCo /Co = 1,84V v vy trong dung dch nc Co 3+
3+ 2+
khng bn, oxi ha nc to thnh Co2+ v O2.

Khi c mt lng d NH 3, Co2+ v Co3+ u to phc amin, hnh thnh cp oxi
ha kh mi: Co(NH3)63+/ Co(NH3)62+. Do phc ca Co3+ bn hn, nn th ca cp
Co3+/Co2+ gim xung nhiu, tnh kh ca Co2+ tng ln v d b oxi ha thnh Co (III).
Th tiu chun ca cp Co(NH3)63+/ Co(NH3)62+ c tnh nh sau:
Co(NH3)63+ + e Co(NH3)62+
o [Co(NH 3 )63+ ]
E = E Co(NH ) 3+ 2+ + 0,059 lg
3 6 /Co(NH 3 ) 6
[Co(NH 3 )62+ ]
o III [Co3+ ]
E = ECo(NH ) 3+ 2+ + 0,059 lg
3 6 /Co(NH 3 )6
II [Co 2+ ]
o [Co3+ ]
Mt khc: E = E Co3+ /Co 2+ + 0,059 lg
[Co 2+ ]
b III
o
E Co(NH )
o
= ECo - 0,059 lg
b II
3+ 2+ 3+
3 6 /Co(NH3 )6 /Co 2+
E oCo(NH 3+
/Co(NH3 )62+ = 1,84 0,059 (35,16 4,39) = 0,018 V.
3 )6
E oCo(NH = 0,018 < E H O /H O = 1,77 V

3+
/Co(NH3 )62+
o
3 )6 2 2 2
Ngha l trong mi trng NH3 d H2O2 d dng oxi ha c Co(II) chuyn thnh
Co3+.
3.4.2. nh hng n cn bng to thnh hp cht t tan
Cc cht to phc c mt trong dung dch c th lm hn ch hoc ngn cn qu
trnh kt ta do s to phc vi ion kim loi. Tnh cht ny c ng dng quan trng
trong ha phn tch l dng che cc ion cn tr.
V d 10:
Kt ta Ag2CrO4 c tan c trong dung dch NH4NO3 khng?
Bit: pT (Ag2CrO4) = 11,8; pK (NH3) = 4,76; pK (HCrO4) = 6,5.
Hng s bn ca phc 1 [Ag(NH3)]+ = 2089,3.
Hng dn gii
Ag2CrO4 2Ag + CrO4

+ 2
T = 10
11,8
(1)
NH4+ + OH

NH3 + H2O
Kb = 10
4,76
(2)
+ 2 6,5
HCrO
4
H + CrO4 Ka2 = 10 (3)
+ + 3,32

Ag + NH3 Ag(NH3)
1 = 10 (4)
xt phn ng Ag2CrO4 + NH4+cn:
10-14
NH
+

4
NH + H 3
+
K a1 = -4,76
= 10-9,24
10
+ 2
H + CrO4 HCrO4

1
Ka2 = (10
6,5 1
) = 10
6,5
+ + 3,32
Ag + NH3
Ag(NH3)
1 = 10
+
Tng cng: Ag2CrO4 + NH4 Ag + Ag(NH3)+ + CrO42 K

+
1 11,8 9,24 6,5 3,32 11,2

K = T.Ka1.Ka2 .1 = (10 ).(10 ).(10 ).(10 ) = 10 .
Kt lun: K rt nh, s tan l rt kh khn.
V d 11:
So snh tan ca Ba3(PO3)2 trong nc vi tan ca n trong cc trng hp
sau khi k n nh hng ca pH:
1) Trong dung dch BaCl2 103M.
2) Trong hn hp NH3 0,08M, NH4Cl 0,12M v EDTA c nng c gi c
nh l 0,02M.
Bit tch s tan ca Ba 3(PO3)2 l 1038,22. Phc BaY2 c hng s bn l 107,78. H3PO4 c
pK1 = 2,12; pK2 = 7,21; pK3 = 12,38. NH3 c Kb = 104,76.
Hng dn gii
Trong nc (khng k nh hng ca pH):
10-38,22
1038,22 = (3S)3. (2S)2 S = 5 3 2 = 107,955
3 2
[H + ] [H + ]2 [H + ]3
pH = 7 vi = 1 + + + = 1 + 105,38 + 105,59 + 100,71 = 105,8
K3 K 3 K 2 K1 K 2 K 3
[PO43] = [PO43] v b qua s to phc hiroxo
2
2S
10 38,22
= (3S) . S = 105,635
3
a
Trong dung dch BaCl2 103M c pH = 7 v b qua s to phc hiroxo:
2
2S
10 38,22
= (10 ) . 1 S1 = 109,111
3 3
a
S1
= 103,476 tan gim.
S
Tnh pH ca dung dch hn hp NH3 0,08M v NH4Cl 0,12M
[NH +4 ]
pH = 14 (pKb + lg ) = 9,06
[NH3 ]
Trong dung dch c pH = 9,06:
[H + ] [H + ]2 [H + ]3
H = 1 + + + = 1 + 103,32 + 101,47 + 105,47 = 103,326
K3 K 3 K 2 K1 K 2 K 3
S to phc ca Ba2+ vi EDTA (s to phc hiroxo khng ng k khi pH = 9,06):
Ba(Y) = 1 + [Y4] = 106,08
3 2
3S2 2S2
1038,22 =

S2 = 10
2,977
a a
Ba(Y) Y(H)
S
2 = 102,658 tan tng ng k.
S

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Hong Minh Chu, T Vn Mc, T Vng Nghi. C s ho hc phn tch. Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni 2007.
[2] H Vit Qu. C s ha hc phn tch hin i Tp 3: Cc phng php
phn tch ha hc. Nh xut bn i hc S Phm, 2006.
phn tch l ha. Nh xut bn i hc S Phm, 2006.
phn chia, lm giu v ng dng phn tch. Nh xut bn i hc S Phm, 2006.
[5] Bi Long Bin. Ha hc phn tch nh lng. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut, H Ni 2001.
[6] Nguyn Bch Tuyt, L Xun Mai. Gio trnhth nghim ho phn tch. Trng
i hc Bch Khoa TP. H Ch Minh, 2005.
[7] G. Saclo. Cc phng php ho phn tch Tp I. Nh xut bn i hc v
trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni 1978.
[8] G. Saclo. Cc phng php ho phn tch Tp II. Nh xut bn i hc v
trung hc chuyn nghip, H Ni 1978.
[9] NguynTinh Dung-o Th Phng Dip. Ha hc phn tch (Cu hi v bi
tp cn bng ion trong dung dch. Nh xut bn i hc S Phm, 2007.
[10] NguynTinh Dung-o Th Phng Dip. Ha hc phn tch -Cn bng ion
trong dung dch . Nh xut bn i hc S Phm, 2008.
[11] B Gio dc v o to. thi hc sinh gii quc gia mn Ha cc nm.

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H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH

Trong cc nh ngha v axitbaz, th nh ngha ca Bronxtet c p dng rng ri

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B + H2O BH+ + OH-

T ta thy rng nu Ka cng ln th Kb ca baz lin hp cng b v ngc

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H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4 Ka1 = 102,12

CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O+

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH

CH3COOH + NH3 CH3COO + NH4+

Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH Phn li theo kiu baz.

IV. TCH S ION CA NC pH CHT CH TH MU

H2O + H2O OH + H3O+

K H O c gi l tch s ion ca nc. N l 1 hng s, ch ph thuc vo nhit

, khng ph thuc vo nng ca cc ion H + v OH trong dung dch nc. Ngoi

25oC, Kw = [H3O+].[OH] = [H+].[OH] = 1014

Vy nu dng pH biu th c tnh ca mi trng th 25oC:

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Bng 1. Mt s cht ch th axit baz quan trng

Tn thng dng Khong i mu pKa Mu ca dng axit baz

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VI. TNH TON CN BNG TRONG DUNG DCH AXIT BAZ

Tng qut: xt cc cn bng xy ra trong mt dung dch axitbaz gm mt axit

Mt cch gn ng, nu xem [HA] = CA, [HX] = CX, ta c:

V d: pH ca dung dch HCl 0,02 M l pH = lg[0,02] = 1,7.

Nu KbCb Kw: khng b qua s in ly ca nc. Khi dng iu kin proton

e) Hn hp cc n axit yu: (*)

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V d: Tnh pH ca dung dch gm CH3COOH 0,01M (C1) v CH3CH2COOH

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Phn ly ca triaxit. Proton ha ca tri baz

Kt qu tnh cho pH = 11,66, [HCO3]= 4,62.103.

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x 6,69.105 [H+] = 6,69.105M pH = 4,17

b) NaOCl Na+ + OCl

OCl + H2O HOCl + OH

c) NaOH + HOCl NaOCl + H 2O

NaOCl Na+ + OCl

[OH] = 1,87.104M pOH = 3,73 pH = 14 3,73 = 10,27

d) NaOH + HOCl NaOCl + H 2O

HOCl H+ + OCl Ka = 3,2.108

Cn bng (M) 107.49 107.49 + 107.49

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nNaOH = 4,97.103 mol

e) Cl2 + H2O HOCl + Cl + H+

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V pH = 1,5 mi trng c tnh axit mnh nn HCl phi d so vi Na3PO4

V Ka2 >> Kb3> Ka3> Kw nn coi s phn ly ch xy ra cn bng th 2

b) V pH = 7,26 mi trng trung ho nn HCl va to ra mui Na2HPO4

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NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O (1)

Na3PO4 + HCl Na2HPO4 + NaCl (2)

V Kb2 >> Kb3> Ka3> Kw nn nng ph thuc vo cn bng th 2.

a) V pH = 4 mi trng c tnh axit m Na2CO3 c tnh baz mnh nn phi c HCl

Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

V Ka2 >> Kb3> Ka3> Kw nn nng ph thuc vo cn bng

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