Kurdistan Region Govern

INTRODUCTION

This equipment was devised by Professor E. Mark land, former Head of

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cardiff, for an
introductory course in Air Flow. A key challenge to determining and
monitoring turbocharger performance in the field is the accurate
measurement of pressure, temperature, and flow through the compressor
and turbine sections of the turbocharger. Of these, air flow measurement
may be the most elusive simply because there is typically no
permanently installed flow meter. Pressure and temperature can be more

readily measured but, of course, accurate measurements are extremely

dependent upon the installation of probes in the correct locations and
this also can be difficult.
1
Objective: The aim of the experiment is to measure the air flow velocity
from distribution of total pressure (p1) and static pressure (p2) along the
duct and to compare these with the prediction of Bernoullis equation.
Also, the velocity distribution along the convergent divergent duct must
be determined.

Procedure:
1-We turn on the device to measure a value of (X)
2- a. Make sure that the fan and the duct sections are assembled
together without gaps or leaks. The orifice plate should be installed
with the sharp edge facing UPSTREAM and the chamfered edge facing
DOWNSTREAM. Record the orifice parameters from the tag on the
plate. The flow straightener should be installed at the fan end of the
duct. Be sure that all access ports other than the one to be used at
the moment are sealed. Make sure that the duct is fully opened by
removing the plate at the end of the duct.

b. Measure the inside diameter of the duct -average several angles.

3-Record the temperature, barometric pressure and relative humidity

from the weather station in the laboratory. These data will be used to
determine the air densities for the orifice flow calculation and the
Pitot-static probe velocity calculations.

4-Also record the high of static pressure(h1) and total

pressure(h2).and then you can calculation the velocity and static
pressure and total pressure and volume rate and Mach number.

2
Calculation:
Readings:
Find the high of total pressure and static pressure from
piezometric
Distance (X mm) h total pressure (mm) h Static pressure (mm)

40mm 172mm 80mm

100mm 172mm 12mm

160mm 172mm 44mm

280mm 74mm 84mm

Table (1)
Find total pressure
172100
= = 1000 9.81
1000
= 706.32

Static pressure

= = . = .

= . = .


= . = .


= . = .

3

Air=

95000
Air= 287.2( = 1.1 3
23 +273)

()
V=

10009.81(73(39))
V=
10001.1

V=44.7 m/s

Then we find a value of B by use this rule below

1- Equation of convert part:
X=40mm

B= 76 -(76-44) *
2
40
B= 76 -(76-44) *
70

B=57.71 mm

4
2- Equation of throat part:
X=100mm
B= 44 mm

3- Equation of divergent part:

(A) X=160mm
304
B= 76 -(76-44) *
2
304160
B= 76 -(76-44) *
190

B=51.74 mm

(B) X=250
304
B= 76 B -(76-44) *
2
304250
B= 76 -(76-44) *
190

B=66.9 mm

Q=Qth
A. V=Ath.Vth
(B.d).V=(B.d).Vth

5

+ + = + +

(21)
V=

(2 1)

=
(2 1)

(2 1)
=
(2 1)

6
Readings and Results table

Table (2)
Length(B)/mm P0 P total P static
X (2 1)

mm Pressure Pressure (2 1)
(pa)
(pa)

40 57.71 mm 101.325 706.32pa -196.2 0.76 0.76

Kpa pa

100 44mm 101.325 706.32pa -863.28 1

Kpa pa ***********
160 51.74mm 101.325 706.32pa -549.36 0.85 0.87
Kpa pa

250 66.9mm 101.325 706.32pa -156.96 0.65 0.75

kpa pa

Figer(2)

7
Discussion:
1- is the stagnation pressure constant along the duct
length?
A/ yes because the stagnation pressure not depend
on dimeter
2- is discharge is constant at every duct section?
A/ yes because when velocity increased the area
decreased then the disgorge remain constant
3- if you compere (v, Vs, x) & (p, Vs, x) what you
see? discuss these figures in details
A/ when a distance(X) increased static pressure
also increased and velocity decreased because
pressure and velocity have a relation invers
4- what the benefit of this experiment?
In this experiment when can find velocity by using
Pitot static tube for example velocity of air plan
5- is the flow velocity gradient is the same at each
Cross-section area?
A/no. because when area change the velocity also
change
8
 6- what is the relationship between static pressure
and total presser in this experiment?
There are two ways to measure pressure in fluid
flow: Static Pressure, P, and Total (Stagnation) Pressure, Pt.
Static pressure is the pressure indicated by a measuring
device moving with the flow or by a device that introduces no velocity
change to the flow.
The usual method for measuring static pressure in a flow along a wall is
to drill a small hole normal to the surface of the wall and connect the
opening to a manometer or pressure gage. In the region of the flow away
from the wall, static pressure can be measured by introducing a probe,
which in effect creates a wall.
Total pressure is the pressure measured by bringing the flow to rest is
entropically (without loss).
A device for measuring total pressure is the Pitot tube, an open-ended
tube facing directly into the flow.
Dynamic pressure = * Density*Velocity^2
Dynamic pressure can also be defined as the difference between
the Total pressure and Static pressure.
Ptotal = Pstatic + Pdynamic