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q Aj jnB`n
7 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /SzBw Aw NBa k
19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / j yAo k
25 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / NBa M B
29 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (pnoU RoMAn) NBa oM T{AjjB
33 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ?AkC B\3 pA B ~6
49 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BpBwBT j ~6
61 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kpz B_QnB w ~6
99 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r {BnBa ~6
131 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aiji {B RBLY :]BU \Q ~6
165 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r Tva z{ ~6
197 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jABi GU TH ~6
219 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bv joL Tz ~6
245 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (jB o) u] j M ] ~6
283 / / / / / / / / / / /{ nAw STzQ ,AnBi An TzQ U j ~6
319 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kk] pBwBT : jpB ~6
337 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kA ] Ji BjC jpAj ~6
365 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / r w oTv jqw ~6
433 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BS{Q
53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k{ pnM wBzMBT3
513 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / 1977 Ar <nUBTPwA> nj nAAk oTQ k
548 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B
SzBw Aw NBa k
M TU jM A A hw % BLoU nC jB M An A RB
jM oTA B] o A kwoQ xji pA ,jo o2 { nj T
B\C ,S!i opBM ,xAjBA=2 JBT nj qUA oTQ ?jo nBa
KoT BM 6d B pA k v\ An n nBM Sv{ kAi
a pA ,j{ TwB yTow pA jnm oUBM Sv{
k nBT2n n* n dB{ C kwn o/ M /k jB%TwA AnBABvA
RB\ M An C qUA /kBwoM UAke M An k~ 6 M kwn Bp
=o> Be nj o B{ RB\ k~U k LzU Bnj eBw nB nj o>
nj A Sow Aop , ?joM }h{ C o* M SwAn kBM BC /jnAj An k{
zi nj An An Bp SwA A oUUB SwB{ pA oTzM kj
M kwoM eBw nj A MB B] M BU jkM kBM BC /k oTzM jkM kAU
?k oT An jo B{ Bp KUoU A
C M (k{BM To2 o A ) LwBd /Sv nB oTM ,SwA oTM nB A
BU k B{ kM j{ JC jnA AAp a BM /kj Bz mo> RB\
:jo \T qUA /j{ Be ST oUJ6
oU3 AoT Wd B pA 3 SwA n BnBT6n kB Swnj A
A ?SwA Ak3 An oUBU3 kAj B\3 pA yQBzQ n BA /jnm
?jnAj yAoM TA a
U Tb /k3 MyQ An qa a Bq oG A
pA 3 An TH ,xAkp M kA k{ 3 BM ,3 j{ AUB nkbC km
C pA oj B`M 3 k{BM TH k~ pA oT3 joM kA RBBA
KUoU A M /j{ AomQ An o pBT{A SBT BM kBM A ,koM RBBA
/k3 yBr K~ oTzM jw
25 oLT A ,jn(v C
Aiji r 16
j SwAo nBT zQ
w pA JBT A A BQ ,k{ ozT Aiji r oiA Bw ka A nj
TU /jnAj j] BQ UBU oiA oA A nj /SwA k{ T2omQ nBvM
jBTA jn MA B JBT A M jL a ,k{ ozT JBT A
K\U poA B n* ,j{ UA LU jn [nkU M uPw jo nAoU
AkTMA pA /SwA A u B /jM a AoM B\] nB] C
o/ M qAWdM JBT jM SLX m2A C jn nj Bo/nBoA
K>A Be k{ o qAoM k] JBT A M Bw ka pA kM /kwn
Aoo*Ao2A M oTzM BBw * BA /kAj *Ao2A kU oYA An C
o/ M jq nBM M oTzM *Ao2A oT C ATd ,k{ o
/SwA kwn
jAj bo{ oj BMp M SwA nAj o/ Aiji r o/
B2M An nBpBw jq A ,jM RBe kU nj nAj o A /SwA k{
UA nj o/ A /kkvQ An C , B M Swj jAj }hzU
C B] M /j{ BM kk] { M SwA nAj nBM 6 kBQ
RB%T xo /k B SL* M r kj pA ,k qoU kp j] oM
pA jB%TwA BM 1 T1BxoTv in A Ad% nj /SwA B o/ ,SwA
/AjAj cTU An dT (Necker Cobe) o K
C pA B n~U BA ,o] BM m>B n SwA kM j bo* A
C S] kM k{ oi C M BY ka o A /SwA kM w B%{ K
A SBe M nBMj ,k{ oi C M pBM /j{ oj Sw M n
kAjo oYFT An B L{ kMj BjAj C BM K j o /jjooM
;wU ,BMB pBwSBw ,oj 2 2 A SiBw /jM TiBw An C oYBU
/jnC j] M A 2oe M SLv AoTeA tBveA nj kkU
BM kk] kLBpBw BM K>A An B{BBoM <M) qAn BkkU
nj o/KeB oLi BwB{nB M (kj Bz BoC nj A
M An yA ;2 pA yM qa 12 ~2 /kk{ kLU 2 dT
A
1 9 7 6 , r ,jnAnB BzAj
Aiji r 26
Svh NBa oM ( k
1976
~
?AkC B\ pA B
nj Bi S] B X ,o S% j{
o BM vB nj ,k Ak2 o 2B o*Bi M An ji B] koTBe xjAo2A
o nj oT ,kj SA ji BAiji 2B M C jAo2A LUn
B{ Bo pA j{ oQ B] ,KUoU A M /jo nAoU AoA
o/ pA BRk T2o B <o JBhTA> o/ A /kAT{m ji pA jAo2A
Jvd Swnj kjL B{C BU o/ M op BM BwB{Svp
C njnC RoMAn k{ jAj bo{ pjnAjA /V / 2o JBT nj k{
/ SLd r JBhTA
BM WdM M SwA k nAkLB] <jo2 JBhTA> pA v
5Bh SUA o B ,onBXA o C nj Te :kj gwBQ a B2M
T{Aj j] Aiji {n{ ;2 o A /kTv nB Ak2 M oTBe Sv
BM BTeA A AoM 5oU mL* ,joLM oM Aoj onBXA pA kAhM k{BM
M An A Aiji q yB`M pA o SwA Aoj pA yM kpo2 T{Aj
o C Aiji jAo2A A ,L* JBhTA pA v ka pA kM /koM VnA
MBU oj Aiji Bo pA Bzo oj kpAkAoM An onBXA
, B6A An TdB So2 Bo M AkTMA nj B o A Te /Sv }hzU
BM xqC Bo A nj M Ro]B BM Aiji Bo jAo2A A kj
/SwA nA B koM M pA An onBXA Bo Twk BC
o A UA nj SwA nBM A oM SwA jo2 JBhTA nAk2o* v
nBT2n M TvM kBM B joM M pA o BC A j{ o SwA
Un nj "#$ k{BM T{Aj LU SwA Te A /SwA o C jAo2A
2B RkpAnj nj kAj k{BM nAjnioM okC SL pA o jAo2A
B KUoU A M Aop ,k oT An B{Aiji SwA A nj B{ji
M dT A kBM nBMka oiA BBw nj /k{ o jMB
WdM BM vB nj ,o jMB ?k{BM k{ jq{ BBToM nj onB L*
6U n*M o Bp C nj Te /jnAj k kn ,jo2 BSMBUn n{oQ
Aiji r 40
/SwA BB C ~U
AkA BM k{BM A o JBhTA jM L AoM j kB{
nj B /jnAj B B SwA qoTz B oX A M wBw UiA
An oUBnC RB/d nj BA , nBT2n BAiji SwA jo2 BB]
BzvdU nBhT2A oU kj SA oTzM Aoj B2n M Bv
o2 X <Aoj> rA oTv jn nj SwA TLA /
;kAo BM Bo M Aiji o nj onBXA ,K>A /
B AonBXA nB Ak2 pA S ,oj d6w nj /jBdUA tBwA j{ A
BzB] T{m pA ,jo2 AM , jn nB/TA BA] pA j{ koM
mzU An BC ,M /k nj ,( AM nz ) nz nBhT2A AoM
S M mT A q] ,kAj B{nBMnj qa kzM An Bv k
BM jnAjA An jAo2A c Bp nj AMlB] A K\) /kTv oj
] Bp nj AoBo ,koLM BM An kp c6w ke BU a BnB Ak2
(/k{BM Bz2B] jBC kBM SU A nj BA] jnAk AnB
BU k{ AkQ TwoQ AojAs MB nj By A AoiA
A /SwA k{ bo6 d AM BvA jo qB] AoM
kwn o/ M pBM SwA LB] dT onBXA AkA Aj jo joTv
o/ pA BC /k{BM T{Aj oM nj An BU nj <b> % B
=iA
jn nj UnAoeoQ nBvM BAohw kTv AoL wBw
Aj k ypow An Bv pA oTzM Be ,k jAoA
M M o A /j{ oj B B{ kAjAj ;vM B\C BU An onBXA
v ;Ao{ jLM M BU kU oTzM nqM B nBTz pA o]
/k K\U BTwj pA <M SwA ,jo
B B<A BM vB nj , j i B<A tBveA A
nj /SwA kU nAjzn wBveA ,kA Bi UiA RB/e m ,oj
nj qa BU /j{ Jvd SB] oUkM jC Tz ,] Bp pA o>
B ,BA /(k{BM jo o A Te) SwBjC jni ,k{ C pA oTzM B o2
BRApB\ pA B pA nBvM /oM Rm oj B B<A jni pA
Aiji r 42
1. genus
43 ?AkC B\) pA B : ~.
/j{ kj BB=qM
BpBwBT
1. Purines 2. Pirimidines
49 BpBwBT :j ~.
1. Jacques Monod
53 BpBwBT :j ~.
AoB B_QnB
BC jk\
p v7U Bo] nj
Aiji r 66
1. Cistron
67 AoB B_QnB :w ~.
1. G.C. Williams
Aiji r 68
1. ape-like prehuman
Aiji r 70
1. mimicry
Aiji r 72
1. Particulateness
75 AoB B_QnB :w ~.
w jn nj An To2 yQ _ o/ A SwA T A M ]U
A T2o o/ nj BM ,nAAk o/ /jo o/ nj XkU |Bi
,knAj k{ nAj`M BTeA pAkA M w o nj jAo2A o2yQ
MyQ r Aqi nj An oj RUo2 Br T{BLA B2M
/jo o/ nj C BY kBQ An oQ nj XkU M oT yAo k
Btke Sw M An B SwA A o/ A Ji RB~hz pA
o A jo S{AjoM a C pA AU ,BX AoM /k SAk LB] BTLv
A ,A /jnAj j] An j , jBp An BvA o * AhM
ka pA kM /Bw a pA X , d Bi w pA uQ BU An XkU
n~U MBU /jo oTzM n* joM BM Bw 5 BU An C j{ oU
kM /jAj yAq2A oU ka BU An BBvA o AU mo* A pA SwA
/k BdTA An An A BUA v SwA
k n~U n* qM < > An Br w SwA A oj An
Q M A , nj /SwA UA w pA oUA] kTv C nj kM
fn k{ oQ * kM nj B{ ;d nj SwA UAoJU M joM
oj kz Br C BM k{BM <ABz> kAU BA Ak o /kj
A] kM d6w B{ |Ai pBwL{ BM /k{ B2
/jo o] oj k5T Br jBT2A nB M pA ATM kB{
% M ,oQ nj B{ BBz Sv p A KB] T
\U 2jB~U n*M k o2 ,BX AoM /k{BM k5<U ji ,C B
kAU S ji /A] jAo2A nj BU k{BM oTzM oQ jAo2A kM nj S jB
kM nj BBw * k{BM Am> jB kB{ ,k{BM noTM B jB
oYA S n~e nj B2jB~U r o ,jiMji BA /SwA k{ T{BLA
kqoM r Aqi pA ,SwA Ji CoYA Rn A o> nj jnAj k5<U
A nB nBa /kC JBve M oQ pA jo <AoM> r \T nj k{
/ ZnBi kM pA An S C SwA
;2 "S" SwA A kj MA L] o/ A M qa
o M o\ S \U j{ ]T {qQ /SwA oQ AoM KvaoM
Aiji r 84
1. aphids
85 AoB B_QnB :w ~.
r {B
1. Communal
91 r {B :nBa ~.
1. Cam
Aiji r 92
1. pulse code
93 r {B :nBa ~.
1. axon 2. ganglia
Aiji r 94
1. negative feadback
Aiji r 96
1. feed-forward
97 r {B :nBa ~.
1. Jodrell Bank
101 r {B :nBa ~.
1. J.Z. Young
Aiji r 102
1. self-awareness
107 r {B :nBa ~.
kj Bz bT BM Tr ByBpC Be A BM /SwA n*
pA B n*M nA kAT{Aj Bv * o%w nj r j A
keA An BC j{ kj B\A k% nB jn nj /kAjM Tv
Tv jApC B j ,k{ oXU Br A M BA ,S2o o/ nj BU
/k{ Jvd
nj r q Tdo> BnB dAA B\A AoM SwA p kTwA A nj
=o> Be nj BAo
RB\> To2 r pA o A BX AoM /j{ T2o o/
BTwAj ,kC jonBM qa a B{ o/ M jo SLd <k{
KLw BU B o/ pA r k{BM BUjB /knBM jB M An T{AkM BnLp
Bo~U Te ,tAe k{ ] A`B k`Q BBLA
]T kBM BU /knAj SBij k{ =o> pA v RB\ nj Sv ABB C
noT Br pA nBvM k{BM Bv oj ;Ao{ Be nj k{BM
j] BA A r ;2 AoM ,k{BM T{Aj n<e oj 6d A
BU kj RB\ k{ =o> pA An v jnAj BTeA oTzM jpBvM kM jnAj
nj r j A RB%U j{ SwA /jpBw An r C A kM
ao /k AkQ ;Mn jBw oJT nj q] nBvM RB%U M SB
BSUA M 6Mn ,k{BM KB] SwA ] k{n kAo2 RBq]
/SwA jo BM Mi M An dT A 1 qn jAo /jnAk BU
oM An BC /kqn BoM ji kp AoM kjBTwA qnBoM nj Br
k\w UAo6i RBUB%UA BM kC nB nj B{BoM jM m2 tBwA
d enM TBU B{nAj /kC yQ BM {B AoM kp nj
qa ;wU M BM An r BM BC BM wn Bxn M AkM B /SwBM
nB{C A SA BA /jo oTzM AU kwn o/ M AonBXA nBT2n
/SwA XkU jo2 BM ,jo ~U C AoM qJ BM {B
AoM RBAe AoMBM /knAj LU An BSA A <oQ> C Br
pA JBT]A AoM ;k{ jni jBT2A o pA qo AoM ;Am> M kwn T2B
1. Konrad Lorenz
111 r {B :nBa ~.
1. mole crickets
Aiji r 112
1. angler fish jB B
Aiji r 114
1. photuris 2. photinus
3. Sirens and LoreleiM K] An AjnBnj B{pAC BM oOBwA ovPA Bp
/kk{ BzjMB K] kkBz Boh w
4. Cornwall uA Mo= J] nj TBA
\Q ~
1. Polymorphism
125 Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.
1. retaliator
Aiji r 126
1. Bully 2. Prober-retaliator
127 Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.
1. Niko Tinbergen
133 Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.
k] SBe A B ,joM A B xe e M An
B oe M An j TU BA /k zK jo w B B S2o
C o* pA B joM BM ;2 /k{ uoM dBTA ,jo jq
Ak k e o Ak jo U oLU ,oj o* M oo
An jBw oz joLAn ,nB{C RnM ,o j o /k{BM kzK
</ zK ,jnApBU o A ; e , Bw o A> :kjoM yQ
T{Aj oU nBT2n pBTA k bo6 An Cw A BwB{Svp K>A
M k{ AnA jn A nj jBp Bo/ ?Sva wB{Svp o/ pA
M jnM SwA oj Cw A ji BA /k{ kAi nB{A AkM <M
Bp nBU k o*BiM k{BM ESS ;2 kB{ oU pA <dB2j> /kwoM o/
/SwA p 6U jo2 j M 6MAn kU kC kkQ
BAU pAkA nj AhLjo> nBU k d oU kB{
nj k{ koM j oUA z nqM X] T{Aj /k{BM k]
k] o% j pA o A /SwA C j pA BTeA ,Sv ]
a k{BM 6 uo o A ,j{ koM SwA oUS{nj C z
pA S%oe o A> :jnAj B joLAn ;2 k{BM ji 5oe pA oUnqM B oUa
T{nj SA o A </\M BM ji pA oUa BM ,oM nj ,SwA oUS{nj U
T{nj Un nj /j{ oU[oJM dBTA ,jo nAoU kjoU jn
k{ o l yQ joLAn SU C ,kC JBve M oUoM X]
joLAn> ,k{BM k] k{ ip o6i o A BA /SwA nAkBQ B`
U pA BC BM> Rn A M /S{Aj kAi j] j <BUBT
A M Aoa SwA <! nAo2 koUa U pA BC pA \M koUS{nj
op jM ,SwA w 5Bh B o/ M /kAT% BUBT joLAn
BUBT joLAn pA jAo2A T] nj /k{BM RBLYBM SwA
pA ,SMBUn o nj j A M /kM KwC v ,k oQ
y] jo2 /jnAm nAo2 M BQ z ,SwA oUS{nj C ,BkSo{
SwA oUa U pA An v > <> j oLAn pA ;wT pAkA BM T2B
] onj knioM A M jAo2A pA BM nBaBM < Bn
Aiji r 134
1. J.W. Burgess
135 Aiji {B RBLY :]BU :\Q ~.
1. R.D. Alexander
Aiji r 136
1. self-regulating
Aiji r 142
r Tva
1. albino
Aiji r 144
/Sv z
T2o BUnjB B nkQ pA An C kBM /knAj G r pA hv B{ k o2
G A kkBvM An oj BSj B TeAn AoM) k{BM
,k{BM T{Aj An C B{ njB nkQ A ,k{BM kk] y] Be
o2 /(nAm nB k{BM T{Aj An C hv j B{ kA pA B
w o nj kBM AoMBM /SwA jAj B{ M An r A BUnkQ
knBM jB M Be Ji /k{BM T{Aj j] G r A pA hv ykM
/k yhQ C nj An ji Br pA ,jpBw oPwA jo TU
G r ,SwA TiBw An B{ oAi oPwA C nj knj 5 BTeAM AoMBM
pBM ,k{BM T2o ji njB pA An G r B{ o A ,oj o* pA /SwA T{Aj j]
A /SwA jo S2Bnj An r A BUoAi knj 5 BTeA M
MB |Bi r o knj 5 Ajke ,kT{Aj njAoM oAi 1 B{ o A
/jnAj j] B{ BnjAoM B oAi pA o kM nj ,knAj
kBzi pA ]nj o jn nj An LwBd d kAU B{
o A /SwA kpo2 kA M 6MAn 6MAn /kj B\A kAhM
B{ B`M pA o A BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj H r pA hv B{
B{ v] Bw pA nj H Aop ,SwA knj 5 k{BM T{Aj An C
kAi An C ,j{ TiBw v] Bw C pA pA A`M o Sv
C BUnkQ A BTeA ,k{BM T{Aj An f r pA hv B{ o A /S{Aj
kAT2o A pA An BUBr pA B{ Aop ,SwA knj 5 k{BM T{Aj An
BTeA kBzi }iB{ pA nB TeAn AoM /BUnjB pA An
Aq / jB%TwA ,kj BzAn kBzi o% j M r jM qoTz
nj jnAj njAoM Br pA Aop ,SwA 1 njAoM j M kBzi
vU A M TvM :SwA LoU jk A /jnAj j] q oj
2
/j{ ( 1 ) g qoTz k] C
pA yM BC o A /SwA B A M kBzi Aq pA zhM ;2 A BA
2
1. generation distance
149 r Tva :z{ ~.
M B ,(2 * ( 1 ) =
1 ) njAoMj B\T X ,oUnj BSLv jn nj
8
SwA A nj Bi r o B] , BTeA o% ;i w
2 128
1. statistical risks
153 r Tva :z{ ~.
/kj B\A An
v TU /Sv z kwn o/ M BnkUC dT A n~U
nBA SwA jo n* ,jo An C nBMj jpAkA A M An QU
/SwA jo e NU ov MyQ AoM An vAo%j RjB pA A\
A BA ,Sva vAo%j RjB k{BL yAoM B kAk A A kB{
B d6w nj /S{Aj kAh NU T2o nj A RnB nj oYBU dT
M /jnAj Bo] SwA TBn RBLwBd jB nj qa ,B C
jo w Lw [BT jo v\ BM ,v TU ,d
jB nB nj ,jo ~U z jn nj ,BAq KB
/SwA jAj B\A An ,oUPB AU ke nj qa ,w LwBd
An BM {B pA k BU qnBoM An oUPB jM nAoU o A
kBM BTeA , B k{BM T{Aj AonBXA nBT2n BC joM ~U k pBwL{
Ae C BnB pA ABw A /T2n yQ op RnM
nBT2n BA A pA o AoM kM /jo U kj B\A kAU
M SLX S BS% M /jAj B\A ~% LwBd
An BBp Bjw ;jAj % S Bo6i
] , BM BC k\w kBzi SLv }iB{ nj jo JoT pA kM
w kB ,oj BxpnA AkTMA nj AU nB jo jBw AoM /TvM
) SwA xji BM uo kBzi Aq a /oM kk An Tw
A BS% Bo6i pA (jnAk oe B] jnAj An xji Br knjk
] /knAj An ji B p LwBd nj BC M ,j{ qa A
A C }Bi jw :k{BM qa a kBM BnBT2n pA o AoM
AoM o6i 1 njAoM AoM S% 1 + ji AoM o6i ji AoM S% = nBT2n
AoM S% 1 + oj njAoM AoM o6i 1 oj njAoM AoM S% 1 + njAoM
2 2
/(SwA
, AoM }Bi jw o BM S Bw AT2B qa jn nj o A
/ +18 j{ nj ,SwA +6 ni anBU w C pA o AoM
/j{ LwBd kBM }Bi S% o ,jow An Am> T2B AC o A
j pA Be /j{ vU o% 4 B M Bv n*M ^nBU Sz C
njAoM BM a BA / +12 j{ SwA +6 Ako ni anBU
q kni An ji BUj BC Ako TU kBM nAj qoTz r AjAp
+ ( 1 * 12) + (*12) = 19 1 ,j{ UA o /kwoM M jw
j A :jM +18 BAiji nBT2n pA *Mo }Bi jw /(1*12) + ( 1 * 12)
8 2
1. brood - parasites
Aiji r 162
1. Song-bird species
Aiji r 164
/kjooM
AoM An B Un j{ kM ,oj Bo2 BA pA jB%TwA BM
A AoUoM /jnC Swj M o{
nj o{ j kBzi Aq
jB S%] AoM ,.22 k{ kqoM UB%UA oo{ j AoM An Un
oTzM B{B2 d\ nj nj Bo , /jo AkQ .15
M BjAp A v pA BjB SwA UB BnjAoM pA
/koUjq
AoM An ,AoUoM BA ,k{BM U njAoM |Bi o{ j SwA ,TLA
pA /k{BM T{Ak Bo{ SwA B%~ ,S{Ak dT A M joM Q
Bo{ ji nBTiA nj % M ,SwA AoUoM jnCoM LoU BUnA A ,2o*
r o ,B C ,k{BM o{ |Bi jAkA A BUA o A /Sv q
BM nBT2n M jq nBT2n oj o M SLv k jB\A An SL>n A Bo nj
r o /S{Aj kAi TLX xpnA BM o/ pA /k{BM T{Aj UB njAoM
T{Aj U BnjAoM kB ,B nBT2n jnAjA An Bo jo njBp
,jL 2B pAkA M r Ba ,j{ LU d\ nj ,k{BM
/kwn ji Aqw M j v BjAp X oj Bo BM nBT2n r X
, pAkA M ,k AoUoM k{BM a Bo{ kp SUA o A
An nB/TA A AU B uQ ,kAjM a jkT Bv BC o A
kj Sd]nA onBXA pA UB]nj M L* JBhTA {BM T{Aj
jnCoM TU SB nj /SwA nj kBzi Aq BM KwBT
BLoU tB{SL* o/ pA Ae C o/ nj kBzi 6MAn Aq
/SwA n/ ,SwA
SA ,onBXA BU
nj SwA o \T AoMBM
/kwn C M Ae k{BM jnCoM oTM pA oT <UA> kBzi
kA BSLUAo SL* nj Aoa k{BM B A e k SUA A kB{
AoM RBAe Aoa ` SwA njAoM.oAi onBXA pA oUkBvMoQ nkU A
A i /njAoM ka AoM Te BU k{ BU xpnA oTzM B{ji
}iB{ kB qa kBM B ,kBzi B}iB{ oM SwA
Aiji r 166
jABi =U
1. child bearing
Aiji r 172
<?nBM Bj M oj `M B
KoU pA %Th RBe ,TiB{M o/ pA B ST M TvM
BU o/ pA qa /k{BM nAkBQ BU o/ pA kAU SLUAo nC`M
An ji
jAo2A o A /SwA d SLUAo joLAn ,k{BM RBLYBM kAU
1
1. Ardrey
175 jABi <U :T ~.
1. red grouse
Aiji r 178
1. Seal
185 jABi <U :T ~.
Bv joL
/k{BM
A nj qa ,Sv m6 `M njB M nBpBw k A
BU An 2 `M kAi njB /SwA kMBp SMBM pA o/ TiA jn
jAj A M An xA<jB> w A AoM nAm Bow BM kj o{ Bp
/SwA jAj A M yUBBA pA BU `C kp M kA T2o o/ nj BM ;k{BM
/knAj LU jo `M njB ,KUoU M /Sv 2AU k _ B\A BU
oMAoMj pA yM kC B`M AoM nAio{ A q oj Bp
TU BA /j{ 6U o{ SwA oTM ,kwn 2 `M M j{ jw
ji w pA yM A`M njB o/ pA j{ AkQ TiA `M njB M
oMAoMj pA oT oj B`M AoM A nB A q p ,k jB%TwA
/SwA B eo A ,joM A SwA jw
j{ /SwA `M njB M TiA jnA pA ;2 T2o o{ pA Bp
A kC kB Bj M BnjAoM oAi jo2 M Aq An C
oM SMBUn /SwA T2o An BkB Bj M C KB] njB C nj ,S2o o/ nj
pA BM B ,kC Bj M BM B`M ,oTBe BLUn M RBBA ow
mL* njB ,pBM , B\A /k{BM oUTv SwA ,kC oM hU
/SwA B~A SBn Ao j
BC /k{ mJU nj ji kA ;wU BkoQ ]] pA nBvM
Bj nj An oj jni B o njB ,k jBo2 jAj pBM j BM
]] o Ak kM kBM ,SBe oUJ6 nj /jpAkA BC pA
M An Am> njB B nkQ C z o A AoMBM /k{BM A wo Aq BM KwBT
TU a ,kwoM ji jB w M kBM uo ,kkM Ak oUkM
nj SwA qa A /kzM jBo2 kM i kBL oj ,jni 2B pAkA M
% UoQ nj BA /kj fn kBM ,k KU v TU , ;Ao{ oTM
T{Aj An nB/TA A ,{BM T{Aj An jAo2A KU nB/TA kBM ,BAiji r
BM AoBo kn A /kM nj ji wo Aq jn nj {BM
c6w C kzM jBo2 kM njM BC SwA Aop ,jo Rk{
Rk{ pA kAU BA /kB JBve M nj oj \T nj j{ nB\ jBo2
Aiji r 198
1. A. Zahavi
Aiji r 200
1. Fitness
Aiji r 206
(jB o) u] j B ]
1. Gamete
213 (jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
1. R.A. Fisher
Aiji r 216
r
BC ?S{Aj kAi oTzM Bw kC r Aqi nj ,jo nAm Bow
jAj Bz oz2 ?SwA oTij c]oU r pA oUnB{oQ B oUnB{ ovQ c]oU
A kBM C S qnj AoM /SwA 5:5 nAkBQ ,jB ;Ao{ nj SLv A
/ AkQ d*A Sv] U nBpBw pA
/SwA op RnM r o/ pA Sv] U ,nAkBTvQ nj
oPwA A /k{ kLU jB B o j] M knAj An jAkTwA A BhU
BoPwA pA /jnC An Sv] kU Bpo SwA
B pBwo oj /kTv X BoPwA B pBwjB j{ kU jo ;wU
o/ pA ;2 BzUB%U /knAj SBL{ M oPwA d j A /kA Y oPwA
A T{AjA BM ,k{BM T{Aj oTij ;2 nkQ j{ WBM r /SwA po
j{ WBM r /kwn ji k M jpBvM X oPwA ;2 A M
c{oU |Bi yoPwA njB k nB ,k{BM T{Aj oTij ;2 njB
/k ;w An om B] B ,k
(ESS) nAkBQ BU o/ pA j oLAn jBU qa M Ai B
joLAn ,jM Szi JBMnj ~2 pA yM Te ,B\A nj ao ,woM k{BM
/k JBhTA An yB`M Sv] kAU jo2 _ /SwA Rn ;2
o A /knAj yAo u] C B A T{Aj M SwA Br JBhTA M njBU BA
j] ,kAu]j pA oMAoMB BSLv Ski nj ,Br a o2
LUn C pA oUnB{oQ r Aqi nj BC pA SwA BC ,k{BM T{Aj
?SwA oMAoM v] SLv Ski nj j{
poM T2B y] r ,k{ o l LU Bnj B2 nj k o2
S] C nj a /k{BM T{Aj oTzM AoTij kA j{ WBM k
knioM z M S%] T2B nj BoTij C ,jnAk j] o jL A
SLv [nkU M S] C nj kM SwA /j{ ozT nAjoTij r
Bkj pA /k BjB jM jApB k{ oTzM w M Sv]
kAU o ka ;2 kj Ba Aop ,j{ AkQ z ,Bb
SwA oBoM ,AoMBM /k Ao2 An BjB C AoM p oPwA
jBU kj AjA ji nBzTA M nkU C pBwoTij r j{ AkQ nB/TA A
217 (jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
d SwA C Ao T% oM v] o{ pA jB%TwAw
/kMoa S% C oM RApB\ A T nj k{BM k{ no RApB\
,k Bn An `M p SwA 2o M Un nj ;2 nkQ AoM Rn o nj
/k nqM An B`M BU M kATM jBp BTeA M p C
/SwA T2o o/ nj An k{ Bn njB y A pA %Th BRn pnoU
nqM An xA`M A jnAmM kLo%M An oj o SwA A A AoM nB oTM
jBp nB A k{BM kB Bj M p `M o A /SwA xji `M k o2 k
C Br pA ,jnAj An njB C Br pA `M A BM ,TLA /Sv z
M Bo nj An jni A L* JBhTA /Sv A nj qa jni nkQ
o k w kj c]oU An Bo UAnj k RApB\ Rk{
M /koLM M pA SwA B{kk] ov nj An ABM kAikpo2
Bx :jnAj B 1 toM oYA SwA AkkQ B ]U A jBp BTeA
kwoM nAjnBM jB Bz M TU k c{oU B{ jB o
BM M C j{ ;w ] Un nj ;2 ,k ;w An xA]
BkAikpo2 o x KUoU A M /k{BM T{Aj =o2 xALU S%] M
BozQ AomQ ;2 xAjB S%] j{ K] kz An xABM
S] oT AoM nBpBw An toM oYA njnC ,A KB] /k{BM A v]
jnA TU kTv o Bo{ ,A MBz BX !jnC JBve M
o*Bi A M kB{ ,kz An a Bo{ B ,k{ kk]
/Sv B{ji `M
/kwoM \T B M kzM An BkAikpo2 Bq A kM kAU o
,jB BM xqC pA LU ,B{C * nj jAj nAoU BM kAU
A M /j{ ji pA A qo B ,k nj k{ jq A M An Bo
jnAj A`M oj u pA ,ji Akp nj A BC kLM k oL kAU KUoU
jB SwA Aoa kj Ai BQ nj B /k yBn ,jM a o A
o /k{BM T{Aj xqC pA LU <jqB> * nj k{BM A KB*
1. Bruce effect
221 (jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
1. domestic-bliss strategy
223 (jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
2. he-man strategy
Aiji r 224
1. Coy
225 (jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
1. T.R. Carlisle
231 (jB o) u] j B ] : ~.
1. Cruel blind
Aiji r 232
1. handicap principle
Aiji r 236
1. domain of danger
Aiji r 246
1. P.R. Marler
247 { nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.
1. N. Smythe
Aiji r 250
1. honey-pot ants
251 { nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.
1. germ line
Aiji r 252
1. mutualism
Aiji r 264
AoT
2. Sucker 3. Cheat
/k ]Ao nBpB RAnBzTA pA
267 { nAw STzQ ,AnBi An zQ U :j ~.
1. Grudger
Aiji r 268
kk] pBwBT :1
/<B> jB vAoP rA /1
Aiji r 278
1. N.K. Humphrey
279 kk] pBwBT : :jpB ~.
1
kA ] Ji BjC
Ji B TLv kM i
xAjBQ BjpBM
(LB]j nB AoM) nB
nj 3 o] nj 1
nB
Ji i kM B TLv
ww RApB\
( AoM) (LB]j AoM)
nj 5 o] nj 1
Ji B TLv kM i
xAjBQ BjpBM
nB kM An A nAm B 6BM nAj
An B{ k Sep An B{ k Sep
Ji i kM B TLv
ww RApB\
,k
M An A nAm B 6BM nAj
omQ Ak An B{ B
Ji B TLv kM i
xAjBQ BjpBM
nB (LB]j nB AoM)
pBTA 3 pBTA o@
nB
Ji i kM B TLv
ww RApB\
AoM LB]j AoM
pBTA 5 pBTA 1
1. Remorseful Prober
301 kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.
1. Forgiving
Aiji r 302
1. Friedman
303 kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.
1. robust
305 kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.
1. provocable
307 kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.
1. Viscosity
Aiji r 310
1. not envious
Aiji r 312
1. Cooperate, Cooperate
319 kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.
1. defection, Cooperate
Aiji r 320
1. evening guh
Aiji r 322
1. Sea bass
325 kA] Ji BjC :jpAj ~.
1. G.S. Wilkinson
Aiji r 326
k B{ nB
nB
Ji B TLv kM i
nB
xAjBQ B{Ci TiAjoQ
, SBnj i nBMkM BK{ nj RB\ q kBv BK{ nj
BK{ nj /kj RB\ wo pA Ao BK{ nj /pAjoQ An RAkp
/ SBnj owjnjM i kBv j Am, M AnBMkM
/o nAo- wo pA o o/i nj
? ? nB?
Ji i kM BTLv
ww RApB\
RB\ An Akp nBMkM BK{ nj AoL] _ An kBv BK{ nj
oT kBv BK{ nj /kj nBMkM BK{ nj \T nj /
U M / wo pA o o/i o nj
/o nAo-
:B{Ci BxB?i i AkA boA j {
DTh BSF tBwA oM C \T
r w oTv
1. meiotic drive
Aiji r 332
1. Caddis
335 r w oTv :jqw ~.
pA Bu BM L jn pA 1 Cj ] o A k v\ An B
BBi ,kTiBw Bi B{ji AoM SzoM ze BqBP{
JBhTA SUj BM Bw C nj ,k{ kMmB Ji BBM AnAj
BUj ujB oze o BA !jM k{ nBBw ka nB KUo
B /k K] An B]U RkBU Rn M ,kj B\A An nB A
,knAj qo> Rn M An nB o A ujB RL j{ T%
n/ /k ]U An BC 5B< jnAkBTwA BM kAi nBA n*
/kj ] KB] oTzM An BC jnioM A ?Sva
,ujB Bi jnAk kjoU u_ /A WdM ow jooM kBM
An C JBhTA kBM /SwA kC j] M nAj JBhTA BM SwA nBpBw
jAj c]oU An k Shw TwQ X n*B Swnj ,k{BM jAj c]oU
j] AoM KUoU A M SwA kM AoM d B%e a ;SwA
j] 2B AkB2 ji M n*A B BU BA /SwA k% yBr
C 2B ,UA 2B /oM o/ nj UB%UA ,L* JBhTA o/ pA ,An kp
A k jn nj /kj kSoB%e S% TwQ M SwA Br
nj BA /SwA ykM pA q] AnB{C k TwQ /SwA jB Ao]B
?S% kBM a ujB Bi jn
WBM jAj c]oU An ujB jAk]A Br C L* JBhTA
nB nBT2n n Br C /kpBvM niMjnj M BBi yBknAj kk{
qa BA ,] L~ BTwj k{n n T{Am oYA BM kB{ ,kjo
C Bs oj { n Br oYA kM Tr }~hT
Swnj ,kj }hzU Bi { AoM Br kBM }~hT C /SwBBi
S2omQ kBM /jnAj j] BQ { X AoM Br % B M
nB A AoM /SwA jo wnoM r BM 6MAn nj An ujB Bi v BU
M k k jAp RnBwA nj An BujB jAk]A mUj mMAw SwA p
An Br Sv p BA /Sv BwC Rn A M BC k jAp ,jnC Swj
1. Jane Goodall
337 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. Flat worn
339 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. Nosema
341 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. haplodiploid
343 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. viroids 2. plasmid
345 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. reed warblers
Aiji r 348
1. irresistibility theory
Aiji r 350
1. arm race
351 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. Robert May
353 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. binding
355 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. vehicle
Aiji r 356
Br ,k nB ok BM A Br kj B
j A SwA A S /knAj nB ok BM kTv BMq
kM ,qoTz d C UB%T BAn pA r RB%T \
hU oPwA mo* pA An qoTz d qe r /k qoU An ,BMq
nj oPwA o nj oMAoM w qe Br a /k qoU qe
,knAj So{ B2o*M BpCShM p nj Aop ,knAj hU o
d qe kM pA AoMBM k nB B oi AoM BM
357 r w oTv :jqw ~.
1. clone
Aiji r 362
~
?AkC B\ p A B
2 ~
BpBwBT
w ~
AoB B_Qn B
/(37 |) pBM
nj ,k{BM /Tv jApC k Bv B pA oAw nj Br nk. o
ok BM BC /
knAk Aka /TwA jApC knAj ] k{n oM oT
/knAj AU MB.oH k`Q BU nB ji Svp Zd BM
BA SwA TeAn qa nj <AonBXA nBTn> r B <BQ kM r> kB UAnBL
,jpBvM BQ BU Swj Sv r _ /oLM Q BC .A B M SwA A
Zd oYFU /SwA r ka \Twj nB Be BQ TiBw /kM a BU a
:jo Bd kBM An oM
o A ,k{BM T{Aj j] r kB{ BA !j{ TiBw AmH pA BQ .A nj A
/k oUkM An BQ ,jn A nj ji B jo M SLv , k{BM Bv oj >Ao{
nBa ~
r {B
5 ~
Aiji {B nAkBQ :]BU
1. digger wasps
Aiji r 394
1. katydid 2. ichneumonidue
395 \Q ~. S{Q BS{Q
1. sociobiology
Aiji r 400
z{ ~
r Tva
?koM Q a
SiB{ B{nBXA { pA
qB /A /A
1. haplodiploidy
Aiji r 412
T ~
jABi *U
Tz ~
Bv joL
~
u] j M ]
1. gamete
419 ~. S{Q BS{Q
1. Stablemate
Aiji r 420
1. Counteradaptations
Aiji r 424
j ~
1. haplodiploidy
439 j ~. S{Q BS{Q
1. hetero zygous
Aiji r 442
jpB ~
kk] pBwBT :
1. Universal Darvinis
Aiji r 446
A n< TLA ?Sva nj , "The sake of"1 ,k{B=A RnBL C B/M xpnA
kp oTM a ,kAi An TB o>U C A BjC LM Sv
Aqi nj Mi B/M TvAU o>U A ji a AkM Ai ,kB
kAi n pA ,ko jB j nj An jow A /k{BM T{Aj
Swnj An C Bp kB{ / Bw K{ nj C k{ BM M ,qoM BT{
Be /k{BM k{ AkQ njB y] oYA oM kBM "For the sake of" /kkAi
jBp nk. M AkowM ,jM njB AkTMA nj z] Aoa SwA A B Cw
?kC JBve M jB Aqi nj Be k{
nBvM "S"kB Rw Ak /k{BM toTwj pA nj Aka gwBQ o
AnC BATe An "S" Ak k oU Bv BAi o /SwA qU
Ak B /kAjooM An Ak Bv Rn A oH nj a ,k AU
B"S" Ak Rn M nj pA nqM Bv JAod nj vz qp
"K" Ak , Sake rA nj ,oj SB Ak /kwn x M Tho Tv]
"For C Swnj Rn knAj oA 19 k v\ /jnAj An qU B B Lo/U SwA
"For the BLT{A Rn M An C ,B\C nj ,oA kAi An auld lang syn"
An C A A nBM AoM A`M /k qp sake of auld lang syn"
ao /kj }hzU Swnj An BrA kAhM BC BM jnAj Swj ,j{
"K" jAkvA Ak "S"kBoA Ak , Auld Lang Syhe k
S/Lw oj / w pA TB y] /kMB An `M C x M
]T e.j n^M BoUnqM B ,k{BM B\C oj B`M oA /jo
oTzM ,kM kM]oU kAi Bp ,j{ TA BrA a k{
An TB y] Rn Sv A M TLA ,ko An TB o>U Rn
jB An C kAi kAj An jow C RB B .A BC /kj <c]oU>
"For Auld U pA ,kAj An Swnj { ( X) BC ao /koM
,jnAk oza SB _ RnBL A ,k nAoU An Lang Syne"
x M oTM ,j{ kAi kjoU BM TvC oA Te ,C TBo>U Rn
/kwn
o jow A j ofw cd Rn /SwA "Rule Britannia" MBz jn
/oOBi M /1
449 jpB ~. S{Q BS{Q
B
j
B
Tw
A
j
Ak
U
(1 9 6 4 ) T T nB T{BLA jB TwA 2 {
T
n
B
T{
BL
A
j
B
Tw
A
/ B=A T{BQ dU A M Ai
///////
nAj BLT{A y] , "Rule Britannia" "Auld lang syne" jn X
r BU> T 1964 BB/ SA] A A /k {n An Q.
UAnBzTA w nj ,jBTA j oiAA BU ZwAA pA /SwA 1 <BT]A nBTn
oU> A BM BLT{A M jM BC B Aiji r BT]AwB{Svp
kjo w nB Q ow a /So nAo. jBTwA jn 2 <BT]A nBTn r
KvaoM X n~U A BM /SB y] A nBMA B\ nj ,k AkQ
JBT BU An C jn /xA oY B U ojn AoM j{ Mi Bz oAv
kA{ jAkU M Te kjo BLj BT]A wB{Svpv /A /C lAoQ
/kTB Swj Bo\{ A AoM =
C ji oTzM jo kAi j vdU An v nBB{
SdU MBT A pA z kAhM An C nBMnj BT{ oT JBT
JBT B\C pA ,BA /{ SeAnB To nAo. JBT A SwnjB o< oY B U
.Ake kwn o< M ,S{Aj An <oAv KvaoM> C TB y] jBTwA C
,T. Aop jo K\U jBp kBL !SwA jo SAow M v pA
,kBwn BBQ M An Aiji r kwn BBToM M BT]AwB{Svp
~A wB{JBT /jo nB C wB{JBT n jM Bp Swnj
,KUoU A M /SwB BhMBT nj nB pA BSBw jM TL AoM v
An wB{JBT B BjB~U KveoM T. k{ kM Bd{i M qwB U
jAj B\zAj M jo oXU 1977 jnAv C nj Aohw = kj
nB nj nBzTA pA L. BU Bw 5 ,BT]A nBTn r oE> jM xji /jM
:Sv A nj { /jM kk Ao 197 wB{JBT v BTeA /v
!jM jo bof An Bv TBy] jo , pA Ak] v
nBM "Auld lang syne" jn X ?kj fn .BAUA a jM nfa
oz /C/n JBT oUBo B /jo AkQ C AoM L. MB. c=U AU oj
Ajni xC k T A M An B yAnB pn o
An <jApC jAnA> B {BM <r AoSTe> kBM B B /SwA Tiv BBj
Bo^ pA B\A nj BA /Boi S{Aj An oi j{ ,{BM T{Aj nBM
B yAnB pn o< pA Z/ , v nvoQ ji
a A oBi)kB nj BC o< pA qa /C JBve M <r AoSTe>
pA ,Br nAj L. B B ao SwA A (Sv BwC yL. ao ,SwA
AU nBM A oM Be nj knAj oY B U ozM nBTn n ,nBC o<
o n kBM r /j uoM B Bo^oM ,kU oj BnAmoYA BM An oY B U A
T{Aj nBC oY B U j{ AkQ L^ JBhTA eo^ pA nBTn A
1. deus ex machina
459 jpB ~. S{Q BS{Q
jB%TwA AoM
1977 Ar 15 , \ nj nAAkoTQ
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/SwA B] M SLv kk] Bkj kj Swj M qa BU Sv
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1. inclusive Fitness
471 Bk pA Akq