Steadman, J.W.

Section III Electronics

The Electrical Engineering Handbook
Ed. Richard C. Dorf
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000
The Cheetah disc drive is produced by Seagate Technology, Scotts Valley, California, and has been dubbed the
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2000 by CRC Press LLC

 III
Electronics
22 Semiconductors G.S. Gildenblat, B. Gelmont, M. Milkovic, A. Elshabini-Riad,
F.W. Stephenson, I.A. Bhutta, D.C. Look
Physical Properties Diodes Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models and Device Simulators for
Semiconductor Devices Electrical Characterization of Semiconductors
23 Semiconductor Manufacturing H.G. Parks, W. Needham, S. Rajaram, C. Rafferty
Processes Testing Electrical Characterization of Interconnections Process Modeling and
Simulation
24 Transistors S. Soclof, J. Watson, J.R. Brews
Junction Field-Effect Transistors Bipolar Transistors The Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-
Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
25 Integrated Circuits J.E. Brewer, M.R. Zargham, S. Tragoudas, S. Tewksbury
Integrated Circuit Technology Layout, Placement, and Routing Application-Specific Integrated
Circuits
26 Surface Mount Technology G.R. Blackwell
Definition and Considerations SMT Design, Assembly, and Test Overview Surface Mount
Device (SMD) Definitions Substrate Design Guidelines Thermal Design Considerations
Adhesives Solder Paste and Joint Formation Parts Inspection and Placement Reflow
Soldering Cleaning Prototype Systems
27 Operational Amplifiers E.J. Kennedy, J.V. Wait
Ideal and Practical Models Applications
28 Amplifiers G.L. Carpenter, J. Choma, Jr.
Large Signal Analysis Small Signal Analysis
29 Active Filters R.E. Massara, J.W. Steadman, B.M. Wilamowski, J.A. Svoboda
Synthesis of Low-Pass Forms Realization Generalized Impedance Converters and Simulated
Impedances
30 Power Electronics K. Rajashekara, A.K.S. Bhat, B.K. Bose
Power Semiconductor Devices Power Conversion Power Supplies Converter Control of
Machines
31 Optoelectronics J. Hecht, L.S. Watkins, R.A. Becker
Lasers Sources and Detectors Circuits
32 D/A and A/D Converters S.A.R. Garrod
D/A and A/D Circuits
33 Thermal Management of Electronics A. Bar-Cohen
Heat Transfer Fundamentals Chip Module Thermal Resistance
34 Digital and Analog Electronic Design Automation A. Dewey
Design Entry Synthesis Verification Physical Design Test

2000 by CRC Press LLC

John W. Steadman
University of Wyoming

T
HE TRULY INCREDIBLE CHANGES in the technology associated with electronics over the past three
decades have certainly been the driving force for most of the growth in the field of electrical engineering.
Recall that 30 years ago the transistor was a novel device and that the majority of electronic systems
still used vacuum tubes. Then look at the section headings in the following chapters and appreciate the range
of ways that electronics has impacted electrical engineering. Amplifiers, integrated circuits, filters, power
electronics, and optoelectronics are examples of how electronics transformed the practice of electrical engi-
neering in such diverse fields as power generation and distribution, communications, signal processing, and
computers.
The various contributors to this section have done an outstanding job of providing concise and practical
coverage of this immense field. By necessity, the content ranges from rather theoretical considerations, such as
physical principles of semiconductors, to quite practical issues such as printed circuit board technology and
circuits for active filter realizations. There are areas of overlap with other chapters in the Handbook, such as
those covering electrical effects and devices, biomedical electronics, digital devices, and computers. The con-
tributors to this section, however, have maintained a focus on providing practical and useful information
directly related to electronics as needed by a practicing electrical engineer.
The author(s) of each chapter was given the task of providing broad coverage of the field while being restricted
to only a few pages of text. As a result, the information content is quite high and tends to treat the main
principles or most useful topics in each area without giving the details or extensions of the subject. This practice,
followed throughout the Handbook, is what makes it a valuable new work in electrical engineering. In most
cases the information here will be complete enough. When this is not the case, the references will point the
way to whatever added information is necessary.

Nomenclature
Symbol Quantity Unit Symbol Quantity Unit

A area m2 hre small-signal current gain

Ai current gain h quantum efficiency
Av terminal voltage gain ib incremental base current A
ai ionization coefficient I illuminance lumen/cm
B bandwidth Hz IB direct base current A
C velocity of light in 2.998 108 m/s ID diode forward current A
vacuum IE direct emitter current A
C specific heat W/kg K Is reverse saturation A
Cc coupling capacitor current
CE emitter bypass capacitor J current density A/m2
Cj junction capacitance F k Boltzmann constant 1.38 102 3 J/K
E energy J k wavenumber rad/m
eo permittivity constant 8.85 1012 F/m k wave vector
f focal length m k attenuation
F luminous flux lumen k thermal conductivity W/m K
F radiational factor l carrier mean free path m
f pn-junction contact V l wavelength m
potential m magnetic permeability H/m
gm transconductance S m viscosity kg/ms
h Plancks constant 6.626 1034 Js mn electron mobility
h heat transfer coefficient n electron density electrons/cm3
hFE common-emitter direct n refractive index
current gain n light frequency Hz

2000 by CRC Press LLC

Symbol Quantity Unit Symbol Quantity Unit

p hole density holes/cm 3 T absolute temperature K

Pr Prandtl number t momentum relaxation s
ybk Bloch wave function time
q electronic charge 1.6 1019 C q volumetric flow rate m3/s
q heat flow W v electron velocity m/s
RB base resistor VBE direct base-emitter V
Re Reynolds number voltage
Rg generator internal W VCC direct voltage supply V
resistance VT thermal voltage mV
RG total resistance W VZ Zener voltage V
s conductivity S W power W
s Stefan-Boltzmann 5.67 108 Zo characteristic impedance W
constant W/m2 K4

2000 by CRC Press LLC