Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10th Telugu Vachakam - TEL PDF
10th Telugu Vachakam - TEL PDF
\+>D $<sT\!
MTs+<s <s+> #<T e>\>*. *dq < >T]+ k++> sjT>\>*. MT #<T e&+, sjT&+
s+f MT b<jTT kjT+ HsT y*.
MTsT HsT e\dq n+X\qT <w |T= MTdyT \T>T|d sb+~+#sT. |d + MTsT
<H q XTe\ T \ qe\ lyw e \ u +<T ^\ k~+#e\dq keTs\ >T]+ |J #sT. $< d+es+ |Psj T d] M{ MTsT #jT >\>*.
qT] +q qT * q u $T deq e bseXeTTq y{ #<T y*.
MsT\ Ds ... \>D s\+~s ... \>D | bs+ yTT<{ ueT / |s / d+|T q / |< +... @<H +T+~. y{ >T]+ e{&+ &.
BsT \ yTT>k\s! y\Ty b++~s! |X \ yT\T #b*. Be\ MT bs+ <X + , H|< +, e+ >T]+ nse TT+~.
$<sT\ d#q\T nH >& d#q\T #~$, ns+ #dT = |<\ ns\T \TdTy*.
n\ jT <Xe TTqT [+| \|&q $ $+ V[ |P]+ s> >~ #s \T sT>TTq| &T, T|q T\T sVdTq | &T MTsT bZH*. e{&*. nedsy T
|ss E\ d\ |TXseTTqT p| eT qT>Tq y\T $s+# |+#*.
s+eTT q&|s ... \>D b\T] H&s ... \>D bs+ es $ #jT +& nH |sT nuk\THsTT. M{ MTsT k++> #j *. |X \ MTs
sD sT<eT<$s! |> u\T Bss! + k++> yT\T sj*. m{ |]d T > & T , d& yT{]jT, |X \ u+\T yTT<q
y{ #d sjTe<T. y n{ sd bs {y (sD) eT+q+ MT esT\T esT.
\HreT eTjT \eTTqT uc e< qjTq uw qD+| dH n+X\qT m{ sj s> >~ MT b<jTT& n& \TdTy*. MTsT s>
ysTT +u\ y\sTT+ $T+q~ sdeq ys >eTTqT |{ + >~ sd #b*. B|q #s ]q sT yH MT HT |d \ sj*.
n&T>&T >T \ ... \>D w & J$+#s ... \>D bs+ bC | q T\T, dH d++~+q |X \qT MTsT MT $TT\ dV jT+ #jT e#T.
n+<\T $syTs! w $ bqs! M{ m #j MT b<jTT& n& \TdT+&. M{ #dq sT y MTsT m #XsT? @+
#XsT? @+ HsT HsT? yTT<q y{ >T]+ MTs k++> #| >\>*.
\es d+s \V\ ]+ u >s e TTq <T \T b+bs&T q<T\T nuk\qT MTs k++> #jT +&. #jT y{ >T]+ eyT b<jTT& n& \TdTy*.
u~d T <s u<q \ H]+~ X+>s eqT \ +>seTT\ |+ nuk\ q ysD +X\T MT ns+ e& yTT< <VsD\T #sT. y{ <s+> MT
l] # eTTs ... \>D H * \>Ds... y\ ns+ njT d #sT. { <VsD\qT C>> |]o*+ y{ $Xw+ d
\TdTy*.
# q eTTqT #fs! q+<H<qeTTs!
|y#+ bs\qT MTs k++> #<T y*. y{ >T]+ e{&*. #]+#*. $Xw + #*.
` sy y+ sese bs\ d++~+q s |d \qT bsX \ >+<\j bsTT n& rdT= #<T y*.
MTsT | d]> |T +TeqT |j +#Te&+ n\yT #dT y*. ys| \T, e>Cq T, <\ |d \T
(], s , <[, &T>T \VqesZ\ d >T \ H]q $ sy y+sese. KeT+ yTT<q $ #<T e&+ n\yT #dT y*.
= bs\ Hs D #jT &+, @b_qjT+ #jT &+, > j\qT s>+ b&&+ , n_qjT+,
eTT~>=+& eT+&\+ >H| * >eT+ 1924 qe] 21q +#&T. |<\d+ |T HC +|
|<\qT +sd + #jT &+ e+{$ HsTT. M{ MTsT | d]> k<q #j *.
>+ $|q BsT &jTq. |<> #<T eb sTTH *< + &T\ k+> + qT+ n\e&q Cq+H X$+
MTsT | d]> yk\T, K\T, H<\T, s| +, d+uwD, bds T j e+{$ sjT>\>*.
#b&T. ks JeH \TyT n<+ sy . nedsy T MT b<jTT& n& \TdTy*. {y] dV jT+ #j *.
dH d++~+q n+X\qT MTsT sdq sT y |d s |+ d+\q+ #d s> >~
|<]+#*.
d+& ` 2
\T>T y#+ (|<eTuw)
|< s>
d+b<eT+&*
#s sy lV], |Ps |\|, <$& $X$<\jT+, |+.
#s y\ dT|dH#s, $X+ #sT&T, rjT $X$<\jT+, es+> .
& mdt. s|TT, ndd+{ b|dsY, \T>TXK, kj $X$<\jT+, V<su<.
& <V >+ k+eT], $X+ |<H#sT&T, b<jT $< X\, es+>.
& q+~ d<s&, $X+ |Hd&T, |uT &^ X\, d~|, yT< .
<X| lydt, |dsY H dw &{, eTTKeT+ s\jT+, V<su<, \+>D.
deTqjT+, $wjT|DT\T
dTes $HjT, & qqsT |+<sY s&,
`]H
sY, d\V<sT, $< d+dsD\T,
mdt.d..sY.{., bsX \ $<XK,
V<su<, \+>D. V<su<, \+>D.
\T, eTTK+ : Ls lydt, |<Hb<jTT&T, .|..b. s&T, q\>=+& .
New Edition
First Published 2015
Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt.Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
ii \+>D |u T +# |+|D
eTT+<Te
2014 pH 2e Bq \+>D sh+ $s$ ++~. \+>D sh+ @s&q d+<s + > eTq sh|uT +
\+>D d+d , kV+, #]qT *| $<+ > bs\T +&\ ss TT++~. +<Td+ e\T, s#s TT\T,
ucy\T, ksTT $wjT|DT\ $T{ jT$T++~. $T{ duT\T |dT+ neT\T q \T>T
bs|d\qT |]o*+ \+>D kV+, d+d |_+_+# bs|d\qT sb+~+#sT. \T>T
kV+| ne>Vq @s&& s b+\ #+~q e\T, s#s TT\ bs\qT L& b+<T|]#sT.
ucy#\ <s $<] eT k d+d , kV $Xc\qT, #] yuy\qT \TdT>\>*.
<+bT +#&+, $eTsH $XwD, dwyTq ueesD keTs\T |+b+~+#T>\>*. s+s+
kV|sq + <s Cq|]~ $d |s # T + q e , $w yK sT\qT d+]+#Ty*. B nqT>TD+>
|<s> |<eTuw \T>Ty# sb+~+#sT. B <s |\ ne>Vq #dT= |d+~+#
keTs\T, djTs#H X bT \+>D uc_eq+, ke dV, eqe $\Te\T, eqe d++<\T,
>>T D+, \+>D MsT\ bXd + *| bs+X\qT bNq <T , kV\ qT+& m+| #XsT. \+>D
| JeqD, |sesD $\Te\T, \+>D #] & \ y w +, k+d yu e +, \+>DjT T\ d]< jT
kedy <<+, eqedue y, H $\Te\T, \+>D $se uy<>\T, yTT<q e\
<s+> bs+X\qT m+| #XsT. bs+X\T bNq, <T |< +, < , <, J$#] , e#q$,
d+b<j T yd+, >, eTT+<Te yTT<q |jT HsTT. $ks |sH usrjT VdyT q sejTD
|y#+> |{sT. ~ usrjT d+d , $\Te\T |+b+~+#&, Vk\| n_sT *+#&
&&TT+~.
| bs+ keTs\ k<q qT>TD+> $ #jT+& o] nuk\THsTT. +#&+ , d+~+#&+ ,
n_bj\T #| &+, VQD $Xw + #&+ , $_q D +#&+ , dsD+> $e]+#&+ , nqsTT+#&+ ,
dH+>, |X+k+> e]+#&+ M{ due+. |\\T bs|d |]~ <{ HsTe& M\T>
bC|qT\ e+{$ #ssT. $ djT+ n<jTH, n<q| |seTs >+<\qT d+|~+#& bV+#
HsTT. bs+ $wj ne>Vq #dTe& M\T> ns\qT |<$Cq+ |sT |d+ es #ssT.
M{ M\sTTq+ yTs \+>D $j+# |<C b+<T|]#sT.
b<jTT\T kbqeT+ |s+ bs u~+#& M\T> bs+ $wj\qT neTssT. ><, |<
bs\qT yssT> e+& bs\ due+, &$ <s+> esTd eT+ +#sT. ysD d\qT dT\u+ >
[+| #dT H <VsD\T b+<T|]#sT. ucb<jTT\T bs+ $wj HsT > u~+# +& bs+X+
eTT+<Tq n+X\ bs+_+#*. s bs+X #s \T, |#s \ <s ne>Vq *+#*. +|C d
|X \T n&>*. nuk\| k<q #sTT+#*. bs+X+ Crj\T, |< +<\T, eTTKyTq d+<X y\T,
d+|Tq\ >T]+ q #s<s ne>Vq, $eTsH << |+b+~+#*. uckeTs\ k<q
bs |d + b<jTT& dV jT] eyT . |seTs >+<\qT, bsX \ >+<\j qT $j+#T+
|\\T $j+#TH ucyesD *+#*.
\+>D sh+ eq =*y#+ ~. { uc|s+ > < s n+X\ >T]+ $E\T # d\V\T,
d#q\qT mdt.d..sY.{. d]+ >T #s \T #|& T T+~. bs |d \ s|\ qd+ m|{|
&T d\V\T
d#q\T bV+q \+>D sh =* eTTKeT+ >sejTT\T l \+ #+<XKsse >], >se
$<XU eT+ l &jT+ lV] >], $<XK |Ps eT+ l . >BX s& >], bsX \ $<XK s<]
leT s+Jy sY. #s >], bsX \ $<XK |Ps d+#\\T l myT. >BXsY >], |dT d+#\\T l
{.s+Je\T >], & .$.seTD#], |uT d\V<sT >] | <qy<\T. y# s|\q
bZq $T{ duT\T, d+b<eT+&* duT\T, $wjT|DT\T, b<jTT\T, sT\ <qy<\T.
y#+ |\ uc_sT, kV_w, uckeTs\ k<q <V<|& eT yKsT\T *Zq e\T>
m<>& &&TT+< dTH+.
~ : 31`01`2015 d+#\\T
d\+ : V<su<. sh $<, |]X<q, Dd+d, \+>D, V<su<.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D iii
bs|d dMT eT]jTT n_e~ $T{ duT\T
$X$<\jT ksTT
#s sy lV], |Ps | \|, <$& $X$<\jT+, |+.
#s mH. >|, |Ps | \|, \T>T $X$<\jT+, V <su<.
#s y\ dT|dH #s, $X+ #sT&T, rjT $X$<\jT+, es+> .
#s mdt. $. sese, $X+ #sT&T, kj $X$<\jT+, V <su<.
#s q nsTT\jT, \T>TXK, rjT $X$<\jT+, es+> .
& mdt. s|T T, ndd+ { b|d s ,Y \T>TXK, kj $X$<\jT+, V <su<.
& mH. s, \T>T $u>~| , & _. sY. n+u< sY ks $X$<\jT+, V <su<.
& . u\lyd eT], ndd+ { b|d s ,Y \T>T XK, \+>D $X$<\jT+, Ceu< .
$<y\ T, $wjT |DT\T
& #T seTjT, $<y, V <su<.
& <V >+ k+eT], $X+ |< H#sT&T, b<jT $< X\ es+>.
& q+~ d< s &, $X+ |Hd &T, |uT &^ X\, d~ |, yT< .
& q*yT\ udsY, $X+ |Hd &T, mdt.sY.sY. &^ X\, +q>sY .
& dT+s & HsjTDs&, $X+ |< H#sT&T, |uT &^ X\, #+&sT, q\>=+& .
& eTT~>+{ dTCs&, $X+ nkdjT { b|d s ,Y sY._.$.sY.sY. X\, V <su<.
yDT d+E, $X+ |Hd &T, |uT eTV &^ X\, q\>=+& .
d+X{ lydt, ndd+ { b|d s ,Y |uT &^ X\, C|, yT< .
<X| lydt, |d s Y H dw &{, eTTKeT+ s\jT+, V <su<, \+>D.
& mH. |+<sY s &, d\V<sT, $< d+dsD\T, bsX \ $<XK, V <su<, \+>D.
. wyVH se, b|d s ,Y mdt.d..sY.{., V <su<, \+>D.
B|, |Hd s\T, $< |D[ $u>+, mdt.d..sY.{., V <su<, \+>D.
dTes $HjT, `]H sY, $< |D[ $u>+, mdt.d..sY.{., V <su<, \+>D.
.sC+<sY s &, `]H sY, $< |D[ $u>+, mdt.d..sY.{., V <su<, \+>D.
esaC \ eTVXuT, |Hd &T, $< D d+d, Ceu<.
ksTT
|s seTyVq se, mdt.m. (\T>T), .|..b., yeTT\, eTVuq>sY .
$. #qjT, mdt.m. (\T>T), .|..b., >~]Z q>s,Y s+>s& .
y=C
sa\ Xs uY T, ucb<jTT&T, |..b., d| eT+&, V <su<.
nedT\ uqT|X, mdt.m. (\T>T), .|..b., H, yT< .
+<& s+>sE, mdt.m. (\T>T), .|..bsX \, s+>|s+, s+>s& .
m.m+.|k<, ucb<jTT&T, |..b., VejTYq>s,Y d.|.m., n+sY|, V <su<.
|* e<$ , ucb<sTT, usrjT $<ue H, L] sese bsX \, p_V , V <su<.
iv \+>D |u T +# |+|D
bs|d+ >T]+...
\+>D |\ <eT#] pH 2, 2014q n<Ty T q $jT+ #L ]+~. mH <Xu\T> |
\+>D shk<q bs+ #d m+<s |Cj<T \qT >+ #dq \+>D * XjT + Hsy ] +~.
\+>D sh+ $s$ ++~. H|< + \+>D |uT + |\Ts\ Xu| ] De\ ls+ #T{+ ~.
n+<T u>+>H = bs |d \qT sb+~+#\ d+*++~. H\T>T>&\ eT< | s> >~
s|{ =s+ sD+ neT+~. sD+ = bs|d+ qq C n+~d k+d
|qsTJeH <sT\T ydT + ~. n+{ Cq |]DeT $d+. # q d] d+ bs |d \ s|\ q
$T{ XjTX w#d + ~.
eT& \T>Tsh+ \+>D b++ uw, kV, $<s+>\ nH $e\ >TssTT+~. ~| esZ\T
nH sb\ \+>D n_e~ nes<\qT *+#sTT. M+{ <X\ y> n~>$ T+# |jT +
bs |d \T Xe +yT q bqT bwkjT yTeTT qeTTTH+. eTTK+> eTq<q #]qT #<T ee&+
e\q eTq Wq+, kjTeT\T m+ >=|y nse TeT+~. \+>D eTVjTT\T, \+>D k+d
yu y \ >T]+ \TdTe&+ e\q eTq $Xd+ ~>TD + neT+~. #] <q $\Tyq d\T
y\& e $dj >T]#ksTT. \+>D |\T <q s+>+H <T eqs+>+qT n<Ty T q
dqX >\ys =b s\T s|ksTT. $q n_e , edT$ d , |j y$ < + \+>D
kVrsT\ |uq T k~+#T<+. = kVs bs\T d]> \&TjT +d T H +.
uc|sy T q $e, ~| =\+#T+ \+>D uc k+<s, jd\ |]eT = y#+
d+<s+> |]#jT + #dT +TH+. \eqTks+> eTq<q \+>D uc|j >\qT, k+<sq T
d+|Ps+ > ne>Vq #dT +<+. ~X> ~ H+By#+ > d]<+. nsTT \+>D $jdTq
j |<\ $wjT + @_bjT+ #T#dT q+<Tq |dT + w eeV] uwqT $j+#&+ ]+~.
bs |d \ esT yq #] sD\T HsTT. |T qyTq ysd d+|<> \ b++ $_q
<e\T, {~ |\ uy<>\T, $_qesZ\T, d+d T\ +\ T eTq\qT eTq+ |q]]+#Ty\q
XjT +, qyT q $<\\T bs |d + yqT < &TTHjTH d $d]+#+ . eT+|d +
eTw m+> |u $+ #dT + < eTq \TdT. n< $<+ > $_qyTq e\T, |\Ts\ |jT \
+&q ucy#+ s >&+ > |u $+ #dT + ~. bs |d + $\Tyq u $T edT+ ~.
b<jTT\T d ] ne>Vq #dT +{s dTH +. |{es $d >Ts q \+>D
kV, k+d $Xc\bT nsT<q \+>D >+<\qT n< jTq+ #jT >\s sT+TH+.
n< jTq y\T>T* $<sT\ J$ +|e\dq >TsTsy T q u< eTq<. #]d V eTq+ s> ><T
J$+q|& \+>D bsX \ $< +q \ #sT +T+~. qe\+>D sD |H~> \TdT+ ~.
n< eTq \+>D * # neT\yTq >TsT<D !
\+>D |u T +# |+|D v
b<jTT\ d#q\T
b<jTT\ |us, |~H\qT <w |T= #sD M\T> bs+X\ d+KqT Z+
sb+~+q y#+ ~. H\ |~H\qT <w |T= edy> bs\qT {sTT+#sT.
eTT+<Te, bs |d + <s k~+#*q keTs\qT | d]> #<y *. $<sT\ d#q\qT
eTT+<T> MTsT #<e +&. y{ MT |\\ #~$+#+&. y] n$ nsy T H j < |]o*+#+&.
y# 180 +X\qT <w |T= sb+~+#sT. M{ 168 +X\T bs+X\
u<q , $T> +X\qT |y#+ n+X\qT #]+#& $j+#*.
|y# |\\ | #~$+#*. eTTU+X\|q e{&+ #*. |sH e>Vq d++~+q
nuk\qT sb+~+ sV+#*.
d> Tq = bs 14 +X\T nedse TesTT.
M{ #<T e+& ` +#+&, H|< + / <X + , $|]#jT +, $<sT\ d#q q nsd + >V D
\ *| s +&T +X\qT $j+#Ty*.
bs+X $wjT +| #]+ ne>Vq *+#& bs+ $wjT + &$ { s +&T qT+& H\T>T
+X\ es {sTT+#Ty*. +<TqT>TD+> bs $u + seTH n+ d+#sT.
$#jT+& q nuk\ $T> 7 +X\qT $j+#*. ne>Vq`|d+<q
nuk\ 2 +X\T, e s D `dH 3 +X\T, uc+X\ q |<C \+,
ysD+X\ *| 2 +X\T, b| |<]+|Cd #]+#& 1 +X
{sTT+#Ty*.
bs+ bs+u+ q #<T e+& ` + #| +& nH n+X\T qTFsD d++~+q$.
M{ |P] s> +> sV+#*.
bs+X+ <X + / H|< +, bs u> $es\T, $|]#jT + n+X\qT |\\ #~$+ #]+#*.
$<sT\ d#q\T ns d+>V D \qT e> \T> sV+#*. +<Td+ s>
>~ | d]> |T +Te\qT n+<TuT +#*.
bs+ $wjT + | |\\ ne>Vq *+#& #s|< , |Xs |< , < <q +, |<s H
|<, HsD e+{ |<T\qT j bs\ duy { |j+#*. bs+ eT<
+#+&`#|+& nH |sT >& |X \THsTT. M{ bs+ u~+# deTjT+ n&>*. +
yT\T #| eTH*.
bs+ u~+#&e T+f $wj $e]+#&+ eyT <T. <+{ $\Te\qT, $ V<j , n+ss
|\\ T ns+ #dT HT #&*. +<Td+ +|C d |X \T n&>*. |< +<\T, Crj\T,
#H, d+<X y\| #s <s, |+#&+ <s |\ ne>Vq b+<T #j *.
|\\ n_bj\qT #| +#&+ , deTq n+X\ nqsTT+#&+ , VQD $Xw + #&+ e+{$ s> *.
$#jT +& nuk\T |\\ uc keTs\qT |+b+~+#& < +q$. M{ |\ k++>
sdT #&*.
> , d& yT{]jT, |X \ u+\T e+{$ #dsjT& bV+#L &<T . m+<T+f |\
|X \T q$ qT>H se. bs+ nuk\qT k++> sjT>*q |\\ T eyT M{ de<H\T
sjT>\TZsT. { j++> bs\T |P]#d d\dt |Pss TTqT> u$+#s<T. keTs\T k~+#T
#&*.
ne>Vq`|d+<q nud+ q $q&+`e{& + d++~+q |X \qT |P] s>
+> sV+#*. #<T e&+`ns+ #dT e& < +q nuk\qT e> +> sV+#*.
bs+ #~$ yT sj*q |X \qT +{| > y*.
e s D `dH nud+ |X \T djTs#q , dH, |X+ d keTs\ d++~+q$.
M{ \|T T de<q |X \qT bs+ u~+#|& +{| > y*. yds | de<q |X \
yT\T sjT& |P] s> >~ #s sV+#*. s e> + > ssTT+#*. y{
#~$+#*. |\\ T sdq n+X\qT uy+> y\T, |<\T, ns < c\|s+ > d]#j *.
vi \+>D |u T +# |+|D
dH/ |X+ d d++~+q |X \ |\\ T de<H\T sjT& q <VsD* ne>Vq
*+#*. sjTeTH*. M{ |<] +|Cd #s <s d]~<*. sT y M{ e> + >
sjTeTH*.
bC |qT\qT L& <$<+ > sV+#*.
bs+ |P] e&eT+f #<T e+& ` + #| +& nH qTFsD n+X+ yTT<\T= bs+
es q de s n n+X\qT |D[<+ > sV+ ne>Vq *+#&+ . +<TqT>TD+>
b<jTT\T j sTy*.
+<Td+ b<jTT\T y], bs |D[\T sb+~+#Ty*.
y] |D[ +~ n+X\T+{sTT.
1) s> 2) $wjT + 3) nedsy T q +X\ d+K
4) $<d+es+ |Psj T d] k~+#*q keTs\T
5) edy> bs\ $u q
ed+ nedsyTq sV+#*q
u~+# bs+ nedsy T q +X\T
|sT eqsT\T / keT se\T, d.d..
|
- |& e T] y+ dTuse
us< X + H eu $T.
usrj\+<s H dV <sT \T.
HqT H <X |$TdTH qT.
dTd+|qyTq , VQ$<y T q H <X ysd d+|< H >s sD+.
B ns b+<& ds < HqT w #kqT.
H *< + &T*, b<jTT*, |<\ +<] >s$kqT.
|y]qT eTs<> q&T#T=+{qT.
+Te\| <jT +{qT.
H <X+ |{, H |\|{, dys * +{q | #dT H qT.
y] Xj _e<T H q+< e\+.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D ix
bs |d+ <s $<sT\T k~+#e\dq keTs\T
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
bs\ <s *q nqTu T\qT $e]+#>\ >*.
@<H $wj q <VsD\ deT]d e{&> \ >*.
|<\qT ueks + > #<T e>\>*, ||<s\T sjT>\>*.
$$< $wj \ >T]+ e{&{ #s bZq>\>*.
$wjT + <s+> |{ \ qT |P]+#>\ >*.
q nqTuy \qT+& qq / q# n+X\ >T]+ \T|>\ >*.
q $|+\ T / |<qT #~$ n+ss sjT>\>*.
$$< $wj \ / n+X\ eT< q b*\qT \T| e{&> \ >*.
bs eTTKu>\qT / q |+\ qT / |<\qT >T]+#>\ >*.
o]\ qT |>\ >*.
q n+X+ <s+> |Hk e>\>*.
bs+X\ \+X\qT >T]+ sjT>\>*.
|], n|] ><\qT / |<\qT #~$ |X \ yT\T, de<H\qT >T]+#&+ , |X \T
j sT#jT &+, \+X|< \qT >T]+#&+ +{$ #jT >\>*.
II. e s D ` dH
q n+X ds q sD\ deT]d < $u~ d sjT>\>*.
bs u> ks+X k+e sjT>\>*.
$ / s#s TT\ ueq\qT, s#H X* $e]+#>\ >*. n_q+~d sjT>\>*.
bs+X\ b\ +s\qT, duy\qT $e]d sjT>\>*.
bs\ <s qT >V +q n+X\qT $e]+#>\ >*.
$wj $Xw d / $eT]d sjT>\>*.
q n+X+| q n_bj\qT $e]d sjT>\>*.
<, yd+, K, H<\T, d\ T, e#q$, s| +, n_q+<q yd+, d+b<j T yd+
|jT \T sjT>\>*.
III. uc+X\T
q |<\ <s k+y\T sjT>\>*.
|<\ ns\T, HHs\T, |sjT|<\T, e s\T sjT>\>*.
| T\ $T\T, $T\ | T\T sjT>\>*.
d+w, d+jTT, s] , s D, | , |s y\qT sjT>\>*, esT\T #jT >\>*.
e~, , sT>>eT d+<T \qT >T]+ sjT>\>*.
dd+ , y\~ #+ <T\qT >T]+ \T|>\ >*.
s <sjT , VQMV dek\qT >T]+ sjT>\>*.
nXj , duy n\+s\qT >T]+#>\ >*.
IV. bC|qT\T
]|s qT |d \T #<T e&+, sT \ <s de#s d]+#&+ , |]o\q\T yTT<q y{ <s
d]+q de#s y~ s|+ |<] +#>\ >*.
x \+>D |u T +# |+|D
10e s> ` $wjTd
bs+X\T
.d+. bs+ |sT $/s#s TT e+ |jT ed+ |
1. <qo\eTT yTs bq >+, o\+ bNq |< + pH 2
2. me] uw y & keT\ d<e uc_eq+ yd+ p 13
$qk+|
3. Ms \+>D & <Xs~ \+>D MsT\ <T |< + p 26
we #s bXd+
4. =u & b\ jTX<s& |sesD+, < >dT 36
| D
5. q>s^ + n*X{ |u sY ke d V e#q $ >dT 47
6. u><jT + wk $T eTT~sC d], d+|T de J$ #] d|+ sT 56
7. X eT<T ]eT X e\T H , < |<\T nsT 66
$\Te\T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 1
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 1
1 <qo\eTT
` yTs bq
|X\T:
1. dsT&T sT <q+ #jT +& |& >\ sDyT$T{?
2. sT e\qT { MTeTsy T + ~?
3. bD eTT| *dH sT & T m+<T <q+ #X&T?
4. Te+{ <qMsT\T +esH Hs? mesT?
2 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
bs u> $es\T
bs u>+ |sD |jT #+~q~. |sD+ n+f
b<q q => ud+#~. ds+Z , |ds+Z , e+X+, eTq+s+
e+XqT#]+ nH$ |sD \D \T. |sD\T 18. M{
u>e| sD+ {. bq \T>T u>e sX&T.
|dT bs u>+ leTY u>e+ nwe T d+<+
yeTq #] ~.
$ |]#jT +
$<sT\ d#q\T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 3
|y
4 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
. < V*qqT dT
eTT ;eTT\T H=" C iT u+ +
eTT> < $jTT"
ueTT deTLsTq{ u>eTT >\< ! 3
II
+#+&`#|+&
sT>H Hs< T H<T V! nH&T
$. B { MT+ *d+~?
_ >=| <. m+<T?
m<T{ysT n&q < e&+
mTe+{ | +T+~? MT
nqTuy \T #| +&?
b&e b&eq >TiT# n $
me] <+, m+<T{ n
+{&T?
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 5
III
sD
eTT ue d+VsDeTT b&qe $ #| q <{
V]#sD eTT " >&> qdTse TT"&TH. MTs$T >V +#sT? 10
e. T <s D d T s <D
#sD
| q+T dd yeTb<+T >& eq \+T s+Tq+ \T=
y] <X ~ |]>Dq+Tdd.
X. $bjT | ejT ue $wd sbjT y
< beD$< b<<s D + <k$T jT+#T+ j
|+& <qTCX sT+&T e&T>T+ Ck" |P+
V | eT <syd uT eq+ uXseTT+ u+<">H. 11
. * #dq <qeTTq
q*H "&T \u HjT" &>T +
>\\ eT <X ~\T
[ [jT b>& u |+#e Tq| ! 12
6 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
s\T
1) < >=|y&! z *#e! , sC, |se \T|. b{y &T
$we . =+#+ eyT rdT= bjTy&T &T. eT&&T >T\ eT&T\qT =*# $eT
sb b+<T&T. V+&eT+ +&b&T. mesH n& |>\ s? H e $qT.
<q+ e<T ^q+ e<T. V#] (yeTqT&) |+|+#T.
e. n $<+ > q e+X>T sTyq X#sT&T q yT\T] #| T+&> D
\+ qT\T
eTdT= ]e T+T&q * H&T.
2) z eTV! e #|+~ yT. + >VdT\ <s+ L& <. ns+, eT+, ],
JeH<s+ ` M{ @~ n&H kq #bqT. |&T <q +| <TsX < #| |
|+|+#q T. q e | H b|+ <T . |Ps+ u <$ mTe+{ #&| #dq
yHH u] kqT, &q e | qy e+ yjTqT. n V #| +~ <!
jTT<+ yqT~sT>+& MseTsD+ b+<&eT e T& d+ &eT
eq<q Tq y yTq esZ\T.
3) s T \ eT+ H eT+ $H \T <=s + nsT<T. nf < q+ <q eTT, < >V +#{
e TT&q e <=] n<w+ nsT< <!
4) #s! |Ps+ sE\T HsT. y] sC\T HsTT. ysT m+ nV+s+ $sM>sT.
yses d+|<\ qT eT>T= b<T . ||+ #+ y] |sT L& $T>T\<T .
_#e] e+{ysT ] d+ d+w+> n&qy] ]\T rs<? y] H{ +
eTsTe<T <!
5) eTVqTuy! m&> jTC\T, |Ds\T m #dH $we qT #&&+ k< +<T. nTe+{
>=|y&T qy> e] n&T>TTH&T. n&T ]q < e&++f H e+{ y
++ y*?
6) z |+&e ! H qs+ <|]+H ds , +<q + b|y T H eT+<. u eT+&\+
n<XyTH , H <TssD+ eH ds . H e+X+ n+ q+H ds . @yTH , @<H s!
&q e e+ | qT. eqy&T e&T, $we , V mesH ds . H H\T yqT~sT><T .
(&q e | qT) m+<T y\=~ e\T?
7) u> H m c\ >T]jT H |<]+ eH, bD, <H #T eH e]
eTsDyT d+u$ +H ds , n_eq<q T\T e | sT .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 7
8) n $<+ > *#e] e{&T T+&> #+<_++ e+{ eTTKeT eT*q sV+d
e+{ q& *q n \T $+<e[ us jTT d> q T >eT++~. V#]
& <q+ #jT { Xwy T q +>sT \X+ +~.
e n|&T yeTqT * #e] { nH&T.
9) z e T V#! ej! T sej! e n&+~ <q T+& k. b<\T
&T >e. + \d+ <?
10) yeTqT&q $we & b< * #e] &> &T. b<+ <e\qT c\qT+& b&~.
\\eT yT\T *+#~. n |wT \ L n\+syT + ~. ue +<\qT b>={ y
deTLs ~. n<$<+ > #e] yeTqT m&eT b< L& &> &T.
e |$yT q \qT H | #\T H&T. #eTq+ #X&T. <X, \ |PsyT q d+
#b&T.
11) *#e] #T \T # yeTqT |P+#&T. uVDT&eP |d< y T q eeTT \y&eP $w
ds|&eP y<\ |eDqT *dqy&e nsTTq eT&&T >T\ H\ <q+ #dT H n
|* |se Tq | \T>T> n+ yqTy+H # { <syX&T. n~ #d
+ Xs|&+ ~.
12) z |q VsC! n u \L $we n~| . jTq *#e] <q$TjT>H |~
~\, |+#u \ [ [ n b&sTT.
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
II. e s D ` dH
1. +~ |X \ <d y yT\T sjT+&.
n) T+&T n\+u&T n X#sT&T #| &+ n <X y T yT +T+~? <
MTsT @u$ ks?
) V* e\dq ed ks\T @$<+ > +f n&T | C+<T&T?
) d] eT >T= be+ C*s? nq&+ *#e] +s yTyT +T+~?
) bs { bq $+ m{ +< u$dTH sT?
) &qe | >&<T m+<T?
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 9
2. +~ |X \ |~ y yT\T sjT+&.
n) H{ deC <+>\ e\ eXq T \T|+&.
( < )
) bs u> ks+X k+e sjT+&.
3. +~ n+X >T]+ dH+> |X+ dd sjT+&.
n) &qe | be&+, <q>TD+ * +&&+ yTT<q $w \D \ eXq T \T|
H<\T, d\ T sjT+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ |<\qT |j + k+y\T sjT+&.
n) |* <q T ) iT#>T ) #T >TZ
2. +~ |<\ e s\T sjT+&.
n) sue &T ) $eTT&T
3. +~ y\ ^\T ^dq |< d]bjT ns# eT] |<\T sjT+&.
n) \eTT\ +&q #iTe\T $T* VsTT, q+< *ksTT.
10 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
ysD+X\T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 11
G #T G #T
+ MT~ nd+jTT V\Tq
G $<e TT G $<e TT ~+ VQeTT+~.
@ G \eTT @ G \eTT
~+ (~sT+)|q q Bs#T
Vd+> esTT+~. VQ+ : ysD s+ +>se&+,
s b e& + , $ \ +>se& + ,
G #T n#T nqs+ se&+ ` { H\T>T
G $<e TT $<e TT $<\T> ] VQ+ n+{sT.
@ G \eTT m\eTT
~sTy T q V\T |sy T q |&T y T q
Bs+ VdeTT+~.
+ : n# \T>T |<+
bC |
$$< |+&T>\ d+<s + > $$< eT\ysT #d <q<s \qT \TdT=+&. de#s+ d]+#+&.
|{ q T sd |<] +#+&.
|+&T> <q<s \ $w / |
12 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
2 me] uw y $qk+|
` & keT\ d<e
bs+ <X +
uw qT&s| k+|, |\T&T\T, Crj\e\ uw m+ |]|Ps+ >, k+<s e++>
$\d\TT +< #T, s uw >=|H L& uEyd \T>T uw >=|H, b+rjT
uw e<T s *jTCjT &yT bs+ |< H<X + .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 13
bs u> $es\T
bs+ yd|jT #+~q~. @<H n+X >T]+
d+>V +>, T HT $e]+#~ yd+. d{>, dw+ >,
]w+ >, dT\u+ > nse TjT $<+ > +&+ yd+ \D +.
|dT bs u>+ & keT\ d<e q djT nqTu T\
sdq j~ nH yd d+|{~.
s#s TT |]#jT +
$<sT\ d#q\T
14 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
|y
d+d +< uw, eysD Xk <+ & |+&T &T +<_ \D _sT<+T&
nsTTq | >+T\ \D Xd ` y! seT#+< ! >| T nH&T.
>T&|P C] ` yTT<\T MT +& |T+& n Xs|s# &T.
eTd<T yTMT< Ls= | s T , _#>, _#>\ T e{&T H e\T X<> $
|\ |\T&, Crj\qT HsT HqT nH&T uw + +& |eTTK $ MTsY
FMTsY.
nqTuy \ |eTTK kVry keT\ d<e j~ $. Te+{ eTsH
Xss d+|T q\ >T]+ \TdTy\+f bs+ #<T ee\d+<!
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 15
n~ # |< |d + . < ysT eT J$
\+ yTT+ n#Tydq T sT . n& &
= n#sTTq |<\T |ksTT. _\D
eTV$< nsTTq sd T +<] nH H
nqTe~+ | # T ]+# T Hs T . y]
$e+<e #] n#TH s |
MT<H \eT] \qsd+V+ |+T\T
y T T< \ T= H{ eTV | + & T \
|X+k|Ps\sTTq n_bj\T HqT
#~$HqT. ysT +< _\D _sT<+T\T.
HqT y] <>Zs w]+ #jT<T
=|
&T y] d<q+ LsT+&,
s#T> CT\T sd y] <s nH
kV $wj \T \TdTHqT. { ysT
H > T s T k j T T\T. n+ { y s T y
seT#+<! n d+u~+#+ >|T
nq+ $+> n|dT + ~ <! n~ y]
|d+ <q b+rjT uw. &= q eTT#
j~ #dT+THqT. q&TeT yd
|P]eT d+<sq uds dsdr +
m+<s ydyvjT+ MT< n~seTTq
|+&T \T, bsD \T |d+ +#sT. H{
ydus+ MT~ |d+>+ kj
jTe]{ qT+ d+d + b|dsY>
<> $s e TD # d $X+ J$ +
>&T|Tq .eT\>sT #dHsT. yTqT
#d e+f, y>{ $+ e+f mes
j ~ eHs T . eT< V u q
deTjT+ yTqT |]#jT + #dT HqT.
yT | >+T\ \DXd >] es.
e >TsT |, qeTd]+HqT.
\ DXd >sT eTVuq>sY
eq|] d+kH #+~qysT.
16 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
+#+&`#|+& C+ \+ de#s, bs d++<\ XK ndd+ {
&s s >Y <>+ #], e] d m&TwH &s s Y
@ b+| y \T>T b+| y |d T &|P { &s s Y |s Y z]jT+ +>Cdt |<$
+ eT+> e+T+~. deT]+#+&. <> $seTD #dH sT.
s#s TT =+<sT |+&T \qT >TsTkjTT\
II
#b&T. >TsTe\q>H y @jT
| \ T+&\ MTsT dTH s \T|+&. eTVuq>sY y uw \T>Tq+ * e+T+~.
|d+ <q b+rjT uw ` B m{ ns+ dTses+ ||s & >]~L& eTVuq>sY H. y]
#dT Hs $e]+#+&. sq, eq eTVuq>sY b+rjT
|+#~. s &> ] d>eT+ {\b&T. |
&T
C+ s+ sjT#sY #+~q<. uc|jT T scs &q|
&T sjT#sY =+u >+
s #]bsTT+~. =+u >+ eTVuq>sY *dbsTT+~. {\b&T, n\+|PsY H&T
eTVuq>sY eH |
&T sjT#sY y.. n\+|PsY VXs\j |qsT<] +# seT+
#TsT> bZq >&j s+ seTw Xs >sT eT+ |+&T \T. |]X< \T, | sV\T. V <su<T
+< ksd |]wT jTs&{ s q =+<sT eTTKT >&j s+ ys=sT . ys H nH
$wj \T *jTCdH sT { H >TsTkjTT.
qZ+& \T>T>& k+|sTTq<. eTVuq>s,Y qZ+& #+~q m+<s e\T, < \T,
| $s T \T V <su<T eHsT. ju@ +<{e s qZ+& @< XeT+, n+{|P &
y+s + >sH $ e+&ysT. e\T&T yTT<q seTyTq y\T mH sdHsT ysT. +< ksd
|]wT s =+<sT y] w\T. |]wT sV+# | n+{|P & y] @< e+, | >+T\
y] d+| ysD + d\dT e+&$. HqT y] >+<\T #~$HqT > y] |]#jT + b+<< T . ysT
L& y\] y] w. y\] y] @\e wqsTT HqT @$T HsT HH (=+&] Ms s|T y#sT\T
L& y\] y] @\e w) |
&+> >TsT < T >, ~>, e+ sjT>\T>TTHqT.
\T>TqT, s qT m+<s +<] <>sZ @yT$T HsT HH
+#+&`#|+& n<+ sj\+f |d e TeT+~. & HqT sdTq ~
y] sqT, eqT b+rjT b+rjT uw |\T& >T]+. |\T&, qT&s+, Crj\T
|+#~ B >T]+ #]+#+&. nH y{ s # beTTK+ eq~. y{ sCeTs,
yTTV$s n+{sT. s yTTV$s\ >T]+ s skqT.
@\ew&H |<+ n+ss n~ sjT+< eTT#T eTTjTe. es+>\T \T>TqT
$e]+#+&. \T>T nqe#T. ~ sq T s n+{sT.
|\T&, qT&s+, Crj\T n+f +k\. +k\ jsjT HD\ $\Te.
u w n\+s\e+{ $ sT es H j sT#d n$ q HD\T. n$ #eTD
n_bj deT]d e{&+ &. e. |> |uT + | #dT + ~.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 17
III
&yH ndq uw
e eP] |P\T #sTT+# eTs |sVT&T yTT<\T MT +& |T+& n+{&T. nj!
nqe<T. Xue n+ |P #dT + f |TeyT$T{? d+<sq yT+ ns+ #dT +{+>
+ d+<s + B ns+ ys neT+~. \T>T m{ nH *jT MTsT Te+{ \T>T m+<T
#bsT ? eL eTs e#T< eTs #| +& n+{qT. n&T $q&T. eT< ww #sT k&T .
n~ =+qjTyT. |T+& nq&T. ~ +k\ jT j ssTTq q HD+. es+>\T
Ls>jT\yT d\ eq m& n#eTsTTq \T>T qT& $|dT + ~. @ b++HH ndq uw
&y HH $q>\+. s e{& eTTdy T d\ T, \T <{ y y ` seTV\ e+& u>e TT\ uw
X<y T + < n|{ $<+dT\ n_bjT+. n+<T b\{ sq T u>e rEuH eTVr EuH
nHy. e qq+ > kVu nH s b|d s Y CyT |#dysT. n |sT >
V <sVY Q dH nqT+{qT. nqT+{H >{> nqqT. n&T >+\T >+\T ~ u>e r EuH
|d+ +#y&T.
es+>\T \T>T >T]+ e{&T THqT ><. d+es+ |< J es+ du bZHqT.
k<sD+> J sTT+ ]> es+ , jT+ du bZHy . H |\T|e#~. <, HH yy ,
du qb{ $ dyT q+, qb{ s eTTcsTTs. = |d+ >\T ]>$. s n& <s
eTT>TsZ >jT\T (MTsd+^Y du) y<\ MT< c< >\T $|+#ysT. |< J s $ . \+ |sT
c<. HqT y |{ kVr $TeT+&* e\T eT $\T $|dT H sT. kV du ]fs Y &|P {
s Y n< eHsT. yses H *jT<T. n& n+<sT \T>T $<+dT\T+&>, n+<sT jTe]{
#sT\T+&> ]fs Y s yq |d s Y n< eV+#yT$T{? nqTHqT. J\ |& y
nqTHqT. s yq y \T>T kV du n<
eV+# ns <q THyqT. e T $\, <\ +#+&`#|+&
sdq s yq, bdt XK\ |d s q T j~ o] +<
|k$+ eHqT. HqT |k$+# yH \T. n+<T .. yTT<\T MT |T+& n eTs
$ dyT q+ s n< \ysT e{&H sT. n#yTq |sVT&T nH&T ><! MT J$+
es+>\T b+rjT \T>T d+d |<\q+> {+{ d+|T q\qT $e]+#+&.
XsTT+# +&, +^w , s |<\ C*+> y +& @ b++Hq ndq uw &y H{H
eT eTqdT uy\qT y\&+HsT. s qqT $q>\+ B deT]d #]+#+&.
e{&e THsT. n< \y] \T>T $q s $dyT q+ n+f MT \Tk? m|&H
\T>T e{& kVd+ #jT qT. s e{& qT $ d y T q d u bZ H s? MT
n e{& H\T>T e\T sH e{&HqT. nqTuy \T|+&.
18 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
n< \y]> es+>\T \T>T e{& #sT\T =+<sT Hs &. sT \ eHsT. ys |
=H s e\ >T]+ sdHqT. |
&T j~ sdTH qT. \+ qT+ H s#q \T #<T eTq
>T+sT $<+dT\T, n&={ |\] >b\w Xs >sT H yk\T u>THjT CT\T sdTH sT.
s# T >, MT yk \+>D b+rjT uw |d eq~. MTsT b++ysH? e b+|
&
s<? n |d e+{sT. ysT @ <X + n{ |ks *jT<T> n~ H |X+ d>H u$kqT.
\+>DH e+ +< b++ y >& #~yT sdTH q+f $Xwy T <.
IV
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 19
Udt ` yT nH s +&T e\THsTT. Udt +#+&`#|+&
n+f |yTq~. (dw) < VQe#q+
H $qT | e\ T |d+ <T #dT H sT.
Kydt. n+f $<T H, d+|< H, <H
| yT q y. yT n+f keq+. yyT n+f HqT e{&T Tq~ e+ keq |\H n
VQe#q+ keq |\T (eTH || ). s#s TT nq&+ +s yT$T{?
$ @eT+TH&+f, H $qT | e\ T |\\ T +{ e{& uwys T . #~y uwys T .
|d+ < #dT H sT HqT e{&T Tq~ e+ nq&+ e? <? sD\T #]+#+&.
keq |\H n. b+rjT uc u<\qT m{ d]#dTy*?
e{&+ &?
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
20 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
) H $qT | e\ T |d+ < CdT H sT. +< ^ ^dq ( )
|< deHs s| < + .
m) d++< _) nyyT d) Udt &) |d+ <
) | $ $ me] uwqT |j +#&T? ( )
m) >+~u w _) su w d) |\uw &) @M<T.
3. +~ >< #<e +&. |X \ yT\T sjT+&.
s eTq<ojTT\ eT& uw . @< , eT #+~q uw <HsT
b|d s Y s|j
dTH. s+ y+ <s n{> nqTHsT. |{ q s+ y n{>
nqT+THsT. n+<T H eTT# s e >\ d++< j~ #dT +THqT.
e #<T e s MT&jT + ]+~. V&ds Y nqsTBH kVT. s #| eT
kVT\T <s , eTT>TsZ +&y. nsTT, | s> #~y e seTH<s eksY s
#|ysT. ysT eT+<q uVDT\T. m|.t m.(+&jT {) #~$q ksT \T>T, d+d +,
eTs, +^w uw eT+ b+& + e+&<H y . s @< |< | bdsTTHsT. ysT
|< s> s #| + f s &^\T >\ y ` kVTes nu +s+ eBjT<T . |>
eT d]> ns+ <s s ws s+ e eTT+<s seTH<s eksY #| +#THy.
|X \T :
n) s eTq <ojTT\ eT& uw e\q~ mesT?
) s#s TT q eTT# @ uc d++< j~ #dT H&T?
) seTH<s eksY m&ysT? @ $wj u~+#ysT?
) s &^\Tq eT\T seTH<s eksYqT @ $wjT yT d+|~+#y?
II. e s D ` dH
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 21
2. +~ |X |~ y yT sjT+&.
n) bs+ <s keT\ d<e >T]+ MTeTse TsTT+< sjT+&.
3. +~ n+X >T]+ dH+> / |X+ dd sjT+&.
n) MT b<$ T $<ud J$+ MTsT eTsb C| \qT yd+> sjT+&.
( < )
) MT |]ds ]q @<H d+|T qqT y&Tu w d+uwD> sjT+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
) seT+ R
) + R
22 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
4. +~ y\ ^ ^dq |<\ | ` $T\T HsTT. y{ >T]+ | ` $,
$ ` | sjT+&.
n) MT yk \+>D b+rjT uw |d eq~.
) H~ |C $ < !
) e neTeT sp #|
T+~.
) Ls>jT\T nyT + e \T>T qT& |dT + ~.
ysD+X\T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 23
sT>>eT d+~
+~ |<\qT >eT+ $&BjT+&.
n) |<s\T
) ;<s\T
) u*+s\T
| |<\qT $&Bd m +{j >eT<+. m{ esj |]o*<+.
n) |< G \T |<s\T
) ;< G \T ;<s\T
) u*+ G \T u*+s\T
|< G \T |< G sY G \T |<s\T
;< G \T ;< G sY G \T ;<s\T
u*+ G \T u*+ G sY G \T u*+s\T
| eT&T d+<s\ |s |<+ \T
es+ $TT&e n<q+>
|<, ;<, u*+ |<\ \T |sy T + ~. #s& y T >eT+.
|<, ;<, u*+ yTT<q Xu\qT |<<T\T n+{sT.
|<~|<\ \T nH |<+ *dq|
&T sY nH ns + n<q+> e+~.
sY nH~ n<q+> se& sT>>eT+ n+{sT.
BH { L& #| e#T
|<~ Xu\ \T X+ |sy T q |
&T sT>>eTeTeT+~.
|q #| q eT&T |<\ |Ps|<+ $XwD +, s | < + $Xw + (HeTy#+ )
$XwD $Xc\ L&q |< s <sjT eT+{sT.
s <sjT eT+<T |<~ Xu\ \T X+ |sy T sT>>eTeTT+~.
| |< |s+ +~ |<\qT $&Bd >eT+#+&. $Xw + #+&.
n) eTT<s\T G
) es\T G
) eTqTeTs\T G
) =eTs\T G
24 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
|q #| q |<~ |<\T \T>T|<\T. |
&T d+d deqyTq ( eT) |<\ \T
X+ |sy T @+ sT>TT+< |]o*<+.
>TDe+ G \T >TDe+Ts\T
T~eT+ G \T T~eT+Ts\T
leT+ G \T leT+Ts\T
d+<s\ L& sY edT+ ~. d\yTq & e+~ >eT+#s? n<$T{ |]o*<+!
>TDe+ G \T >TDe+ G G \T >TDe+T G \T >TDe+T G sY G \T
>TDe+Ts\T
n>
T~eT+ G \T T~eT+ G G \T T~eT+T G \T T~eT+T G sY G \T
T~eT+Ts\T
bC |
>+BJ d X<q , keT\ d<e j~, H>=&e, <Xs~ s+>#s Jeqjq+,
>&j
s+ seTw Xs X| eTT yTT<\>T |eTTKT\ C| \T, nqTuy \T >+<d y T HsTT.
M{ @<H >+< d]+ n+<T $wj \qT #<T e+&. y{ MT qq
d+|T qqT |s=+ m+<T q+< \T| y~ sjT+&.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 25
3 Ms\+>D
` & <Xs~ we #s
26 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
bs u> $es\T
bs+ |< |jT #+~q~. #] yd$
n+X\qT edTe > rdT= <T ue e s D
sdq
|<*$. & <Xs~ we #s s+q <Xs~
kV+ e d+|{ sT<MD ~.
$ |]#jT +
& <Xs~ we #s es+> q>&sT +#&T. H{ b\\|
es |Cbs{ #sD yK ] |\qT # q e++ #dq <eT$.
H ^e[ m+ <seTT |j D+uH= n+< u >+TqZ |f< qH&T.
|<\qT C\ T>&\MT< sd |\ V<j eTV$> kq+ b+<&T. n<s,
sT<MD, eTV+<<jT +, |qse+, $|w+, $Ts+ deTs+, neT_w+,
#H#H\T yTT<q $ d+|{\qT, qe$T (H{\T) jd
22`7`1925 (djT#]) e+{ |\T >+<\qT s+#&T. d > jT$> DeTTe+{ b\T
05`11`1987 sd deb kV >sy rdTe#&T.
\T>T > |jT bD+bdq <Xs~ 1961 >*u >qT
nqTe~+#&T. |d< s e \ $ nqTe~+ $eTs\ |X+ d\qT b+<&T.
\T>T kV #dq de>qT +< |<X kV n&MT nysT (1967)
+< kV n&MT nysT (1974) n+<TH&T. +< |<X sh e] kq$.
ns yX =& nuT<jT |<q q $ q&T|H dTyTq
ue q, bNq |< X* q |\ V<j \qT T q deTqjT |uo\
|C$.
$<sT\ d#q\T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 27
|y
+#+&`#|+&
u eT+&\eT+ m+<T
|< ++~?
T e # | \+
se&+ n+f @$T{?
28 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
II
. jTT&q |+$ +&T> { \T+>T s\H!
bjTeTT eq+H bDeTT*, jTT<e & y
CjT uT C\eTT <]d+| >eTT, qyT dy +#+&`#|+&
#jT TeT+{ M \T>T s >& yT+&T es! 3 \+>D H\ m+
eT. \>DeTTq >&b #jT TqT d+~+#H bDeTT! s + q< <! n
\eTT+ &qTy |#e T&#H k+# jTT<e TT! ; $ m+<TH&T?
*bjTH >yT \ jT$TjT>TH \+>sH! ~X+ >&b #L & e
#\eTT X<q T'|s+ |s\ dj &H ~$H 4 es&+ n+f @$T{?
. H\T>T y| \H \~ H\\T k#T#T LsT#T+&! qy<jT+ se&eT+f
\eTT s |HsT uT $! q\T~\ >+&={ d+ MTseT nqT+THsT?
<\ <]]! <s \yT\ d+ y] <
s\T*eTT <=&> , sE ]yE\T E |> H 5
III
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 29
s\T
30 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 31
3. s +& |< ||<s+ +< +~. < $<+ > sT, @&T d+K>\ |<\ ||<s\T
sjT+&.
R ne!
R jTT
|u$Xwe TT\T R |C $Xc\T
= s\< R = s\ es
u | R #&T X \ (u |\)
VdeTT\H R #T\
&TH R |&b sTTq$ (q$).
|&T R |&T
n&T G bjTH R n&+ \T =\bjsTT.
k<eTe R yTsT|r>\
| \ R $#Tq
$uGe R +T\esTd\T
Te R T <sT\qT
#| R #|
\eTT\TH R deTjTeTT\T
eTH R ]eq$ (n~>).
d# s R n+ d#y T q
\ R |Xe+yT q
|<e T d+< R =* b<T
uqTe R dsT&T
@+#&H R edTH &T (<sTTdTH &T).
II. e s D ` dH
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ y\T #<T e+&. ^^dq |<\ ns\qT|j + k+y\T sjT+&.
n) >* }>TTq |e\T >TsT{\ dj &TTHsTT.
) k+<eT+ _{wt y] >T+& \+ s |+~.
) MsT| & bD\qT n]+#& yqT&sT .
) ~ #q|&T #qH eksTT.
2. +~ |<\ HHs\T sjT+&.
n) <jT eTT :
) X :
) nue TT :
3. +~ y ^ ^dq |<\ |sjT|<\T sjT+&.
n) eTTsseeTT eqd V< dT+ ~.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 33
) \~ nH JesX\ \jT+.
ysD+X\T
1. +~ |<\qT $&Bd sd d+~ |sT sjT+&.
n) >yT\ R G R
) dj&H R G R
) <]] R G R
) <s \yT\ R G R
) ~X+#\eTT R G R
}) XeDue TT R G R
TT) yTq R G R
2. +~ |<\ $>V y\T sd ded+ |sT sjT+&.
n) rjTT\ +#T>+ R ,
) D |T +\T R ,
) T e R ,
) eTVseeTT R ,
) $s<+ w\ T R ,
}) +ysT\ T R ,
TT) \+>D sh+ R ,
T) eT|X R ,
34 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
#qTbk\+seTT
y |]o*+#+&.
{ |&q \T \T<!
y+ \T, \T nH |<\ ns\T ysT ysT> HsTT. |<\T y+y+H
|j +#&sTT. V\T\ + nsu < + y+y+H y&& < # qTbk\+s+
n+{sT.
eT]= y\T #&+&. deTqjT+ #jT +&.
n) ns{ = =s<T. # nq>
+.
) | |& \T \TT+~.
) eTT #| ! #| b+& q&TeeT.
{+{$ bs+ y k++> j sT#jT +&.
bC |
\+>D bs H|< + eq @yH s +&T eT&T b\T d]+#+&. y{ b& $|+#+&.
(<)
<Xs~ sdq @<H |d + / b / $ #<T e+&. < <s+> y~ sd #~$
$|+#+&.
MT \Tk?
<Xs~ 1952 & d.HsjTD s &, e{ sT k$T, & _sT<TsE seTsE yTT<\>Ty]
*d \+>D s#s TT\ d+| k|+ #&T. jTq e{ sTk$T *d Ceu<
C\ T nqTu$ +#&T. \+>D <eT y\ n>>D yTq ~ <Xs~ n<s. ~ |&
|\ eTHuy\ |r. n<sqT Ceu< C\ T dV yd e{ sTk$T
n+$ T#&T. nf sT<MD nH $d+|{ \+>D |C n+$ T#&T.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 35
4 =u
` & b\ jTX<s&
|X\T:
1. | |s < >T]+ q~?
2. Te+{ yesD+ m& +T+~?
3. MTsT #dq | >T]+ e{&+ &.
4. | H{ b*d H&T @jT esT\T #T#dT HsTT?
bs+ <X +
us< X k++ eq s y>+ > #T#dT q esT\T, eqTks+>
sujT = esT\T, }V+# |]De\T, |s ekH\T, k ~| X \ MT< keqT&
= $j\qT d+ +> dT+ B <. <X+ \yT q | k+ d+s*
neTT& d+uwD |< +|Cd + ~ s#s TT.
CrjT, b+rjT |s+ >qT, uc|sy T q <<+ qT \+>D nd # H
<s q+> \& =u q&q = < q T |]#jT + #jT &yT bs+ <X + .
36 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
bs u> $es\T
bs+ < |jT #+~q~. s +&T s\
d++~+q $es\T, s\eT< qT>TD+> eq
esT\T yTT<q $wj \qT & |.jTX<s& eT
=u *jT|]+~. Hwq Tdt |#T ]+q
jTX<s& e T <\ T >+<+ ~ bs u>+.
s#s TT |]#jT +
$<sT\ d#q\T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 37
|y
38 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
neqT +>H! @dd T > b<sd + y=\ydqT #sT mH\ yTsTdT+ &~. >, \\T+>H
|+&T> ~? bjT+\ [ |< =seqT #+>T #+>Tq <T++ m] dq #|\qT >TT >TT
eTqT+ dT&>T +&\qT |H +&$. >$q >T&\ T>T\T #<\ |\qT >^ | | |sT>T\
> f\ qT yT+~ C\, # \ m>y C+{ H\ T |P+
EsT=q~ k\, |P \T >{q { d+ & & +#+&`#|+&
>*q |\T dTydH +&$. n, eTqdT\ nqT+,
>T&\ TZ\qT pd +{ n MT~MT~ k]#{ >TMT< de MT< |qT ysH ? n+f MT$T
CsT&T +&\ mq n\TZ<T+ &, s>+&T <T, &<! nsy T + ~?
n|& +< @y? +&T >q b{| >+&T>+&T eTqT+ MTs T m| & H m & H
q bq |{q q Lq qeTT\ $T+> pdT+ &~. | H q&T#T+ bs? bjT|&T
>=sbTqT ne+ eT+<T >T&> \T $T+qT $T+q dTbeTT @yT+ >eTks #| +&?
ds #T r> dTTq~. q~ nsT> |P&TyeTT MT }] b*yTs | m{
>T]+ >T&T $TT$TTq $T]#T+ dT<Ts +T+< #| +&?
dTT= nr >r msT> +& e&~ . && q\T b+#T=
n<TqT>dTq b*|s >+&e &H +&~.
II
eT]! e dHd = ufdq +, =< ], =e T\T| n+ |<+ u&+ &+~? <+ H <*q
uH! mH+& qT+# =&T e& u! +<T = j&T+&~? n+ nqTq>, H eTqdT H T~
#| Tq|+~.
nsTTq >q> eT, + sT >q+, +&> &<T . |s> m\TTsT <&> { q T |# s+
s>&<T . j< yT#+& eT] n+f eT], s=eTTq meTT\T u&q +f m? s=+&T +&T <]
<q+> T\T y{ d&, j~ qTeTsT> q , eTsT>Tq |& | qf ><! H mq{ qT+& msTq
uf eTT u>+ <? <? u q&d \T s=+| n+T+f LdTq & e s=#T,
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 39
< ? >T \<? m+ #&> , m+ u> q > + ds {, eT+~ TC q&Te+& |sTTq+
k k\T eTq e\d+~, eTq+ p&e\d+<, >&T q MT< qT \e&& ? <? nH~.
}s #sT e <{q+, eT& <{q+, y] s T \ |dT \ ={\T >He{q $, ={\ >&y eTT\
#<s +& <TsT> eTd+ > +&$. +{yT T+ {q m&T \>dT+ &$. e }] m\eT >T& y=+~.
yT |dT | +&s { # #<s +& +&~. |PC] we #s \T <{q+.
+& e&<! >bjT ue + +>T\. & +& C]+~ n+f d| >& >{q f. +<
eT]d+~ j~ eqT eTT]b\ edTe qT >edq <dqT, me]+ |& +& | >& e
eTjT H=>\ MT~[ #+>Tq <T+ # ms|s \T d+>]d& q T= H b| d~]q m+{\ T d q
~<T = =+>T +&T> de]#Tq, nk+{ <|]| |qT\T j$ sT>< T . n+=d & |s\T q
>& +&| & < T . H bD => }|] |\Tq|+~.
|+& d|\ H&T |\>D |+& |\q T >{=q qT+& pdqT HqT e }] p&e{q .
H +{ m<TsT+>H s# . +<sT > eTDTdT e s# s #T s=+&T <& +>{
+&<q T <{ &+ BT> \e&$ . n<+ dyT T?
+#+&`#|+& > k] d&T d&T eT+ e s# +< n #|
q MT< qT \&+ n+f
|q $. m|{ rs!Z eTT#\q +< ys> >d+& eTDTdT\T
@$T{? #]+#+&. eTT H<T . <+ eTT+#T=# e }]? ~ \H?
ejTH? n+ < #d{ y\ >s <s
H{ H{ #s eeVs &\T
s# MT< LdTqT >H=qT. H +&q T H qeTT~><T .
Hj? @$T{$? s=+&T CT \ u> q\T= eT pdq >& n< \T&
MT }s s# +& / >eT dy\jT+ \e& + n d+~. z s# +&! z s#T! mH
q<? n& mesesT @jT $wj \ H @sTsT m#T #T \T e { eTw deq+>
>T]+ e{&T sT? eqT, &qT |+ # j>+, T~ MT < +~! n
yT#T+ d+Tsq eTT+<T kq.
III
+& kbH +&~. +>, >bjT +> m+H nsTTq ueT] s+>sjT s +&+dT \ >#T
e+, }s+{ \|<q + H mT \e& T >H=+~. eT]? mq&T +~ ue + +yT T
~>\ Bb\T m\T>T e, HqT pdTq ~ b<T e| |PH> , |$T<\ #eTTsT +&T+> <TeTT
={&T T+&$. \+ b&T >={&q T, < | < n+T+&~. m+<T? n+ nqTeq |&T + &+>H
ey&T |<| * bD+{ |>Zq @dq X\T {.
n! H eTq] e{q $T <=s n< |< eseT |sT +& }&T bsTT+~. eTq
}s+ |&| & *$ <* $T |P MT<H $T<\ T y| leT+T&q s+>sjT MT< eTe&
nsTTq |+>HeT+ u{ qT. <+{ nsTTq ~eT~] #| +f d>T yZ jT, eTdT+f bD+ ujTq+
40 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
sT{q e& &\ |& m\rsZ +&&q > bjT+ <d |+&+ |\\ Bk dT{\ es+Z n+
s+>|s+ C]+&T.
s+>sjTT&T q dH&T>&! |d sT s=+&sZ esT >$Tq =]$ { H >+ sT ><!
@y? eTqTdT { }qT }+~.
+& e b+& +& & [ k>TT+&~. |&T e ue bdT|f\ T b|s & k>TyT
d]>< + d#jT> q. eT] sTTH+ |# |Pd >qH? s+>sjT & m& n+! dsT deXsT
~. } D m >D ~+ <] m<T>jT+& m|{ >\T n|& >] # $<\ T njT\
b H& nT=q$. neqT >, nqTeT+sjTT&T? sTT H, H* d+>+? M eT]? nqT+Tq
eqT |d> { q T H eTT&T.
n! {\y nqTeT+sjTT&T, &T \ d+ Hq r| { q>T+ >=s <TeT+~
>=+T\ sT\T <*dT+ f q+T\ d+>+ q~ +~ <| s + \ mdT+ &. +> |&T +&T <]q
q+ y q s=+&\T me ~$qT +\ |sTH |TeT|dT + &sT . +f @+<?
mH+ M #| +< rsZ nD eTD +sT? dqsT +#+&`#|+&
eT+~ n+ |&T nsTT+< < j \ ~ d| T
|{ HT s T +& pk |+#sTT\ |& |+#sTT<s &T \ d+ Hq r| n+f MTs+
n| d| Cd <+&T>\T >T+ <T . @ y&q |+#sTT ns+ #dT HsT?
y&H rsT\T sT>TT+&$. n! H rsT> n<e T ssT
|+#sTTr\T #| &+ n+f @$T{?
<=+>H \T e, d+& <|+&T e, |]+|\T e, >T\
|+#sTTr\qT m{ sT|sT?
=+&\T e, eTT+b>\T e, | eTT<s T e, +& sT\T
e, n&T +&T e. < | q \T m{ +T+~?
IV
+& e +{~ eT\eT\T ~]+~. & e |<eeT +{b+{ q >]d\ +&\ Bb\T
m*qT q\T>TsT eTDTdT\T yTd\T >\>\ d| &T |+~. <+~s? nqT e eTTD
~pdq, m+H e VsY yT m d+ { TCq @dTq <dT sTe\T C& <T\T|+
n! ~ eTq eq |\ \T+& b bT* \T, q+ yT<T\ +& +\T C] nu nqT+T+&, n~
|&T eTq] s& +~. yTeT+ >*d } me] |+& q>, y+ y] s| f+&q ,
y+& |+&+ & eTDTdT\T yd eH |\ \ T s>&<T . d+Ts yT]yTD Cd |>{ Bb*
}s+ yT]q yT]jT }s+|\T rd eT>s T <T n+ & Cdq +. +> eTq| +&T |\T
dsT>+>, #d~ eTd+ |= |DMT~ #eTT\T q|+# { T&T+ TdT TdT eT+T+&+>
yTeT+ b dy\qT <Ts + > >TeTT*+ n\+s j&>{ q +.
+& e +{ eqT eTT+>\ +~. >C\ d| &T dTT| \ |\\ + sT+{ dTT
ET qsT. |\\ T H rsZ dTsTeT+ sT , |&T d$T& eTT\T e, d+|\T e, ds |+&T
e, ys> e, }&T+&T e, |\\ +<sT <d|+ &, + #+& &T+ &sT .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 41
+&~ +\T <{ + q&q. n\TyT k|q usTT&
>#T \ q&q. & m|{ rsZ +&T jT +\ k], z #
d+T, z #sTT q&TeTTq y{ y=js+> yqe* \e& <T.
y=qe\eT |&T e |< | q <eD+{ eTT+<\ >dT+&
y=T\ T |qTT+&~. ~ \H? e? n+ &+> n& &
pdT+ &+>H n! n+ $\T+{ dTeT H \ #+T
n+~+~. k] ne++ H #T \Tq #+T C]q+ |H+ ~,
> nqT+& H s=+&T #T \T e bsT s _& dTeT
(< |sT |{+ ~ HH) ~ kq$. n~ H m<=
+~. n +&T ~ d&e{q $. esT<T \<T .
e]H e |\<T. e usTT <>ZsTq
s\H{ sTeT yTT<T nqT+& eT H{
d>T s d d>Z] rsZ eH\T e&T+ &~. + e
eTT&= eTTd eTTd q>T+ usTT&
eqT d+u \e&&T. \+
mH\\T ]dq|+~.
neqT ~ = uH! ++f
= u , eT+u + > T + ~?
j&T+~? u @d{ q&TdT+ & >,
b|+ u y=\q+<? y=<T>q+<?
q\TZsT |*+< e, q\TZsT yT+< q&T,
q\TZsT q&d+ < u.
+#+&`#|+&
s& n+f @$T{? s qT
m+<T q&T|sT?
q\TZsT q&d+ < u n+ss+
@$T{? #]+#+&.
MT |]ds b+ |\\ s|s K\T,
yw< sD m{ +{sTT?
42 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 43
) | s&T me] dV s+, mesT ]+#sT?
}) |s o] @+ |e#T? m+<T?
II. e s D ` dH
1. +~ |X \ <d y yT\T sjT+&.
n) m+ #&> , m+ u> q > +D ds { eT+~ uT C q&Te+& |sTTq+
k k\T nq ne +s + @yT +T+~?
) n& & q\T n<TqT>dTq C&\T q&Tq $ n+f MT+ nsy T + ~?
) MT >eT+ | < MT }] | \ qT >T]+ sjT+&.
) #sT e\ beTTK @$T{?
2. +~ |X |~ y yT sjT+&.
n) bs+ <s+> | eq esT\qT $Xw d sjT+&.
3. +~ |X dH+> de<q+ sjT+&.
n) | k+<s e]d |~ |+\ e#q $ sjT+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ y ^^dq |<\qT k+y |j +#+&.
n) b<jTT&T #| bs #$y] $H*.
) sT| \T\T >$q edksTT.
) {\yq+ |s<T.
) e }] b*yTs |+b\THsTT.
44 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
2. +~ y |sjT|<\ +< ^ ^jT+&.
n) sp |sTT &T y* b yTqT ydq edT+ ~. <V + +& >\T eTTdTsTsTT.
) eTqTw\T <=] e\ edksT . dsT \T nyT #T\ <>sZ T +{sT. n+<yT q
|<X \qT w| & sT.
3. +~ |{ qT+& | $T\qT ysT #d sjT+&.
deTT<+ n<sT e K $< |q +
$< |j D+ d+<+ d> <s+
4. +~ Crj\qT $e]+#+&.
q &T |Te<\ y&T nH ns+ y&TsT
+&T=q$
<&>T
|\TdsT>+>
ysD+X\T
+~ |<\qT $&Bd d+<T \qT >T]+#+&.
n) bD\T >e R G R
) eT">T R G R
) dTyjTT R G R
) \TdT\T R G R
) |P#qT>\Te\T R G R
e~d+~
+~ |<\qT $&BjT+&.
<:sd R sd G @ R ( nG@R)
n) @ R G R ( )
) edT< R G R ( )
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 45
<:~y se+ R ~e G se+ R ( nGR)
n) <XX s+ R G R ( )
) nwX s\T R G R ( )
<:|T Hw~ R |T q G zw~ R ( n G z R W)
n) eHw~ R G R ( )
) eTVw~ R G R ( )
<:sk+ R sd G W+ R ( n G W R W)
n) ~yw<+ R G R ( )
) H+ R G R ( )
|q q |<\qT $&Bdq|&T MTsT >eT+q $wjT + d]#&+&.
n) d+~ @s&|&T | k] |Psds+> n, e+~.
) |sd s+ kq+ esTd> @, , z, W \THsTT.
, W \qT
) n s @, \T *dq|&T e+~.
) n s z, W \T *dq|&T W e+~. e<T\ T n+{sT.
n+f...
i) n s @, \T |sy T edT+ ~.
ii) n s z, W \T |sy T W edT+ ~.
e<T\ e\ @s&q d+~ qT ~ e~ d+~.
d+ : ns (n, \) @, \T |sy T s+, z, W \T |sy T W s+ @<X+ >
eksTT.
bC |
n+<yT q | sT \qT d]+#+&. | d++~+q $ / b d]+ |<] +#+&.
MT $TT\T sdqe # #] d+\q+ j sT #jT +&.
46 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
5 q>s ^+
` n*X{ |u sY
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 47
bs u> $es\T
bs+ $T $ nH |jT #+~q~. @<H n+X
=dyT sT|, e+>+>, #Ts\ e |+ #| &yT $T $.
n*X{ |u sY $ nH >+<+ d{ | t nH $T $\
={ q>s^ +> Ls&yT q ~.
$ |]#jT +
$<sT\ d#q\T
48 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
|y
<w { dw >#]dT+~.
=+<] = dyX\T $Xw+ > ]ksTT.
dV <jT T&T | <* qT+N |sD b+<T&T.
n uw jTT<y T , ue+ $s|+
d+]+#T+T+~.
q>s+ eT\\qT, eT\q z $
V<jT + m{ <]++< ` n*X{ $T $(\T)
eTq >&T T+~. eTqdT { ] #d ns \
yqT nq+ <X\T |ksTT...
q>s y+<
qj>s <T$T+<
H\T>Ts& L&* @eT~?
n<, q>ssDsT
qsT& Jeq|T w
* &e+{
|deT~*
s* eq |<s T \
q|f +{
|D
}|s& MT T\
q>s+ |eTw
|s jT >+<y T
eT] T
|J\T s> d<es!
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 49
<jT yT
dT ]
|yyT +| $sdq
H+T |e\ d+<&
s #<T e\ |b&!
+#+&`#|+&
|d e T* $ * & m+<T b&T?
|D \qT q|f\ T n nq&+ $ <X + @yT +T+~?
q>s+ | eTw |s jT >+<y T nH y+ >T]+ MT @eTsy T + ~?
|yyT +| $sdq H+T |e\ d+<& n $ me] >T]+ nH&T?
B >T]+ MT n_bjT+ \T|+&.
II
d{ n+f n
{ _*+>\T e
nT ue +T\ T |P]S
<]<+, ku>+ de+s s K\T!
~ ys { deTd\ eTqTw\
dyT q V\+!
m+#d H me] +#+&`#|+&
r] < <T ] <T
d{ n+f n { _*+>\T e!
yTs qe\T, b<sd + q&\ T
=+<] s +&T ~ yde yTH? m+<T?
]y eT&T s +&T , eT&T , H\T>T
qy H\T! n $ nq&+ <X + @$T{?
q>s+ n| eTVq>s\ s& eTsD+ H\T>Ty| \T
k]+#* eTq #|\T n+f @$T{?
eTVq>s\ s& q>s skjTqX\ n, |<ePV+
eTsD+ H\T>Ty| \T! n $ nq&+ <X + @yT +T+~?
q>s+ eTVe+ MT<
me] ys @!
q>s+ ns+ skjTqX\!
q>s+ M& |< ePV+!!
50 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
s+
nH yVH\ Xu\T, eTqTw\ e\T, sTybsT\ nsT|\ q>s+ H\T>T s&
L&* $|+# sD>=D < qT\T >T+&\~]bjT ydTq &+ H<+, < yT q y>+ <
qj>s \b+ sT n|ksTT. C$ nsD++{ q>s+ #dTq <, q>sJ$
Tbs++ eq iTeTT+{ X+ HjT $ e]dT H &T.
neT &+{ |{q }sTqT e~* b~d+ q>s+ s* eq y] + |<| +
\<#Te& d+ d\ + L& <=s< T . |<s T \T q|f +{ sTsT eTT] |<X +
}|s& d nqTu$ d TT+{sT.
q>s+ |eTw #<e e\dq |d + +{y&T. nsTT mes n T |d +
|J\qT #~yys +&sT . q>s+ eTw yq nH d s y T q q+<, $c<><\ T+{sTT.
s H n u>>T\T |{+ #THys +&sH #<T C #| TH&T $.
q>s+ <j H $sdq |e+{ d|\ \ T d{ dT, {, |yyT +| d+<&
#dT + {sT. y] e+ #<T e\ks+ |b& s\TT+T+~.
q>s+ +& ny| n+<yT q mq ue H\T +{jTqTe<T. y| K<q ue +T\ | H
q q |P]b\ +{sTT. & Xs+, <]<+ | | H de+s s K\T> |ksTT. q>s+
y$ < yTq deTd\, $_qeTqd \ \dbsTT \\+ +& +T+~. m+ s+sjT+>
|#dH q>s+ eTw $X+ rdTe& nqTyq deTjT+ <=s< T . d+b~+q <q +
]qT rsTH r] <=s< T . eTyTq y\T>T+{ ndV | qe\, ds + V&e&
q&\ y y, {] ]>y, s |j D+# <q e+T\ +{sT.
q>s+ s+s+ n|eT+ > +&*. n& ny| |e<\T b+ +{sTT, H\T>T~
s& eTTe b+ +T+< $ V#]dTH &T.
e\MT< +& | \T |sd s+ *dbsTT *$&> +{sTT. q>se TH eTVe+ MT< ed+#
eTqTw\T k{eTw mTe+{ rjTyTq |\]+|\T +& sT>bsT>H ueq L&
+& me] ys @> TT+{sT. j+ eqdd sdd T H &T $.
|j >X\ @yy skjTq <y\T, e\T +{sTT. y{ #s \T n+<] ns+ e. q>s+
n++ f ns+ skjTqX\ +T+~. q>s+ T<eT eqy, b~ <=s b sTTH
@< sE <=sTT+< X> y#dT+ {sT. & ks\T, $k\T, $H<\T | | yTsT>T\T
\+> ]ksTT. eTsy| sT<>+, JeqejT+ uj T |&TTH q>s+ $& y T~<T. \Tw+
\es|{H , {| CyT J$+ sTbsTTH q>s+ $& |X++> |\ ]bjT,
eTT& $&BjT |< ePV+ +{~ q>s+ .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 51
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
52 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
) $ $ @jT |+&T>\T |k$+#&T?
.
) $ eTqTw\ q&TeT u+<y \qT y{ b&T?
.
) $ o] |+&. m+<T o] |{s $e]+#+&.
.
II. e s D ` dH
1. +~ |X \ <d y yT\T sjT+&.
n) n*X{ |u sY d{ | t $\ | @$T{?
) | ` q>s >\ &\T \T|+&.
) q>sJ $ r] < <T. ] <T nH $|+ ydy $e]+#+&.
) q>s J$+ |L\ n+X\qT + ]q +> e]+#&+ $ +s + @$T{?
) q>s+ eTw Jeq $<H bs+ <s+> $e]+#+&.
2. +~ |X |~ y yT sjT+&.
n) H&T q>s Jeq+ m+<T d+w + > e]+< $Xw + #+&.
3. +~ n+X\ >T]+ dH+> / |X+ dd sjT+&.
n) q>s Jeq+ nqTL\ n+X\| $ sjT+&.
) eTq |]ds\ |]Xu d+ n+<s w#j
\ *|T s| + sd |<] +#+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ |<\ ns\T sjT+&.
n) q>s R ) sT R
) |T w R ) |s jT >+<+ R
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 53
2. +~ |<\ |sjT|<\T sd y{ y\T sjT+&.
n) qsT&T ) nsD+ ) s T ) |e
) eTsD+ }) y+# m) e+ @) |
< | ` >eT+, q|<+
| <X |T>=eT\T n >eTds+ d+ >+BJ \\T H&T. q|<\qT u>TCdT &
<X ku>eTqTH&T.
ysD+X\T
1. +~ $u> n\+s >T]+#+&.
n) q>s y+<
qj>s <T$T+<
) =+<] s +&T
]y eT&T
qy H\T
2. +~ |< n\+s\qT >T]+#+&.
n) n&> < q &T e&" qT
q&q"<qT eT>T& qT&T>"& q& jTT&T>TH
y&y & &eTT& &" &
q&T&T q&T&<T &eT q&T&T H&\ H
) s+><s u+ > K>sTs+> $| s+|s
T+ > eT'|+ > |]ws + > <j +s+ > d
+> <s C V<jT ksd u +> X#s e
+> Xu+>! u <] <XsB ! sT D|j B!
s|\+seTT
+~ y\qT |]o*+#+&.
(i) b<jTT&T CqCT\qT |+|Ck &T .
(ii) T > \T| zeTT\T dV +.
(iii) yqCD qT|P\qT #*+ ~.
(iv) qe\He T |jT dTH +.
| y\qT >eT+#sT <! @+ nse TsTT+~.
54 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
yTT<{ y+ CqeTT ` C ysT ysT <T. CqyT C. Cq+ |yT jT+. C
|eq+. s +&+{ u< + <T . { nu< + #| &H s|\+s+ n+{sT.
\D + : |yT j, |eH u< + (&) H, qT #| n~ s|\+s+.
< q>ssD sT qsT& Jeq|T w.
deTqjT+ : +<T q>s+ |yT jT+. nsD+ |eq+. & |yT jTyTq q>s,
|eqyTq nsD u< + H, qf #| &+~. { ~ s|\+s+.
(ii) (iii) (iv) y\ L& deTqjT+ sjT+&.
+{$ bs+ y sjT+&. deTqjT+ #jT +&.
bC |
|\ T / |{\ Jeq $<H >\ &\T |{ > sd |<] +#+&.
MT \Tk?
|D M<T $<TT y&+ e> +&& jH Bb\qT y&TsT. nsTT jH
Bb\ y\T>T s> V*dTq < +swq d { |t ddq T nH d+d
|{ + +~. eTT+sTT q>s+ jH Bb\ y& w~+#\ eTT+sTT q>sb \ d+d
MT< sT dTyd+ ~. eTT+sTT sT $T{ @ss+~. $T{ y~ |s+ jH
Bb\ y\T>T # me> +f eTss >+ e# neX+ +T+~. , yT<&T V
*dT+ ~. n~s | & q +, qs\D , n\sT e+{ s>\ sDeTeT+~. n+<Te\q s
|< =+&T >+\qT+& jH Bb\qT y&s< V sT rsT+~.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 55
6 u><jT+
` wk $T eTT~sC
|X\T:
1. | |s me] >T]+ \T|Tq~?
2. jTq me] >T]+ w #X&T? m+<T?
3. eTq sh+ <[T\T, eTCT\ y]d+ w #dq e\ T mesT?
y >T]+ #| +&.
bs+ <X +
56 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
bs u> $es\T
bs+X+ J$ #] |jT #+~q~. $_q
s+>\ |#d de+MT< |u e+ #|q e\
$w \ qT \T| sd >+<y T J$ #]. u>s &e s
esT&q m+._.>yT s+q u>s &e s J$#]
>+<+ wk $T eTT~sC sdq yd+~
bsu>+.
s#s TT |]#jT +
V <su< ke sjT <e\ H+B ^+ |*q # q o* =]
wk$T eTT~sC. jTq k+ deTsj<T&>, s#sTT>, s*dt>,
$<d+d\ k| &>, $<y> , V <su< yTjTsY>, +<e TVdu sV&>,
VQq de d+ds> |\ eTqq\+<Tq VQeTTK |CX*. 1957
V < s u< q> s y T j T sY > m q> s _ e ~ d + suj T eTT| @ +&
neds\qT>TD+> edsYbH jsT#dq <s&T. <HksY nH
+>y s| qT k|+ d+b< &> $\Tyq d+b<j \T, yk\qT s+#&T.
25`08`1893 V<su< #]qT \TdTe& jTq s#q\T beD <s\T>
15`12`1967 \&TsTT. n+<T V <su< q>s #j ysTT|J +~+
|]jT V<su< nH n<TyTq >+< #] <Xs|+> eTq
n+~+#&T.
q $TT&T u>s &e s *d <[T\ nuT q d+ w#X &T. 1948
s V<su<` rdt k djd <T V< |sT V<su<
sj <e\| >+< sX&T. us |uT +# us k+<eT #]
sd d+|T + bq duT &> jT$TT&j &T.
$<sT\ d#q\T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 57
|y
58 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
nD>]q \ HjT\ L& eT+ |]#jT + |]+~. eT eT+> y] qT+ dV s+,
H eT< T L&>
T H&T. >=| eTqTw\, d+ds\ +& X ~ n\esT jTq n+s
esZ\ q d+ d+dsD yTT<\T |{&T .
y V+<eT+, V+<Te\T eT #]qT * <+ +#+&`#|+&
#j \qT+f d+ds> u>s &e s |sT yTT<{k q+ +T+~.
nD>]qesZ\ $k jTq q deTk n]+#&T. q \ eed e\q de+ @+
*$\qT n+<TdyT y+#&T. @MT +# +&, eTd+ sT>TTq~?
m|{ |#d jTqqT #d n+s esZ\ jTqqT X ~, CsTTr n+f MT @$T
sT>T HjT> |HsTT. X ~, CsTTr, |T<\ nse TsTT+~?
|#d es ns\+H y] qeT #s>=q>*>&T. eT nCq+, <dq e\q qc$ T{?
<Td sD+ eT nCq+, <dqqq msTqT q #]+#+&.
nqT#sT \ *> T #jT >*>&T.
II
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 59
1925 HjTeT] sjYTu\ eTT+< n< eV+q du V <su< d+kq+ >\ ~
V+<Te\ |<T \+ jTqqT eT es<Z s > mqTHsT. ~ @ ke es|Z HjTH
>s sDeTeT+~. jTq 1925 ~V+<Te\ \ |<s q sV+, ~V+< jTTerjTTe\T
des jTTer jTTe\ deT+> sDks s|+#&T.
III
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
60 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
de+ @sT #X&T. _.jTdt.y+se V <su< | dteT+& |{&T . V <su<T
n+u< sY> |d~ #+<&T. V <su<T n+u< ]C b<T\T rd, <sT\T yX&T. deTsV+
<[ <e\qT q&|q BX*. V <su< <e<d <Ts#s s\q, <[T\ $<_e~
w #X&T. 1926 ~V+< eTVduq T k|+ #&T.
ds q yT >T]+ +&sD
+(u{) sjT+&.
n) Cu|P k|+ q de+ |sT @$T{? ( )
n) d X< ) deTde+ ) qede+
) |<\+<] n+<TuT se*d+~. ( )
n) &T ) #<T e ) HjT+
) <e<d <Ts#s s\q w#d + ~. ( )
n) Cu|P ) n+u< sY ) _.mdt.y+se
) ~V+< eTVduq T k|+ q d+es+. ( )
n) 1936 ) 1926 ) 1916
II. e s D ` dH
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 61
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ |<\ |sjT |<\qT sjT+&.
n) n+& R ,
) q R ,
) d# R ,
) $d+ R ,
2. +~ |<\qT |j d k+y\T sjT+&.
n) @{| R
) eT#TTq R
) eTVe] R
) s+s+ R
3. +~ |<\qT / |< +<\qT $e]+ sjT+&.
n) n++ e&+ R
) H eT< T R
) X ~ R
) k+|T <Ts#s\T R
) k+| \&&+ R
ysD+X\T
+~ y\qT |]o*+#+&.
| <q +
n) n! #sT e p&T.
) HqT sH eTT&T.
) |\\ ! s | ;sY|P sT Cs y THqT.
) yTeT ek+ ds.Y
62 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
| y\qT |]o*+#sT ><!
| y\T HqT, yTeTT yTT<q ysT #TTqT> HsTT <!
{ e T|sTw y\T k<sD+> | + > #| TqT +{sTT. { $
| <q + q y\T. ` | <H <s D
V\T ( ) +&*.
+~ <VsD\qT |]o*+#+&.
n) eTqTw\+ |T deq+, mes me<T, mes e <T nH&T u>s &
es.
) sT<eT<$ * Hs+ qTe HqT eeT\T d\ + <T. qTe |e TVw$, HqT u$
#e], eTq +&T eTT +&* +&L &<T nq~.
| <VsD\qT |]o*d | <q + sd|&T +~ jTe\qT >TsT+ #Ty\
\TdTq ~.
e\T / y\qT e{&y #| qT sj*.
e\ / y\ <s D V\T +&*.
|<e T|sTw q |<\T (nq> eTqT, eT, qT, eTT e+{ |<\T) e T
|sTw HqT, yTeTT> esTsTT.
|s <q +
+~ y\T #<T e+&.
n) VsesH qT sq V]D nH&T.
) |< Hb<jTT&T #| qT #keT |\\ T nHsT.
) qqT $ T+#eT sE q $TT nH&T.
|q Tq y\T #~ysT <!
$ d{> y #| q T+&! += #| q THsTT <!
+{ y\qT |s <q + q y\T n+{sT.
M{ <s D V\T |j +#e\dq neds+ <T .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 63
+~ y\qT #<T e+&. @+ esT ]+< #| +&.
n) HqT H <X |$TdTH qT nH&T lydt. (| <q +)
) qT q <X |$TdTH q lydt nH&T. (|s <q +)
yTT<{ y+ lydt e\ <s D V\T |{sT .
s +&e y+ lydt e\qT +=sT #| qT sXsT.
+<Td+ <s D
V\T rdd n #] y+ sXsT.
yTT<{~ | <q +. s +&e~ |s <q +.
| <VsD\ |]o\q <s |s <q y\T sd|&T +~ jTe\qT
>TsT+ #Ty\ \TdTq ~.
|s <q + <s D
V\T =\+ n #sT ksT .
e T |sTw |<\T HqT, yTeTT, H, e e+{$. |<e T |sTw |<\T> qT, eTT, q
eT \T> esTsTT.
bs+ |s <q y\qT >T]+#+&. y{ | <q y\T> es+&.
bC |
&T>TesZ\ d+ w#d q Cu|P , n+u< sY, k$rusT|P J$ @<H eTTKyTq
|T { MT e sd s> #~$ $|+#+&.
64 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
&
T =+
\ Td \+>D >]+#<>Z |]X<&T
& `
<Te+ XdH\ Xd ` _.mH.Xd
#
=+<sT @ | #dH B+{ H+ u+ ? n dT+ {sT. H<+ <#Ty\qT=HysT
=+<s , <=]q+ <#Ty\qT=HysT eT]=+<sT . ks+ >, CsTTr> q d+|<q T,
Cqd+|<q T deC_e~ deTsD#d ><q T\T =+<s . n+{y] _.mH.Xd eTT+<TesTd
\Tk&T.
_.mH.Xd |P]|sT _q] qsd+ VXd. |{+ ~ q\>=+& +<b\q>s+ (TeT\>&+).
dd\ + e*>=+&. $, s#s TT, $eTs&T, d+b< &T, #] |]X< > VQeTTK |q T
|<] +#&T. m s+>\ w#d H y] |sT $q>H #] |]X< & eTT+<T yT<T\T&T.
@&+& ejTdT q|&T y }] >T&<> sZ #+& &TTH&T. #+&T HsT |&~ . e&
y&T. n& ssTT| @y ns \T |+HsTT. ny$T{ \TdTy\qTH&T. ], |T<
n& sT y \+ |]X< &> *|+~.
=$T<s> H d+<s>+ qe\ sX&T. bu+ >+, bbsTT | + (>jTy\T), s<
Jeq+, rs ], y eTV<$ e+{ qe\\T, s+<$ <, nbV e+{ H\T, |*C\
y+s+>se J$#] , oK+&eTT ` < bXd eTT (kV $eTs) e+{ s#q \T #X&T.
e m +<<X#] ` d+d (3 u>\T), us<X#]`d+d (21 d+|{\T)
eTs=mT. M{bT q\>=+&, ~u<, eTVuq>sY \ ds k\qT, s &s , uVDs
ds k\qT |{ + #&T. 12 Xdq d+|{\qT |{ + #&T. y\ >e\T ] e+<\=~ XdH\qT
y*rd XdH\ Xd > ] b+<&T. wb +>, beD #]qT C+~+#&T.
|T<\ |sjT|<+ _.mH.Xd. m+.m. #~$q sT y XdH\| |]X<q #j \qTH&T.
||] lyk#sT\T \T>T #~$H& XdH+<\Tdj T m]+#&T. B dy\T> rdT=
Xdq kV+ \T>Tuc $d+ nq $wjT +| |.V#Y.&. #X&T. Bd+ b[, b uw\T,
$$< Xdq *|\qT HsT=H&T. |]X<q u>+> ~$ qqjT <T qH#&T&T n
s|+#&T. nsTT $wj J]+#T $X$<\jT #sT\T |]X<q >+<+ u>
rddH |V#Y.&. |{keTHsT. _ejT q Xd qT d|eD+> s|+q <
rdyj T & | |V#Y.&.H e<T\TH&T. B jTq |]X<q < . $w +&qT\ s<
>T+sTb++ < q\>=+&b++ n *#b&T. <Vs\T e s> #jT +&
#] s#q d+ w #X&T. q eTd | <s mH #], k+d , kV |]X<q \
\T|\T ]#&T. m+<s $, s#s TT\qT bV+#&T. q |d \<s e# &TqT ;< $<sT\
dV j y&&T. |]X<q , |d \ eTT<D q d b>=T= n|\b\j&T.
C s> #] d+|<q T d+b~+|{&T . \, eT, eju< \T b{+# w|{.
C+$y#H<eT+ bZq _.mH.Xd \+>D n+f n$TyTq |eT. mH d+d\T,
$X$<\j\T #j*q #] |]X<qqT #MT<T> #X&T. nB me] (]+>)
j+# +&. H eTVd+d. <X+ +{ |]X< \T # nsT<T. n+<T _.mH.Xd
\+>D >]+#<> Z eTV|]X< &T.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 65
7 X eT<T]eT
bs+ <X +
66 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
bs u> $es\T
bs+ X |jT #+~q~. X \ |<\qT eTT \T
n+{sT. eTT |< + << d+ ue+ +T+~. X
eT+ k<sD+> |< b<+ es +T+~. nsTT eT
sV +> L& = X \T HsTT. bs u>+ ds Xs,
lV dX s, eT\u bjT,
<Xs~ , qsd+ V, $XH<X s, + syTXs,
yDT>b\ X \ |<\T HsTT.
$ |]#jT +
(}V+)
(1242)
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 67
4. <XsB X+ : seT<dT> |sTb+~q +#s >|q KeT+
H\=+&|*yd. u<#\+ lse\j ]+q u>dsT&T.
u <#\ lseT#+<k$T |sTq <XsB X sX&T. k$T|
mH sq \qT s+q y>j Z T sT&T. n+<yT q Xu\+s\T jTq
(17e X+) $+ C\TysTsTT.
5. qsd+ V X + : + Xw| $ +q>sY <s |] yd. qsd+ V
X + bT, qd] X sX&T. s#q u s uT
+q, ked V |dT + ~. \+>D b++ Cq|<T \T
(18e X+) L& qsd+ VX |<\qT n\y> b&T+{sT.
6. $XH<X s X + : >TeTq>] \qsd+ VXs yT< bs& |
>eT+ +#&T. eT&T e+<\|> nce<H\T #d ne<
XX+ X$d] nq _sT<T\qT b+<&T. V+< s>+ jTq
|< |sH $Hd+ | yT q ~. $ D, ne<q dsd , y^X
(1934`2011) dT , <e, |<<qeTT yTT<q $ jTq s#q \T.
7. l+syTXs X + : q+_ l<s s e Ceu< ;yT > (yeTT>\T)
yd. leT+u#\ eVeTT, leT+] qsd+ V X + jTq
s#q \T. $s _sT<TqT b+<&T.
(1934`2000)
8. yDT>b\ X + : >&> ;eT$ s+>s& cu< eT+&\+ H>s +
>eT+ +#&T. M~& es $<ud+ #dq jTq |< s#q
H|D+ n&+ $Xw+. yDT>b\ X+ |<\T dsX*
(14`01`1920 dTu< + > +{sTT.
03`04`2010)
$<sT\ d#q\T
68 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
|y
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 69
II
70 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
III
d. \Hq d +T \TH=\y&T
ejTe\ keTT BjTTy&T
\>s eTTq |< =+|s&y&T
\+#+T\ y\ u+#Ty&T
#&T |esq \+<T C\ sT>Ty&T
esTdy$ e<T\Ty&T
eTT#{&T#T =+| eTT+#p#&y &T
qys\ > +T#Tqy&T
^. |&$T qss |& |{j T Tq
sd T &T > ysq seT#+<
+#+&`#|+& |B <s H >s +b]
$ <w yTq |T qT&esT? yDT>b\w eT<\T X] 8
$TT dV jT+ m $<\T> +T+~?
qss | sd T \+f mesT?
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 71
s\T
1) ds Xs! |P #d|
&T yTT<{ |w+ d +. s +&e |w+ <jT . eT& |w+ $T*
$wy T q @>. ~ u j > $<q+. eT&T |c\T |P\qT e n+^]+#e<!
2) lV dX s! q& n& messTTH + _+ |&sT. ed+#& >TV\THsTT.
ek\T M<T <=sTsTT. >& q<T #\ neT+e+{ d#y T q sT <=sTT+~.
|dT \qT b&{ eHe. nsTTH |\T sE\qT m+<T XsTTks *jT<T.
3) Vd n+{ y&esTTq z dTs_e T! \e+ >TsTe b<\ qeTd]+#y&T,
<q>TD+ *qy&T, #| $wj X<> $Hy&T. d eT&q y&T, uT \+ $j\qT
b+<y&T, eTqdT+& eT+q+ \y&sTTq |+&T &T d+|<\ T H |k&T .
4) <Xs < T es! <j deTT<Tyq z lse! e jTT<s + >+ XTuj
T +sT e, <T'U\T
b+<y] b* +<T ee, +eT+yT q neTT\b~, uD\T, <+&eTT\ qT|j +#
HsT |#+ &yT q uT +&e+ #|, ] b+~q k{e# <e + eTs=sT s , eT~+q
@qT>T H &+ yd, u eT+&\eT+ $q&T #TqT!
5) n\+s\# X_y &! <s |] + y\dqy&! <Tw\ qT d+V]+#y&! bb\qT
b>=fy &! qsd+ V! $wu \ qT +~+# +& +f nH >+<\qT #~$qf, _$ T#y]
| +f#\T, n~ <qeTT #dq f. dq T\qT yd+ #jT +& +f >=| VQeTqf,
<e eqeTT\qT $T+# +& +f n~ +>sT < d+ u+ L&q >T&{ + qf.
+=] esXq + ( @&~ d]|& uH) s+& #jT +f#\T, q |sT d\T
{+ qf neT+~.
6) $XH<X s! >+ L&q Bq T|P qT\+<] Bqd s|e|, n+<] dTesyT q ,
q+<s J$dT U |+, e<X| >=|H messTT $X<| s T ks ys >=| ysesT.
n|PsyTq ]e T+T\esT.
7) z + syTXs! $TT&q y&T |d + e~]> $T*HsT eT+ u~k&T . s d|\
$\Tyq <q +e |] k&T . XTHXq+ kBqyTq e dV jT|&T &T. +&T eTqd
dTUk&T .
8) <jT ~e+{y&! H>s + |seTTq+<T =\Tyq y&! yDT>b\c! H <e e! X!
\ L& d |\& w| & y&T, ejTe\T #| sT \ keTT n|V ]+#y&T,
\>s +{ |<y+& +&q T HXq+ #dy&T, \+#\ $\TeqT |+#y&T, #&T |esq
]>y&T, y$esTd\qT b{+#y&T, qe eTT#{&TH m<T{y& HXq+
#j \qTHy&T, *< + &T\qT +{qT+ y >=fy &T u $TMT< eqes|+ q
sd T &T> ys=&T >&T <!
72 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
o] :
II. e s D ` dH
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 73
) yTq mesT? n \D { +{sTT?
) $TT&T |d + e eT+ <] #|& m{ #| >\sT?
) bs+ |P |w+, d +, <jT , @> nedse T \TdTHsT <! eT] #<T e
$wjT + @y$ nedse TqT+THsT?
2. +~ |X |~ y yT sjT+&.
n) X |<\ T\T J$+ m{ |j >|& T j $Xw + sjT+&.
3. +~ n+X >T]+ dH+> / |X+ dd sjT+&.
n) bs+ <s+> eTq+ n\esTy*q eT+ >TD\T, +&L & >TD\qT $e]d
$TT K sjT+&.
(<)
) @<H |< ue+ <s+> < sd |<] +#+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ |<\ k+y\T sjT+&.
n) ud\T R
) <~+#T R
) <q d R
) qss |sd T &T R
2. +~ y\ |sjT |<\T >T]+#+&. sjT+&.
n) n&$ @qT>T\ >T+| q~. >T+| >eTT HjT + eVdTq ~. ] q
>T+| H>eTT\qT sd T + ~.
) dVT\ CsTTr> +&*. CsTTr m+<s $TT\qT d+b~dT+ ~. H# \T
eTq yTq d+|<.
74 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
) sE\ Ms V+ bD+. ysT k eTT H| D me b<q$TksT .
ndH sE\T XTe\| $jT+ k~ksT .
) q+ n+f n+<] w+ . Xu s\|
&T +>s+ =q& n+<s d #|sT.
ds+ ds sT\ <>sZ y[ eT qq us D
\qT j sT #sTT+#T+{sT.
3. +~ y | ` $T\qT >T]+#+&. ysT #d sjT+&.
n) sT| <d ms&+~. <D
~Xy| q HqT k]> nT ]>qT.
) deTT<+ s{\T yTq dT H sTT. deTjT+ d+<+ uj
*dT+ ~.
) sE \T#T+f n k< +. s &T eTqdTqT |d>
& + w+ .
ysD+X\T
1. +~ y\T #~$ d+~ |<\T >T]+, $&Bd d+<T \ |sT sjT+&.
n) dq T n+<s T~eT+Ts\T n+{sT.
) n# >T_ yTT m |P\T |PHj!
) s y< T &T ~yw<+ #&T.
) mesdT q~sV+q |Ps kVde+Ts\T.
) de+ n_e~ #+<\+f dyT neds+ .
}) $<e+T m\+HH ]+ #&sT.
2. +~ |< b< >D$u q #d >TsT \|T Te\qT >T]+ @ |< b<y \T|+&.
n) u+ &q;eTT"&s q u+<e " &T \ uDD
y\~
+~ |< b<\qT >eT+#+&.
q V V d\ d\
I I I U I UI I I U I I I U I
n) T e#T" > VQ+< qeTTq
V V V V V
U I U I UI U I U I
) e#T" > $T e#T" >"
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 75
V q V d\ d\
UI II I UI I I UI I I UI
) Je <q eTT q " C&T > |&T ">
V q V V q
U I III UI U I I I I
) e ~sT> sT eq <q T\T
1. | |< + 4 b<\THsTT.
2. | b< <T >D\T HsTT.
3. 1, 3 b< esTd> eT&T ds>D\T, s +&T +<>D \T HsTT.
4. 2, 4 b< <T ds>D\T HsTT.
5. | b<+ 4e >D+ yTT<{ ns + jT #*+ ~.
6. bdeTjT+ b{+#< T .
{+{ \D \Tq |< y\~ |< + n n+{sT.
+~ |< b< >D $u q #d @ |< b<y >T]+#+&.
eT >&T > esVeT|T eTTq.
bC |
6 qT+& 10e s> es #<T e=q X \ |sT, X e\ $es\T +~ |{ sd
|<] +#+&. y{ m |<\T MTsT +sd + #Xs \T|+&.
.d+ X + |sT $ |sT \+ +sd + > q |<\ d+K
q { y] dV+> +
d sT \ eT+ |+#T, >TsTe\
$<jT T& + nu d+# $< eT+
|*dT+~.
76 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
8 \d~
` d+b<j
T +
mH yq <jT +`
b<Tb &T|`
\+>D qeed++`
k>+*`
\ d~`
qe\+>D `
|X\T:
1. | q Tq d + b< j T o] \ T @ bs+ <X +
$wj \T|THsTT? ~q | d+b<j \T, yK\T de
2. ys q b<qyT$T{? # H &&TsTT. { $<sT d+b<j
T
3. MTs|&H d+b<j \T #~ys? yk\T, yK\ | n_sT *d, d
d+b<j T eT+f @$T{? |+b+~+|Cj *, BbT k<sD ys\ ,
4. d+b<j \ <s j |\ d+b<j \ eT< +& &qT, y{ b<H
>] eTq+ @+ \TdTe#T? ns+ #dT =H+<T < +q< bs+ .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 77
bs u> $es\T
bs+ d+b<j T |jT #+~q~. deTq d+|T q\ eTTKyTq
y{ rdT= | yUq s|+ |Ps|s\qT |seT]d k> s#q
d+b<j T yd+. e e bs \qT T +, +|
#jT >\>&+ eT+ d+b<j T \D +. $ d++~+qy nsTTH
= d+<s + $_q \L nqTe]+|Cd T e#T.
\+>D sh nesD d+<s + > 2e pH, 2014 H&T \T>T
~q| y\Te&q d+b<j T yd+ ~.
$<sT\ d#q\T
|y
78 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
I
+#+&`#|+&
dTBs \+ nDyjT &q C
q >=+T $|dT + ~. e\q~
@ d+<s + ? mesHsT?
| \+>D sh+ @s&qTe+{
n|s|yTq D MTs{
d+~+#sT?
| \+>D sh bs+ @jT
|T {\T b+ |\ V<j \qT
s+ > essTT?
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 79
II
III
80 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
n$ \+>D n+<< T . n+<Te\ eT&T s\ nDy eTZq deC eT d+ e T |< \
s|+ <Te&+ | d]. sTD\e|, s +&T |& > < T \ \T yTT<q e d+ e T s $<H
nqT>TDyTq VMT\T. \+>D {bsT<\ s+>+ ]q nHj # ~<& + Vs+.
dsY yTT<{s C |{ + qT |]b\Hs+>+ d+dsD\T |yX |&+ L& nedsy T . \+>D
| &T <X+ > +&~. djT |]b\q eTq = <T. nbsyT q eqsT\THsTT. |\T w+ # +>\ysT.
T~u =<e<T . +<T&T eT&T
s\ bT d# k+\d+ bs&q
+#+&`#|+&
C y{ $\Te *d +T+~. n+<Te\ \+>D |q]sD+ m{+{ #s \T y+H #|{ \
\+>D u$wT| d+<V e<T. d+b< \T u$dTH sT? B MTsT deT]ks?
d+ \+>D n_e~ u |jT dT+ ~. qe \+>D sD+ |uT ePV\T @$T{?
||+ # <s +> \TdT+ ~. \+>D sh |q]sD+ MTs{+{ b bwksT ?
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 81
) |C|<T \T, sjT HjT\ b.
) d\ qT\ b.
2. +~ |s #<T e+&. |X \ yT\T sjT+&.
1926 yT 19q >\=+& | bs+uy T + ~. H&T q d<T bj\T H&T | sVD
@e+ +&. d+b< & n |qT\T sV+#T=Hy&T. $K]|, yds# s TT\|,
>Tek| , |P|t &sY | { <<| n |qT\qT s #jT e\de#~. |]d T
>\=+& | mH TbqT m<Ts=q~. +<T $TT\ dV s+ dTses+ ||s &
|T<\ | sV+#&T. 1939 >dT 3e B qT+& >\=+& | d+b< &>
||s & jT$TT&j &T. >\=+& | ||s & |u n<+ |{+ ~. \+>D |C
C>|] +~. jTq sdq yk\T, $eTs\T, d+b<j \T ysTT|> +{sTT. |
#sy~qT sV+ d\qT >TZ neX\qT $eTs\ *+#y&T. e k++,
bsV \T, b+rjT uw\, | k+ >&T s E\Tq|{ L& C+ |uT +
+\ H<T s=+ >\=+& | \+>D | = uy\qT, #q\qT, # H s*+~.
n) >=+& | m|&T bs+uy T + ~? B |< q d+b< &esT?
) H{ |d+b< \T @jT |qT\T #dysT?
) ||s & >\=+&| <s @+ #X&T?
) >\=+& | \+>D | mTe+{ # q + *++~?
) | |s |sT |+&.
II. e s D ` dH
82 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
2. +~ |X |~ y yT sjT+&.
n) | d+b<j \qT #~$ | #H <sDT\qT, << ns+
#dT e#T. B| MT n_bj\qT k<VsD+> $e]+#+&.
3. +~ n+X >T]+ dH+> / |X+ dd sjT+&.
n) eT< \+ #T #dT q @<H |< q ke+X+ / d+|T q\ <s+>
d+b<j T yd+ sjT+&. MT s> |<] +#+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 83
3. ~q |\ d++~+q |<C \+ <s+> ueH ^jT+&.
ysD+X\T
84 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
2. +~ |<\ $>V y\T sd, dek\ |sT sjT+&.
n) Vs+ ,
) Xj
T T\ T ,
) d+ e T|< \T ,
nXj n\+s+
III. +~ <VsDqT |]o*+#+&.
<:Ve\jT Ks\T X THsTT.
Ve\jT |s \T # mT> +{sTT. n$ +> X e. y{
me#d #| &+e\ X THsTT n n+THeTT.
@<H edTe >, $wj > q< +f me #d #| &+ nXj
n\+s+.
+~ \\qT |]o*+#+&. n\+s+ >T]+#+&.
(+~ |< + d<$, nXeq+ VqTeT+T $s&| <s q d+<s + ~)
n) +. #T\T \ |Pe\T>
neTT> yTqT |+ jT+sM~H
y dyT #|{q
neT* eTT<eTT H=+< d H. ` yTT\ sejTD+
) e }s deTT<eT+ #sT e q~.
) n_s+ { #+ b&e H&T.
duy n\+s+
yJ ms&q qT\ n~]|& | |<$ |T qVQ+seTT < & qTueT eTT& >]d
>s$+#< q, |P+#< q d +~+ neeky? n kH<e eT+<*+#&T.
| y+ qT\T ms&+, | |<$ n<s& + , >{> VQ+]+#&+ , qTueT eTT& < &+
|+> q|&T *> duy\T. { @<H $wj q~ qT> e]+#&+ L&
n\+syT . B duy n\+s+ n+{sT.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 85
duy n\+s+ : $wj q~ qT> e]+#&y T duy n\+s+.
MT \Tk?
1969 ` | \+>D sh <eT+ : \+>D b+ q = sD \T, ws T \T
b|~| +< |<X @s&+~. |<e TqTw\ |+<+ <TsT=q&+~. |uT >T
db sT\T #d+<T b+rjT d+|T + +&~. |<e TqTw\ |+<+ .#. | +&
neT\eT+< +< |uT +ysT VMT #sT. $|\ eTjsT. |\ qeT <V+
]+~. | |< |Tq nd+| #\s +~. \+>D |\T eTT +s+ | \+>D
sc sTHsT. d\ ee~H ~ d#+ <yT q , < yT q |C<eT+> e]+~. >eT+
yTT<\T= q>s+ es n s+>\ #+~q jTTe\T, eTV\T, <>T\T, b<jTT\T
n+<sT <eT+ bZHsT. H{ |q C \+>D, \T>T>& , \T>TyD L& M{
eT eT< T qT |{ + #sTT. d+<s + H \+>D |Cd$T, \+>D $y#H<eT d$T
e+{ d+d\ T $s$ +#sTT.
86 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
9 Jeq uw+
` & d.HsjTD s &
bs+ <X +
eTw < >T]+ sTV|& L &<T . <H H |jT + <s k~+#e#T. <T'U
T +, c\qT m<Ts=+, q+qT m<T>T, sT \ d+ bT|&T J$+#
eTw, de+ >se+ b+<T& #| &+, \T>T > |jT qT |]#jT + #jT &+
bs+ <X + .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 87
bs u> $es\T
bs+ >C |jT #+~q~. > |\$ eT n,
e] #sD eT n, $ HeTeTT<qT K\Tdt n n+{sT.
|\$ es q |<+ , | #sD + es n+bdqT sb+~dT+ ~.
dsd ueq, #eTs U\q, +|P, ~+|P > Je>TD\T.
|dT bs u>+ &s Y d.HsjTDs& deT> kV+ se
d+|{ \T>T > ~.
$ |]#jT +
+q>sY VqTeJ| >eT+ +q #s d+s& HsjTD
s & |eTTK$. >=| e. kVr|]X< &T, VQucy, |j >o*.
H>sTq k>s+ , s s ed+sjT\T, eT< s> eT+<V d+, ~|<T \T,
||+#|<T\T yTT<q 70 |> y\T sX&T. de b\ kVr
>Tu[+|\qT n~q sdV <jT T&T dHs. <T +< $eTT ` d+|<jTeTT\T
` |j >eTT\T nq M] beD d<+ >+<+ m+<s |]X< \ es<Z s +.
kj $X$<\jT+ \T>TXK #sT&T>, n~s uc d+|T +
(29`07`1931)
n< &T>, n+u< sY ks $X$<\j, \T>T $X$<\j | \|
(yd t #H\sY)> | #X&T. sdu duT \T> de\+~+#&T. +< ksd
|]wT n<\T> H&T. us |uT+ y]# |<uwDY |sks+
d ]+#&&T . $X+us y CrjTksTT nTq kVr |sksyT q
Cq|s nysT qT n+<TH&T. XX , nsj
T T dHs , > q
| .
$<sT\ d#q\T
88 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
|y
+#+&`#|+&
eTqdT eTTeTTds&+
nq&+ +s yT$T{?
+ n&T>T\T ~* n~
<seT+<q& MTs{
deT]ksT ?
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 89
II
m&] ~\T <T |\ yTeTT+<q
dT >T+&\T |* n~ |s e T+~
eTw eT>eT nqT+f es+
eTqTw\T |<T >TsT L& }seT+~
m+{ mT\ ~H +T+~ |
VeT] sd e& n~ jTseT+~
_sT<T\T b+< y| $\Ty$T dHs
#s> >+ $T* |seT+~.
+#+&`#|+&
eTw eT>eTT fH ? <? #]+#+&.
VeT] sdT e&+ n+f MTeTse TsTT+~?
#s> >+ $T* |seT+<q&
MTsT deT]ks? m{?
ks+X+
{ +&q eTT\T eT sTy esyT n$ u $T MT< sTksTT. n> eTqdT +<q\T,
u<\ T, +\T nH ~>T\TeTT\T eTT+f <T'Kd edT+ ~. n~ sT> esTT+~.
\ k~+#& jT\T<]q|&T n&T>&T >TH mH c\T, n&+ \T m<TsejT
+ uj T |&TT+~. e\ uj T |& +& sTV|& +& eTT+<T q&dH $jT+
\_dT + ~. ds q\T>TsT nqTd]+# <]> esTT+~.
;&T|&, |s+& q H\ @ |+\ |+&e @ |jT \ #jT +&H sX|& e <T.
w| & H\qT <T, $Xd+ $H \T H{ eT+ |+\T |+&TsTT.
q\T>TsT eTqTw\T *d |sd s dV s+ J$+#&y T e T k+|T Jeq+. k{ eTqTw\
| kqTL\ << @ss#T y*. n|
& n+<sT *d q+<+> J$+#>\ T>TsT. nTe+{
eTqTw\T *dH }sT @s&TT+~.
m+ keTs eTTH, n~s+, d+|<\ T H, mH$j\T k~+H, H @ c\,
u<\ se Be> +&+ . $~ m|
&T @ c\T *dT+ <, deTd\ |\ T |&TT+< mes
90 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
}V+#s T . < Xe TT+<T mesH \e+#e\d+<. qyT q Ve\jT |s Ks+ L& m+&
y& ]bsTT q~> |eV+#e\d+<! n> m+{ eTwH >s + sT ]be\d+<.
eTq|sT ||+ #+ *d |U b+<eT, |c _sT<T\T, ds\T b+<eT
nqTe&+ yTq $\Te, >T]+| <T . eqy[ |e# >=||, #s> >+ #dH
eTw|sT #] XX+> *bT+~.
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
bd |<\T \ n+X\T
II. e s D ` dH
92 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ |<\ |sjT |<\T sjT+&.
n) eTT :
) >T+& :
) sdT :
2. +~ |<\qT |j + k+ y\T sjT+&.
n) eTTds& + :
) + n&T>T\T :
) m&] ~\T :
) #s> >+ :
ysD+X\T
1. +~ |<\T *|, d+~ >T]+ sjT+&.
n) sT G neT+~ R G ,
) mT\ G m~q R G ,
) |sT G neT+~ R G ,
2. +~ |+\ ded |<\T >T]+, $>V y\T sd, n$ @ dek *jTCjT +&.
n) m&] ~\T <T |\ yTeTT+<q.
) dT >T+&\T |* n~ |s e T+~.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 93
3. +~ y{ #~$ @ n\+s >T]+#+&.
n) e+< e+<H\T
) \T>T C nuT <jT +
qe us qy<jT +
u$ bsT\+ eTq+ eTq+
us qT\ jT+ jT+
) sE ]yE\T E |> H
) nCH+< s+ =* eT+~
bC |
& d.HsjTDs& sdq @yH s +&T > j\T / >\qT d]+ y{ >T]+ MT n_bj
sjT+&.
94 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
10 >\=+& |DeTT
` ~sE Msu <se
|X\T:
1. ueT @+ |dT q ~? 3. C+&qT m& m>TsyX sT? m+<T?
2. C+& m>Tsyd T q ysT mesT? 4. >\=+& | \ T MTyTH \Tk?
bs+ <X +
\+>D #] &\ =<Te <T. M{ >\=+& |TqyTq #]b<q+
d+]+#T=q~. |D + jTT bXd +... H{ \ sD+... eT+{ edT \ \q... n<T
k+ sD\T... |D + ]q ||+ #ksTT es , ybs\T... Vs| \yT,
]q sb\T, k|+ q |]XeT\T, >\=+& |D beTTKbT 1940\H{ \+>D
e#q s#H X* \T|&y T bs+ <X + .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 95
bs u> $es\T
bs+ yd|jT #+~q~. yd+ n+f $e]+
#| &+. #]qT *| yk #] yd+ n+{sT.
\+>D b++ \ sD yu y , $w q T
\T| sdq ydyT bs+ .
yd+ ~sE Msu <se sdq
eTq \+>DeTT nH ydd+ |{ ~.
s#s TT |]#jT +
$<sT\ d#q\T
96 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
|y
|D eTq> >\=+&| D
eTjT <D |<e TTq |d~ . >\=+& <TseZ Tq> ><T. eT&T
\T. eT&T \TqT < #TT= eT]jTT{ &q~. yTT<{ s +&e \ bseTT\
eT< eTTqH >\=+&| D eTTK u>eTT y\djT T+&qT. <TseZ TTq dTesT @&T yT y seTT, mqT~@&T
TsTE\T, m$T~ <sC\T +&qT. dTesT H\T>T yT yX \eTT+&qT.
>\=+& |D sD |< e TTq s +UH nqT +sT n *jTT#Tq~. & |D eTT
jTT s|s K\qT ~~qy&T. |D eTTqT | u>eTT\T> $u +]. u>eTT\qT yTTV\T nqT#T+&].
yTTV\ |sT \T| ]sT\ T e. $eseTT\T u>T> <*jT<T. qqT, Ve H, ~uu>,
{sVeE, MTsTEe yTTV, e<q yTTV nqT |sT = *jTT#Tq$. MTsTEe, e<q
ed+#T eT+~s\T+&T# b+eTT\ y] |s jTT+#&q$.
>\=+& |DeTT @qT>T\T, +f\T, >Ti\T, n~d+K qT+& |DeTT d+<&>
d+#]+#T#T+&qT. eq M<T \T $X\eTT\sTT jTT+& jTT+&Tq eTqeTT >V +#eqT. sue H\T
|&e T{ ~XjT +<T+&qT. sT, <D , s b+eTT\+<T, |C deTT<jTeTT ed+#T#T+&qT. s
b+eTT eeTT n~ qdeTse TT >* jTT+&qT.
>\=+& |D eTTq |+|, k+|\T *+#T yTT<{y &>T TTc, H\Zey&>T uV+
Tuc (1550`1580) <ey&>T eTVeT<T Tuc, @&ey&>T nT Tuc #\ X<
eV+].
uV+ Tuc ds< sq T, u>e+T\qT |\ yT&\T e \dq~> C|+ #qT. $<e TT>
|D eTT n\+s u sTTwe TT> qT+&T n+<sT qT VeTT bT&]. # ] ue qeTT\T, <>dT \
ueqeTT\T, <y\jTeTT\T, eTd<T\T, <sX\\T, _>VeTT\T, sy<qeTT\T, bsX\\T, kq
eT+~seTT\T eTTq>Tq$ ]eTT\jTqT. uV+Tuc |+&+&T _ >VeTT\T ]+#qT. |H +&TqT
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 97
|H +&T>TsT eeTT\ n+e TT #jT &qT. q^Hu> n+<\ |jT>T sy <qeTD. cVeTV\T\T
nqT s VseTT\T H{ +s |u |Xe+eTT\>T <VsDeTT\T. ~ c ue qeTT
eTHVsyT q eT+~sseTT. eT+~seTTq+< bso<X | sjTu], n nqT#se seZ TTq d
@sT #jT &qT. jTT<u T\ | eTT> s +&T usdT \T+&qT. s +&T bseTT\ eT< H={j T T,
|s KseTTq+<T eTs={j T T usdT\T +&T#T+&qT. >\=+& |D eTT <qeq sDeTT
q+<T $\D eTsTT, s Dj T yTq {$ $T<\ MT~ \T (Roof gardens) ue qeTT\ |u >eTTq m+
H| DeTT s|s K\T ~~, r], sy <qeTT\qT eTHVseTT> ]+HsT. <q eqeTTq {
d|s TT#jT T $<qeTT n+<T { \Te\T, XjT eTT\T, L\T, \beTT\T n#sTe >=\T#T+&qT.
n+s q+<qeqeTT u_j n+
+#+&`#|+& bNq \+ qT+& q T. u s u $T
@ < XeTT> >\=+& |D eTTH jTT+&qT.
+UqT mesT? jTq >=|q+ @$T{?
eTp TsTE yjTe~XjT +<T <=&u y
>\=+& |D | @$T{? (Balaboa) eyTT{jTT+&qT. B d+<|
|D + n\+s u sTTw+ > +&&+ n+f @$T{? yseTT 80 n&T>T\T+&qT. #T jTT
>\=+& m+<T n#sTe >=\TTq~? b<eTTq+<* =i >T+&\, <#TT
H\T>T \T yd= q\T>TsT LsT+&
98 \+>D |u T +# |+|D
bVseTT |#T=qT M\>Tq+ $X\ |<X e TT+&qT. =i >~ >*, y\TTsT>& # >
|d] +#T#T+&qT. #TqT dTH nT Tuc | qT+& | +H&. {s VeE nqTq~
XjT eTT. {s VeE b+eTT yd$ \eTT >=|y] $Vsu $T> qT+&qT.
II
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 99
(+<sT ) qT+& HsT > >\=+& e#T#T+&qT.
$< X ybs e TT # j T Ty] & ys T
| < qT\T> qT+& ] . es e TTq
>\=+& | D eTT +< e TT> qT+&
\+>DeTT q+ qT b#T+&qT. uV+
TTc \eTT \+>DeTT |e
||+ #| n+>&> qT+&qT. T]kH, ns_j,
bsoeTT yTT<\>T <X\qT+& es\T
e# T # T +& ] . X \ eTT> \ \T\T,
sT\T +&].
| D eTT d s T + j T T
+Cs< s C <sH e# T # T +& T qT.
+Cs\q&T \+u&\T <qeTT, |
yTT<\>Tq$ #T #T+&T# |yX < seTTq
+Cs <sC nqT |sTeq~.
_jTeTT, Cq\T, ><TeT\T, #+<qeTT, ddeTT, >seTT, d], #H|T>T&\T, sseTT,
>EkeqT\T, dTydq<eeTT\T yTT<\>Tq$ ~>TeT n>T#T+&qT. = edTe\T <s\T
$e]+#T=qT#THqT.
1. ><T eT\T |{ 1` 4 qT\T
2. _jTeTT |{ 1` 1 qT\T
3. $T]j\T |{ 1` 25 qT\T
4. #+<q| # |{ 1` 12 qT\T
5. dde TT |{ 1` 12 qT\T
6. >s e TT |{ 1` 80 qT\T
7. \e+>\T 40 Xs eTDTeTTq 10 qT\T
8. yq 12 Xs eTDTeTTq 10 |DeTT\T
9. |Tq\T eTDTeTT 1` 45 qT\T
10. d ] XsT 1` 12 qT\T
11. |# s seTT XsT 1` 20 qT\T
12. m<T { 2 qT\T
13. yT { 2 |DeTT\T
14. 60 1 qT
15. >T&T 80 1 |DeTT
III
>\=+& b<Tc\ uV+ TTc
$<|jT T&T. kqeTT e\T, |+&T \T
V+<Te\, eTVBjTT\ +&]. $<>w d<
k>T#T+&qT. b<Tc ysT |+&T\qT u>T>
dH+#T#T+&]. uV+ Tuc #\eTT
$jTq>se TTq+<T sC<sD eTTq |]qy&>T #
+< u c e< T s eTTqT >*qy& T . +<
u w j T +< T n_ e qeTT> * , +< e \qT
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
II. e s D ` dH
|<C\+
1. +~ y{ k+y |j +#+&.
n) |{ \T :
) bT|&& + :
) |&e <\&+ :
) \<#Te&+:
2. +~ |<\qT $e]+ sjT+&.
n) XjT+ :
) n>V s+ :
) +Cs<sC :
) <deeTT :
ysD+X\T
n) uVDu
) \yD
) |w>T#e TT
) >\=+& |D eTT
) >s + sT &T
}) dT+<sseTT\T
TT) <j +s+ >T&T
T) n+<#+ <eTT\T
bC |
MT $$< \ \T < MTsT #dq / bNq >T& / & + <s+> y~
sjT+&. |<] +#+&.
MT \Tk?
>+& qT +&s {sT . >+& y seTT H\T>T yT qT $T+ +~. B
m$T~ TsTE\Tq$. TsTE\jTT X| T T\ keseTT\T. yTT>\T dq + ds Xj T T\ qT
L&BdT= =$T~ H\\T X$T+ TsTEqT eyT L\>*]. TsTE kqeTTq
s eTs= TsTEqT YcV d ~sT\T > * ]. >+& =+&KseTTq
u\VksT nqT bk<eTTq~. < be eseZ TTq, bseTTq neT]q <seTT&
s >T+&Tq~. s| \ #| T ={q Xe TT u\VksT dw+ > $|+#TqT.
nT |< +#T @sTqT sDeTTH *+]. $ njTT eqe | e\q H\=q
neTsT\T.
` eT\+ : .$.u bse sdq eTVeT+ e<q < ~.
#] d<X_eH Hs
d # Hq k<q +
|X\T:
1. |< + XTe> < |s=H&T? m+<T?
2. X+ s> +T+<q&+ $ <X y T $T{?
3. d+c ds+Z > $ m+<T u$dTH &T?
4. |+e\ *> nqs\qT >T]+q d+|T q\T MTyTH \Tk? #| +&.
bs+ H|< +
y<$ u q #d, |+#eTy<+ > eTVus s+, nc<X ( 18) |sD\qT s+q
VC y<y dT&T. |se T |$+, |sy T XsT |b+ nsTTq ydT&T q |~y\eT+~
w\ =+\+ ed+#&T. uVeTTVAs+ < , bs<V $<T \qT |P]>$+
w\ oq>s+ _ q+ #dy&T. w\T, q ysT ysT > q _ d>+ n~
nu>T \ deT]+, $T*+~ uT +#ysT. sEq o $XH<T ydT& |+ #\q
d+\+ *+~. d+<s + > ]q d+|T H bs+ .
me]q |+ m+ nqs< jTy *jTC| &yT bs+ <X + .
$ |]#jT +
\T>T kV+ |s >q $ lH<T &T. jTq *< + &T\T esjT ,
;e+. =+&M{ |]b*+q |<eT{ yes& kq+ $<~].
$jTq>s b&< e sjT\ kq+ >&&+ &eTu TqT qy<H |{e T z&+
q_w, $ksueT _sT<TqT b+<&T.
(}V+) eTsTs], X*yVq d|X, |+&s< #], X+>sHw<+,
(1380`1470)
; e TK+& + , oK+& + , V s $ d + , < q +j T $j T +, & _ s eT+,
eseV +, |{ Ms#], q+<q+<q #] lH<T s#q\T.
#eTs, qTo\q, sd , J$$<H n<+ |f #Te\T #
#b&T.
<+ & \, uj T y&, skuT +<+ , d y q $\D \
#|
q lH<T &T dd| < s#q yT{.
$<sT\ d#q\T
s\T
1. deTd $<\ >TsT&q ydeTV] w\ L& || > \ T, eT+&Tf+& oq>s+
uVDM~ _ d+ *\ sT>k>&T.
2. \T e+&TTH+ nq~ eTs= d eT s+& nq~ +=yT sE e+ (<es+)
n #| T+~ ys=yT nd\T \T| se &+ <T .
3. oq>s+ >VDT\T nq|Psu y |jT yTq #\T\T> |sT>+#sT. y _ sy T eq
y] y{ e|& # > n*, H\T>+#T\ *dT eTT>TZ |{, eq n~ <
eT< \u{, L, #T \L [, |Pe\, >+<+ y] n]+, Xu+ > & q
+>sT| + nq+|{, MT< HsTT n_|T ]+(yd) , |+&T, |se q+, |+&e+\T #], u
$Xk\T {| & T T+&> +D\T, >E\ |sd s+ sTdT =+T+&> eT n+<yT q #T \
_ \ _ deT]ksT .
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
1. +~ |< + #<T e+&. lH<T &T q >T]+ qT @eT #| =H& \T|+&.
d esTT+T yeTT\y& ;eTq u+
qT<+ &\ H==eT
uw+T qqjTu T es+Z Tq
qTuj T y& H== eT
yT jT |seTT sk
uT +<e TTq H==eT
|]&$ +T |+<| s y T XsT s e
dy H==eT
^ Hw < ~ eTV|+<e TT\T |
#| H&e e HT& eq|T
|&T #| "<=&+q sT |+<
eT+e TTdjTT Msu <jT |s (o 1`18)
2. n <H nq<q+ $Tq nH n+X+| s> #]+#+&.
3. +s+ T>.................+# |eTT |dT ! |< b<u+ >+ +& |P]+, uy
sjT+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. +~ y ^^dq |<\ |sjT|<\T sjT+&.
n) <'y+T <ie<T e jTT.
) | [+uq |d" & #TeeTT.
) bsXsT +&T bk |se X+& X|s TT+|"<\+#qT.
) M{MT< H>V eTT >T H?
) nd$ T+|> CdH &T nVeTsT &T.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D 117
2. +~ |<\ ns\qT sjT+&.
n) <'yeTT ) M+ #T ) n+>q
) eT#+{ ) uT X \
3. +~ y\ HHs\qT >T]+ sjT+&.
n) M&T @ M&Ty&> <TcseTT\qT M&T#TH&T.
) sE X+ sEqT #d d+w+#&T.
4. +~ | |<\ ds q $ |<\qT m+| #jT +&.
n) $< ( )
) $~jT #) $ ) $< ) $<
) _e TT ( )
) e TT #) # ) _# ) _#eTT
) j ( )
) jTs #) Cs ) C ) jTqeTT
) eT eTT ( )
) eTN #) eTjT eTT ) eT#eTT ) eTe TT
) s eTT ( )
) sq eTT #) s# ) s# eTT ) se TT
}) |+ ( )
) |+T\T #) | ) + ) |+
ysD+X\T
1. +< ^ ^dq |< d+<T \qT >T]+ n$ j d+<T \T m{ nej $e]+#+&.
n) |D+>qjTT _ sTT&<j
T " >{!
) sTTM{ MT< H>V eTT <>T H.
) z eTTXs! $qejT jTTqjTsT.
2. bs+ ^ |< >T]+ \D \ deTqjT+ #jT +&.
|X\T:
1. |d \T #<T e&+e\ *> |j H\T @$?
2. mTe+{ |d \qT #<T y*?
3. @<H |d #<T y* nH d *+# n+XyT ~?
4. MTsT #~$q = |d \ |sT #| +&.
bs+ <X +
s#s TT |]#jT +
$<sT\ d#q\T
H\] Xek$T H dV+ 1950\ H{~. HqT V <su< C+ J &^ #<T eTq
\+ | <Tsj Z T , eTV$ <Xs~ we #s, <Xs~ s+>#s, e{ sTk$T, _sT<TsE
seTsE, Cq|s nysT >V , & d.HsjTD s &, &. seT*+>+, H\] Xek$T, H qH{
dVT&T . dTseT[, eT]=+<s+ s# HsjTD>& \TdTH y+. kV #s \T k>TT+&$.
HqT \+H $]$> <\ T sjT&+ bs+_+#qT. \T>T d+, +< |u ys| , \T>T<X+ ,
dTC, | sT, |Ce ys| , de+ ed| \ <\ T n#eT+&$. H\] Xek$T,
&.seT*+>+, .dTseT[, <Xs~ s+>#s, HqT <\ T sdT+ f $T>y $+ sdT+ & y.
yTeTT n|{ e <\ n#T |T \qT b&T bjeTT. n|
&T <d L& +&~ <T.
H < > H\] Xek$T <\ T mH <=s +& bjsTT. n<wy T eT+f jTq 1969,
1981 = <\ HH d+|{\T> y\Te]+#&+ e\ \T>T kV <sTT.
1902 qT+& bs+uy T \+>D < ke |]De\qT d edTq ~. +&sT n#e+
=* < s\ #] dw+ #d+ ~. n|{ \+>D < |T qT+& ke # q +H =qk>T
e+~. de |]o\q, $Xw D , eqd D, ke |]De\T, |P & de+, |Ck$T
d# yjTTe\T, \+>D |\T&T\T, >MTD \eT\ T, d+d , >MTD J$+, s MT&jT +
bsTT \T>T MT&jT + se&+, |Ck$T <e\T, sjT |]De\T yTT<q $ \+>D <
|\T D +#&sTT. 1918 k|+ #&, <X+ H $T* |d~ >+q kj jTe]{
+<T u $Tq+~++~.
+< |<X sh+ s +<, k+<, sjT\deT, \+>D nH b+rjT $u>\THsTT. H\]
Xek$T \+>D b+ #+~q \T>T s#s TT. V <su< ed+ V <su< JeuwqT
< +q s#s TT. jTq # <\ T sXsT. |dT + y{ = eyT \_dT H sTT. M] =*
<\ d+|{ |d& u eT >dT , 1969 y\Te&+~. eTs \+>D dT|d< s # s TT .X.udsu
cse>] <\ d+|{ n+++ e&+~. d+|{ <\ T s#s TT bs+u< X q T \|&+
bT eT+> # s#s TT> m~q e L& dw+ #ksTT.
Xek$T s +&e < d+\q+ #sY$THsY <\ T. $ e\+ }V <\ T e. ke
|]De\ kV s|+ q ke #] s#q n #| e#T. #sY$THsY <\ T V <su<
s+ #]qT, d+d , eqe d++<\qT, & eTTd+ \ J$\qT n|Ps+> +#sTT. +<T
$eTT , sVb, wb, |rs+, n<w+ , jTT>++, e+X+s+, e\+ eTqTw\+ K]
qT, us k nH o]\ sdq 11 <\ THsTT.
#sY$THsY < qyT\T, <$&\T, eTVu yTV+B, \T, ~yHUH\T, CHH UH\T,
u>+ kVu\T, <T\H bc\T, bH<H, |s{ e, <, qeE\T, |s< \ yqT J$+
d+d , d+|T q\T \, ne<, & \ eTTd+ sE\, sC\, |\ J$\qT, n$u +&j
bkH, +><X b+\ d+d , eT< dj eTTd+ <X\ d+d >TsT ksTT. <\ T
n+srjT d+d , Jeq $<q+ V <su< s+ ]w+ > m e+&< \T|sTT. 11e X+
$ #jT +&
I. ne>Vq ` |d+<q
1. e\T, s#s TT\T sdq |d \qT n+<] |]#jT + #jT & |d $wsD e+{ se\T
sVksT . Te+{ se\ @yT+ #ks #| +&.
2. H{ deC mTe+{ s#s TT\ neds+ +< #| +&.
3. bs+ <s+> +~ |{ q T |P]+#+&.
III. uc+X\T
|<C\+
1. ^ ^dq |<\ ns\qT sjT+&.
n) sE <d n+ { |H q~.
) |, eTH <s dK yT\T>TsT.
) |\ TZDY Vdy d # eT+~.
ysD+X\T
1. +~ |<\ $>V y\Tsd, dek\T >T]+#+&.
n) <X + sT &T R ,
) |+sT&T R ,
) ns$+<qq R ,
) eT>H R ,
) #+# R ,
}) eq<q T\T R ,
TT) se<q R ,
T) sue &T R ,
2. +~ | y\qT |s y\T> es+&.
n) V <su<T s+ +&jT H jTjTH $qyT+ ~ n dssY e\u jYT |f |{ + #&T.
) \T>T < kV+ seTDjT yTq b&\ T *+q |d< < sT H\] Xek$T
n >&] ds+ nH&T.
) #sY$THsY nH |sTqT f <\ $w ee TeT+~ n &. seT*+>+ |s=H&T.
3. +~ s] y\qT s D y\T> es+&.
n) bkH @s&q H{ |]d T \ >T]+ ;w dV eTdt qe\ +#&T.
) V <su< sh #]qT +< |<X @s&q sT y eT\ H{y X sT.
) H\] Xek$T us< X + >]+#< q >=| < &> ]+ #sT.
bC |
ys |\T < e>CH \ eq |d + |]#j \qT / dMT yk\qT d]+#+&. y{
s> |<] +#+&.
leTHsjTDT s+s+ d]+# Hs<e TV] H&T eTTXw & q y Xe e#&T. Hs<T &T
|d , yTsT Xw & T . y Cd Hs<T \ y]q&>&T (Cd $CH eT\+). z eTV! n
eT+ >TD\T \y&T, m{ |<\ T #TTeTT{H =Dy&T, <s +*dqy&T, XsTT+qy] <THy&T,
e| y&T, d\ bDT\ yT\T#dy&T, MsT&T, BsT &T, ndjTy&T, n+<eTTqy&T... +{
Xu\ D \T \y&T mesH + H&? n |+#&T. Hs<T &T sTqe de<q$T#&T.
eTVeTT! \D \T e <TsTe&+ k<sD+> s>< T . , e *|q $w >TD\
eTu$ +qy&T lseTT& *b&T. sejTD><q T d+| + > y $|+#&T Hs<T &T. n& qT+
V y[bj&T.
seT< y eTqdT HTbsTT+~. Hs<T e\T + #$ \T T bsTTHsTT.
>+>qB dMTbq>\ eTkq~ kq+ #jT & jTs &T. us < C~ w\T y+ q&TdTH sT. eTkq~
eT+y eTqdTe d#+ > +~.
kH q~ ~q y #Teq | n+<\ |se dTH &T. dMT|+ =eT|q +#
| \ +qT #X&T. y{ nqTs>+ eTT#>=\T|Tq~. y{ eT<T s< qT\T MqT\$+<T #dT H sTT. +
y>&T LsuD+ eT>| H\L&T. n~ HT s &T $\$\&T bD\qT $&+~. m&uTqT
T &| \& * b sTT+~. V<jT $<sy T q <X #X&T y. sT Dsd+ C\Ty]+~.
<s yX+ \ T +#T+~. y+H H{ y+ n|jT +>...
ec< |c+
eT>eT' XXr' de'
jTY +#$T<T H<y T
neB' eTyVyT
(z sT&! +#| + |se XyT j T Tq | #+|q e XX+> n|] bee) nq
e\T e#sTT.
nqH nH&T sy n Xs+yd+ ~. e\T deHs \T>\ H\T>T b<\ \jT<+ >
e#sTT. ~ #+ <<y T q Xy T q s]+#TH&T. X+ qT+ X+ |{+ ~. Xe ]e#s+<s .
+#| <sTD <X+ e+ y eTqdTqT+ yqT~s>& + <T . n< #q. n< y<q . +
dw s nsTTq V y #&& Xee#&T. n Xk |#s\ #X&T y. V
<Xs < T |T\MT< m+ |eT. q Xs+ qT+& |{q H\T>T #T \> u$+#&T. q\T>TsT
esT\ us , XT|T T\T <X+s+ +&&+ e\ u+>|T H&T. yqT eTeT \#T+TH&T.
<Xs < T lseTTMT< eTe me. < sD+ lseTT&T d<T D Z s e&yT . s|+q >TD+q
Xw & T . eTVMsT&T. eT<Te> e{& &T. XsD
qy] b&&T. |+, >s + y&T. d + |* y&T.
|sT \ d+|<q T +#y&T. BqT\qT <T=Hy&T. e<#jT +& CqT\, dq T\ $$< $wj \qT
#]+#y&T. $qjTo*. *< + &T\|{, >TsTe\|{ X\u \y&T. keT]q+, @eTsTbT y&T,
\ ]]qy&T, ndjT, es+ y&T. |\| y\+ \y&T... eT+>TD\ b<q
lseTT&+f *< + &T\ <T, |\+<] |se T |.
d\ >TD_seTT&q lseTT&T eT |uT e y\ |\ ] ` B &T HqT J$+ q|&
lseTT&T sC m+ u>T+T+~? HH+ > d+wkH? n $SsTTH&T <Xs < T &T. eT+T\
+ lseTTD jTTesEqT #jT& XsTT+#TH&T. s+ |eTTKT\qT, Cq|<T\qT,
keT+sE\qT, |\qT |*|+#&T. lseTT jTTes |{_ w $wj y\& + #&T. ~ n+<s
qqfH nqTeTeeTH&T. BH |\ yT\T*+#~ @<H H + #|eTH&T.
(|CqTs+b\q n+f <.) du ys+ lseT |{_ wH deT]d Vs< H\T #XsT.
sCyT s edw & T eT+T\qT, n~sT\qT jTes|{_ weTy @sqT #jT e\d+<
<+#&T. <Xs < T &T lseTTD |*|+#&T. lseTT&T e +& b<_e+<q+ #X&T. <Xs < T &T lseTTD
nq CsT H&T. +>sT d+Vdq+MT< Lsu{&T . sTqe\T +~d se! dT>TD\ |\qT
yT|+#e. qT e jTTes |{_ w+ #dT y*. u< |sT>TTq~. eT]+ $qjTe+T&$ y*.
+~jTT&$ y*... n+ s<s \qT q]bX&T. +&e< d\erdT= * nsTTq d\ <>]Z
e#&T lseTT&T. yT odT\+<TH&T. edw <X+ yTs |{_ w nqTe> dseTT\T |yd
Bq T > =HsT.
lseT |{_w eTe+d+ nj< qqTqT n\+]+#T+~. q>seT+ q+<Xu
+&$dTq ~. ~ #dq eT+<s |\T bdTq~. sTT ny ]+{ eq|&T y+eq nsD|<d
eT+<s . |sT >T |sT >Tq sTT <>sZ y[ |{_ w $wjT + #| +~. sTT # q+~+, ys #| q+<T
eT+<s $\Tyq VQeHq+~++~. Xws + ~ eT+<s . <T'+#e\dq deTjT+ m+<T d+wdT H e
<+&sD+ |$ |<X + . |X+ |<X + . n& eTTqT\ Xe\T mH HsTT. | \T, eT>\T `
d\ bDT\ dTs y T q b++ n~. n& e T+ d+ jTj >\T sT>TTHsTT. XeT deTT<j
#&>H n &TqT <q TdTqT+& ysT #X&T lseTT&T. (n& $qj | Ms neX+ <T . m&
m{ |e]+# \TdTe&yT . ~ lseTT d+|Ps+ > +~.)
d seT \DT\ eTVsT\T k<s k>+ |*sT. deTT<jT+ |sX \ $&~ @sT#XsT.
eTsTH&T <jT+ s\qT eTT+#T= eTVsT\ M&\T |* dseT\DT\T |jD
=qk+#sT.
eq+ eT< #sT HsT. + $s+ q $s<T &H sd T &T ne++> dseT\DT\
| $sT#T|&&T . seT\DT\qT q uT C\| ydT = rdTbk>&T. d >>Z\T |&TTq~. seT\DT\T
$s<T s+&T uTC\qT q]yXsT. H\| |L&T $s<T&T. eTTw|\, y <&#XsT
seT\DT\T. m+L #e $s<T D > b|& d+d<T \ jsT. y+H $s<T &T q |Ps<q T
$e]+#&T. T+TsT&H >+<s T &q qT usT X|+# sd T &> e]q $wjT + *b&T. lseTT e\
X|$eTT \T>TT+<q usT e\qT C| + #dT H&T. <>sZ H q Xsu + > eTV] <]+#T=eT,
Xu+ sT>TT+< lseTT #b&T. qqT > |P&eTH&T. n> #XsT seT\DT\T.
$s<T e |s+ Xsu + > eTV] <s H jTs sT. Xsu + >T&T eTV|d . <e ks+ b+~qy&T.
lseTT #d lseT <s q+ dyT qT yeHqH&T. q |' | q+ lseTT <syk&T. (u$ wT
lseTT&T #jTe\dq seDd+Vs ~ L& &&TT+~. eTVs k<q me]e+T ysT
dV seT+~+#*+<.) n& #sT eH q dTr eTV] <]+#eT lseTT d+#&T Xsu + >eTV].
dseT\DT\T #dT+ &>H q <V $& ndT V+ #s&T.
n& eTTqT\+<s lseTT e< e eT>&TqT y udTHsT. sd T \T eTTqT\| #d n\qT
@sT e|{sT . sd T \ # q eTTqT\ s\qT #|+#sT. sd T \ u] qT+& s+ #eT b]+#sT.
y] lseTT&T eTVTs! MTsT qqT b]+#&+ >< T . C|+ #*. MT \qT HqT skeVkqH&T.
(nV+]+# +& q u< qT >T]+#&+ H >=|<qeTT+~.)
dseT\DT\T dTr eTV] XeT+ #sT HsT. lseT <s q+ dyT dTr eTV] <V + $&Te+&
H&T. q |X q + lseTT <s<+ #X&T. eTsTH&T ysT eTV] nqTeT rdT= jT\T<ssT.
|+bdses b++ |se T seTDjT +> +~. | q n+<\qT |<] dTq T> +~. lseTT
eTqdTqT @e+ d+w| b sTT+~. |> d m&uT y<q nH n + bdqT> lseTT
u<q T eT]+|++~. \DT&T }s&+ #&T. nH <H e<T\T. n< eTq yT\T#dT + ~. #dq |jT +
$|\ yTq |&T, d+|<\ qT b>=T q|&T n<s |& +& |jT +#d eT+ |* eTT+T+~. VyT
\+. VeTTqy nk< eTH~<T . y mTe+{ c\TeH yq&T >TyjT sT. eTq |jT
=qk<+. e~H>sT | +& \_dT + ~ n <s + #b&T.
TTweT |s + qT+ seT\DT\qT #X&T dT^e&T. >T+& ssTT|& s TT+~. <s T MsT\T
q nq nsTTq y* |+|> e#syq uj T + eDbTH&T. <q TsD\T <] +q yes esTyw+ y[
qTeT +CHjT TD <+#&T.
dT^e qMT< seT\DT\Tq #{ >+TyX&T VqTeT+T&T. dHd s|+ y] <>]Z
y&T. y] sb b&&T. y] |]#jT + n&>&T. seT\DT\T eTqeTT<qT<sT. VqTeT+T&T
y] yqssE dT^e&T <s T&T, eTVMsT&T. nD jTq nq y* e++#&T. sD d+ C>
sT>TTH&T. HqT dT^e& eT+. qqT VqTeT+T&+{sT. HqT yjTT|TD. m& H y[s>\ X
>\yD. dT^e&T |+|> s|+ MT<>sZ e#qT. dT^e&T MT dV sTTH&T n ## +>
e{&&T. $wj #||< m+ HsT qT |<] +#&T. VqTeT+T ersT lseTTD T +~.
\DT& &T y<\qT, ysD D+> #~y&q~ XjT+. b e + dw +&<T .
&u T, =+<sb T +&, | \T |\ +&, ds q ds+ #| <\#Tq $wj eTqdT VT HT
#b&T. jTq e{& rsT#d #+|& mq XTe L& #T \T se n yT#TH&T. eq
X nTe+{~.
VqTeT+T& \DT&H e{&e TH&T lseTT&T. VqTeT+T& n_bj\ deT \T|. eT
e+ $e]+#&T \DT&T. eT dT^e& dV jT+ m+ q<H&T. dHds |+ e<* seT\DT\qT
uT C\| m+#T= TTweT |s #sT H&T VqTeT. n+ eTT+< uj T + eT\jT] #]q
dT^eD seT\DT\ e< rdTe#&T +HjT T&T.
lseT dT^e\T nk> $TTH sT. dT^e&T se! H&T e H bD$TT&yH e. |{
qT+ dTK<T'U\ eTq+ {>H +<+. y* uj T + qqT e<\&+<T . nuj
T + y* n b]+#&T.
X X + ,
d e TT< T d e TT< y T
d e qy T q T seTseD
jTT< seTseD jTT<y T
deqeTqT k>TTq~.
V g | j > +
# j T e\d + ~> e *
lseTT d +#& T .
lseTT& T V g
|j>+ seDdTsTD
n+yT T+~+#&T.
nqq seDT eTsD $;wD T&T u<| & &T . <V q d+ks\ nqTeTeeT lseTT b]+#&T.
e\ T J$+eq+es ys e TT+&*. sy < e<*yj *. eTq s+ Hsy ] +~. e\dq d+ks\qT
#jT eT nH&T lseTT&T. |&T seDT&T {> HL n{> >syd<T&T n q $X\ V<j
#TH&T lseTT&T. seDT us eT+&<] us eTsD |f& T <T'K+ LsTbsTT+~. $;wD T&T
seDT s jT \qT s]+#&T.
lseTT <X+ yTs \DT&T $;wD TD \+sE> |{_w D
#X&T. d q $jTysq T
\|eT VqTeT+TD <+#&T lseTT&T. VqTeT+T&T y+H y[ Xuy sq T de T #$q yX&T.
yT q+< ne<T e . +\+ #T#] u~+q sd d\ qT #+|& nqTeTeTH&T VqTeT.
> |, e< y]++~ d.
|sjT|<\T
n+& ` ds, &T \~ ` y], deTT<eTT
n|P+ ` |P]>, k++ \eTT ` |< eTT, eT\+
\jT+ ` \T, >V+ s\T ` q \T, #T\T
X ` #, |, + =* ` yTT<{, ~
q ` $d+, n_e~, |> >+ ` $,
q+ ` +>s+, VeT+, dTes+ ~X ` ~, w
T ` >=+T, yT& <y\jT+ ` >T&, y\
y\ ` >T&, <e+ bqT| ` |sT |, |&
bDeTT ` K&eZ TT, |s> ` yTT+ , n+
e TT ` eTqdT, V<jT + b++> ` k+|>, n+<+>
HHs\T
n+s+ R eg+, X+, yTT>T\T uweTT R sT, $], qTeTT
X R ], ~ T<T &T R |+&T &T, T< >V +, T~eT+T&T
q+ R +>s+, yT, d+|+> ;eTT&T R <s sE eTT&T, uj
T +sT &T, e&T
$ R $+, #|y&T, |+&T&T, X&T, $TT&T R dsT&T, dVT&T
\|, TTw sE R |uT e, +<T&T, #+<T&T, jT &T
\eTT R e+X+, C, Xs+, \T eseTT R yq, d+es+, <X+
>TsTe R b<jTT&T, +&, Vd, nq, s +&T kVeTT R \sTT, yvjT+
e\ \+ #]+#&~ d] R d+|<, \
|T qeTT R yT|T eTT, @qT>T, ]q +, >=|~, >{ d+<e TT R =eT, |s D +, deTV+, Xs+
eTT R n<Tsd+, Xs+, sTe (ueT), V] R $we , +<T&T, >Ti+, <=+>, d+V+,
|<#eTs+
JeqeTT R T, , >*, bD+ eTT R #T, |Dkq+, u $T, Xs+
|D+ R |+<+, L*, y\, <q +
|sT R HeT<jT +, ], n~+ , Vs+
| ` $
<s+ ` <sT e eTTe ` $T
` q j<T \T ` C<T\T
Xs+ ` n#sTe jT+ ` q+
< ` $< ` $<
$ ` K ` d>
s+ ` s+ X ` d
e+ ` + deTT<eTT ` d+<eTT
#] ` #] dV + ` k+
~X ` <d d+ ue TT ` +eTT
|j D+ ` |jT q+ V<jT + ` m<
uw ` ud
2. me] uw y $qk+|
1. |\T& : |\T& n+f #sD +& $\D . BH jd n+{sT.
2. qT&s+ : qT&s+ n+f e #eTs+. @ uw qT&s+ uw e{& |\ d+d +,
u>[ |]d T \+, b+ |\ #seeVs\+ <$ dT+ ~.
3. CrjT+ : Cy&T s|~<T q uc $Xw+ . CrjT+ |<\ ns q<TqT> |]o*d
e# ns+ ysT . |<\ b+~ e# ns+ ysT .
<: # meTT< T nq CrjT+ |<\ |T +T|s+ > meTT #jT +f
e\+ +&s\T eyT +&. Crj <s+> <q$T# eTw
n ns+ edT+ ~. $<+ > |<\q y#s+ bsTT \s+ se&H CrjT+
n+{sT.
={q |+&, \|+&q, MqT\$+<q , +<V k\T, n>d u yTT<q $ eT]=
Crj\T.
3. <qo\eTT
1. nc<X | sD\T :
1) eT |sD+ 2) es+&jT |sD+ 3) u>e |sD+
4) u$ w |sD+ 5) V |sD+ 6) Vye s |sD+
7) V+& |sD+ 8) $w |sD+ 9) esV |sD+
10) yeTq |sD+ 11) yjTT |sD+ 12) n |sD+
13) Hs< |sD+ 14) |< |sD+ 15) *+> |sD+
16) >sT & |sD+ 17) Ls |sD+ 18) k+< |sD+
4. =u
1. q &T : $X$TT w&T. V]X+<T e< n| ed\T #jT & $X$TT# jT$T+|&&T .
$wjT yT V]X+<TD eTT| |\T |{&T . m<T{y] c\qT |{+ #T+& |&+ #y& $wjT +
Crj y&TsT. eT\+ bqT \+>D $ nsTTq >sq q V]X+<bUq+
yTT<{k ] |yX |{&T . b \T>TH # <sD b+~+~.
2. edq | : ed yTT. q |\\ e\T # > se& =+#+ y<T B sk
ksT . y<T my e y sTT. me> e{&y ] >T]+ |< +< y&TsT.
3. yH \ ed+ : Xs< Te $Xw+ > yH \qT ]|+# \+. ojTT, ek\T TTTe
#+~q$. | +> ek yH \ ed+> |sT+~.
4. dTbjTT : \T HdysT y=&q <s <TsT #T{ sT y HjT e\dq b&T>TqT nqTd]+
<s\ esTd\T> neTse\d +T+~. n{ #d| &T | #dy&T =q qT+& eTs =q
| sT>e\d +T+~. | dTbjT&+ n |sT. { $seT+ +& ]q eH eT eT
s>& + nH d+<s + Crj y&TsT.
5. n\T>T : #sT e +&q sT y eT& neT+~. sT y _ jT{ e# \Te neT+~.
B n\T>T n+{sT. eH #sT e +&+~, eT& <+~, n\T>T bsTT+~ n n+{sT. n\T>T
#sT e sD
. myq B >T+& jT{ be&+e\ #sT e > +& s+ |&TT+~.
5. q>s^ +
1. |< ePV+ : eTVus+ e +~. jT y & M\T +& T~+> XTeqT +~+#
jTT< ePV+ ~. us+ n_eTqT&T |< ePV+ = MseTsD b+<&T. mesH eT
XTe\T |q, d+w y T q #T |&q sTT n&T |< ePV+ H&T n+{sT.
6. u><jT +
1. <e<d : \j\ q+ #d \jT de n+e TsTTq yqT <e<d\T> |*#y. <e<d
eed #\+qT+& qT \TdTq ~. \eT+ <e<d\T q#| >TssTTHsT. nH <e\T
sdq \ sD+> eed +&bsTT+~.
10. >\=+& |D eTT
1. TsTE\T : \+>D >\=+&, es+>\T, <es=+&, uT eq], yT< e+{ # |< |< \THsTT.
y{ =+{ #T |{w y T q >&\T HsTT. M{H TsTE\T n+{sT. $ XTe\|q <&T\,