{fp oxoion exe o4 Standard Test Method for Stopping Distance on Paved Vehicle Equipped With Full-S Tosa Monona, ne fae of fee. 1 3 1. Scope 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stopping sistance on paved surfaces with a passenger vehicle equipped ‘With specified full-scale automobile tires Ta ps est method utilizes a measurement of stopping sistances repeesenting the non-steady state skid resistance on four locked wheels as the vehicle decelerates over a wetted pavement surface under specified limits of static wheel load Bad from a desired speed. while the vehicle remains essen Tilly parallel to its original direction of motion 1 5"The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are 1o be regarded separately as standard. Within the feat the St units are sown in brackets. The values stated in Tech sestem are not exact equivalents: therefore each system faust be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems tnay fesult in nonconformance with the specification. 1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials. oper- anions. and equipment. This standerd does not purport 10 sutdess all of te safer problems ass2claved with its ws Tt is fhe responsibility of the ser of this standard 10 establish linproprite safes and helih practices and determine the applicability of eguatars limitations prior £0 Ws. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: E 178 Practice for Dealing with Cutlying Observations? E214 Test Method for Skid Resitance of Paved Surfaces Using a FullSeale Tire? 501 Specification for Standard Rib Tire for Pavement Skid-Resistance Tests F 403 Test Method for Tire for Wet Traction in Straight ‘Ahead Braking, Using Highway Vehicles! F 487 Method for Speed and Distance Calibration of @ Fifth Wheel Equipped with Either Analog or Digital Instrumentation’ 3. Summary of Test Method 3.1 The test apparatus consists of passenger vehicle with ERSISO Re ta for Meas Vt Ft. onc na ASTM Suns Vol 1602 GEST Sun V1 ok AST Sond, Wt 2.02 sion 45/6 44M the number immedi allowing he esa Surfaces Using a Passenger cale Tires” four wheels? The apparatus contains transducers, instru IPentaticn, and a brake system for the four test wheels. The Tear heels are equipped with ASTM Pavement Test Stand- lard Tires as specified in Specification E 501 3.2 The pavement in the test lane is weed, The test vehicle is brought above the desired test speed and is Permitted 1o.coast onto the wetted section until the proper peed is aisined. The brakes are then promptly and force- ily applied to cause a quick lockup of the wheels and to Skid 10 8 stop. The resulting distance required to stop is Sttorded with the aid of suitable instrumentation, and the {peed of the test vehicle at the moment of brake apalication is noted, 3 The skid resistance of the paved surface is determined from the resulting stopping distance measurement and test Speed as stopping distance number, SDN, as determines rom the equation given in 9.1, oF as stopping distance, SO. Nort }—Since speed has « snifean elect on pavement srice ski) stance measorements ankng. and comparison of pavement ie recat apecds mig e conser ere fom that a ioe speeds. 2 4, Significance and Use 41 The knowledge of vehicle stopping distance serves as an additional tool in characterizing the pavement surface hid resistance. When used in conjunction with other ph feal and chemical tests, the skid fesistance values derived from this test method may determine the suitability and dcquaty of paving. materials oF finishing techniques. Im~ provements in pavement maintenance practices and sched bles may result from use ofthis test method. “G2 The stopping distance values measured by this tes smathod with the equipment and procedures stored hercin do or necessarly agree or correlate directv with other methods OF skideresisianee measurements” This test method is suitable for research and development purposes, where diet EBiuparisom between pavement surfaces are 10 be made ‘within the some test program 5, Apparatus Sut VehicleA fourwheel passemyer vehicle of Hight truck preferably, equipped with, a heavy-duty suspension system. 3 A eer anaes STA i Tray iad Sune Shes 626Qh) 445/e 445m 5.1.1 Broking .Sysie—The four test wheels shall be equiped with suitable brakes, The brake system shall be capahle of rapidly locking the wheels and maintining the lacked-wheel condition throughout the test $1.2 Wheel Load—The static whet load of the vehicle shall not exceed the rated load of the ASTM Pavement Test Standard Tire in accordance with Specification E 501, ard shall be 8 close to the stipulated load as possible, The vehicle ross weight shall not be less than 3200 To [1.68 me} 5.1.3 Tire and Rin—The test ties shall be the ASTM Pavement Test Standard Tire as specified in Specfteation 101 mounted on a 1S by 61) rim $2 Insirumentavion " 5.2.1 Vehicle Speed-Measuring Transducer and Indica: ‘or—The transducer shall be a “FitH wheel”mounted ta. ghometer generator or transducer. The spéedsindieting meters shall provide speed resolution and accufacy of #1 5 mphl1.5 km/h}. Output shall be directly viewable by the ‘operator and recorded if desired. The slewing rae ofthe fith wheel shall be within the limits described in Test Method F403, 5 5.2.2 Distance-Measining Transducer and Counier— “fifthwheel"-mounted transducer. producing at least 1 fount per foot [3 counts per metre), shall actuate a high- speed distance counter capable of accepting a court rate equivalent to the number of courits produced at the selected ‘51 speed, oF the transducer output shall be recorded Nore 2—The ith wheel asembly with speed and distance readouis should mer requirements spied in Method 45, 5.2.3 Pressure-Sensiive Switch—A _ pressure-sensitive switch such asa hydraulic brake ght switch, requiring 70 to 30 psi [480 to 620 kPa} pressure to close, shail be instaled in the wheel hydraulic brake system to actuate the stopping. distance counter 6. Calibration 6.1 Speed—Calibrate the tes-vehicle speed indicator ot the ‘est speed by determining the time for traversing at constant speed a reasonably level and straight, accursely Farasured pavement at least 0.5 mile [0.8 km in length Make a minimum of two speed determinations at the sew Peed. The speed shall be accurate to within +1 mph [215 km/h] and repeatable to within +2 mph [3.0 kin/h] when falibrated at 40 mph (68 kmh} 6.2 Distance—Calibrate. the’ distance transducer and SSunler by traversing at the approximate test speed & tea. Aonably evel and straight, accurately measured pavement at {eos 0.5 mile (0.8 km] in length, Initiate the calibration from Tome stop at the beginning of the test course and Distance counter over 0.S-nile [0.8km tet course shell be Tarr £3.01 [1.0 m] and repeatable to within a range of Pertglt2.m) when calibrated at 40 mph [65 kmh) Perform a minimum of two distance calibrations sich esshre Sensitive Switch—Select a pressuresenitive praca fesPending to the specified pressure by testing in @ hdroulic systems equipped with clirated presore ene ear ducer oF gage having an accuracy of 43°% of the applied pressure 7. General 7.1 Test Vehicle— Condition new tres by running them at rated inflation pressure on the. test vehicle (or a. silat vehicle) at a maximam speed of $0 mph (80 km/h} for a distance not less than 200 miles [320 km] before they are used for test punposes. After conditioning, dynamically ba. ance all tire and wheel assemblies, Inspect the ties for fat spots. damage, or other irregularities that may affect test results, and reject tires that have been damaged or worn beyond the wear line, The tire inflation pressure shall he 24 £ 0.5 psi [165 3.5 kPa] at ambient temperature (cold) Prior to each series of tests, warm-up the tres by aveling for atleast $ miles (8 kim] at normal traffic speeds, 7.2 Test Seciions—Test sections shall be defined as see: ‘ments ofthe highway having a pavement of uniform age and uniform composition that has been subjected to essentially uniform wear along its length. For instance, do not include Sharp curves and steep grades in the same test section with level tangent sections, and do not include passing lancs with traffic lanes, Make stopping distance measurements ovly on Pavements that are free of obvious or unusual contamina, 7.3 Test Sites—Test sites shall be defined as segments of test sections selected for stopping distance measurement, and shall include traffic lanes. or passing lanes. in both directions of travel 2.4 Lateral Positioning of Test Vehicle on Highwa— Normally, perform tet in the center ofthe wheel tracks of trafic lane of a highway. A stopping distance number may bbe quoted without qualification only ifthe test vehicle was so Positioned during the test. If during the test. the vehicle ‘moves outside the wheel tracks for more than 20 % of the stopping distance, or terminates skidding off ofthe test lane, void the test. If testing cannot be conducted inthe prescribed ‘manner, identify the test data accordingly 75 Test Speed—The standard test speed shall be 40 mph (65 km/h, Tests may be made at other speeds bot not less han 20 mph (32 km/h. Initiate tests within 1.0 mphfsis km/h] of the desired speed, 7.5.1 When the test speed is 40 mph (65 km/h, it is desirable. but not necessary. to cite the speed when quoting the test data. For al other speeds. including est speeds above 40 mph [65°km/h]. the speed must be recorded. This may be done by adding to the symbol asa subseript the numerais of the test speed in mph. that is, SDNyp. or SDyy. indicates Stopping distance number. or stopping distance, at a test speed of 30 mph [48 km/h], 8. Procedure 8.1 Distance Counter Reading—Set the distance counter to zero prior to testing and record the total counts accu lated during the ski. Ifa stip-chart recorder 8 used Tor the urpose of measuring stopping distance, the recorded pulses ‘may be counted later. but properly mark the chart of have the brake switch apply a mark to the chart when the swich closes. 8.2 Pavement Wening—Wet the test lane at the test site just prior to skid testing using a water wagon equipped withGh & 445/E 445M spray bar or other means of dstibuting water evenly and sored Make tw or more applications of water with a minic rap coverage of O15 alii (06 L/m'] & 15% per sracotian until the surface is wellsaturated (surface cavities ar ieg wath water and runoff cesulis). Wet a sufficiently Tong seestent of the test lane to permit the test vebicle ro skid tong srergurface and to allow the driver t0 adjust the speed erie rake application. Rewel the test lane between each Re required to maintain similar wetness conditions 5) niner the pavement inthe test ane is wetted. bring the vehicle above the desied test speed and permit it 10 coast Heeenision gear in neutral) onto the wetted section until the proper speed is attained. Apply the brakes promptly ang forcefuly 10 cause quick lockup of the wheels and to (Paintain a locked-wheel condition until the vehicle comes 10 rrriop Note the speed at the moment of brake application. 9. Calculation 9.1 Calculate the stopping:distance number for each test as follows: 1 Ineivpound wats sot 10 SD) x 100 Merrie units son [137238 $01 1001, where Fn speed of test vehicle at the moment of brake appli tion, mph (km/h), and Sb = stopping distance, ft [m), (otal count x feet {metres} per count) 92 The Jus may also be expressed in terms of stopping distance. SD. in fet (or metres). Stopping distance seerveal withia the permissible speed deviation may De Correted to the desired test speed by the following equation: CComected SO = (desired speedo 10. Number of Tests and Retests 10.1 Skid Resistance af a Test Section—Perform at least hase measurements of stopping disiance in each test lane at verter tet site and at each selected test speed. Test n0 less tavtwo sites in a tes section. Consider the arithmetic erage of the stopping distance numbers, or stopping igomeee: wo the skid resistance of the test site. Consider the aethmedc average of the deterrnc tion for test ites to be the Stig resistance of the test section. If statistical or other Aerts applied to the stopping distance number, for a long (Err section indicate that it cannot be considered tobe Eslfonn, treat the section as to or more sections. For treatment of the results of Faulty tests see 10.3. 10.2 Skid Resisiance of @ Single Lane—Ut the skid resist- ance of @ single lane at a given test site must be known, perform at lest six measurements of stopping distance at ach specified test speed. ial speed? % actual SD ‘re Ana Say Tasingae ai hs wih ten merce he snr er Jeng onde ane binge ef ch nena st ovina ny ie th espns olan ivr repprave or wince Your armani Tomatoes ro ATH nagar Yor Eommes enh you may wey al Yu 10.3. Faulty Test—Tests that are manifestly falty oF that give stopping distance numbers dilering by mare thon. $ See ebb the average ofall tests in the same test section Shan be areated in accordance with Practice E 178, 11, Reports LL Feld Report—The field report for each test section shat! contain data an the following vers: TELL Location and identification of test sections, 1112 Date and time of day. LILES Weather conditions prinipally temperature, cloud cover, and wind, 111A Location of each test site and lanes teste. TLE Test speed (For each test), ang IIL@ Stopping distance number, or stopping distance (for each tes. TS Summary Report—The summary report shall in clude foreach test section, data on the following items as for sehey are available and pertinent to the variables oF SS mbinations of variables under investigation T1.2) Location and identification of test section, L132 Number of lanes and presence of lane separators, 11.2.3 Grade and alignment, 11.24 Pavement type, mix Gesign of surface course, com ditions, and aggregate type (specify source if available), 1125 Age of pavement, 1126 Average daly traffic (for each year since pavement construction), Ty. Average traffic speed (or speed mix asin the ease of rade with neavy tuck traffic. 11.2.8 Date and time of day, 11.29 Weather conditions, 112.10 Lane tested, and TLDLT Average stopping distance number for test section and speed at which reported average was obtained. (Highest are west average values fr test sites may also be reported are oes are reported that were not used in computing the test section average, this fact shall be recorded). 12, Precision and Bias 12 The relationship of observed SDN units to some sidac value of locked whee! siding friction has not been weebiished at this time, Asa result, only repeatability i giver for this test method, 122 The analysis of available datz obtained with an eapeitenced operator indicates that tbe stopping dstancs tes oa ows repeatability or agreement within 5 % ofthe Therage value, Stopping nuraber data obtained with the same Gperator and under identical test ceoditions should not be cerjered suspect unless they differ by more thart 5 %. canon scan vey y ptt ngs wseed ncaa? ee ges tain twa tH otra tne bon ress. secret sanded or etn a Si Coma or ances 916 Race Posen, PA 12102 628