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DETERMINANTS
4.1 Overview
To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n, we can associate a number (real or complex)
called determinant of the matrix A, written as det A, where aij is the (i, j)th element of A.
a b
If A , then determinant of A, denoted by |A| (or det A), is given by
c d
a b
|A| = = ad bc.
c d
Remarks
(i) Only square matrices have determinants.
a b
Let A = [aij] = be a matrix of order 2. Then the determinant of A is defined
c d
as: det (A) = |A| = ad bc.
4.1.3 Determinant of a matrix of order three
The determinant of a matrix of order three can be determined by expressing it in terms
of second order determinants which is known as expansion of a determinant along a
row (or a column). There are six ways of expanding a determinant of order 3
corresponding to each of three rows (R1, R2 and R3) and three columns (C1, C2 and
C3) and each way gives the same value.
66 MATHEMATICS
= a11(a22 a33 a23 a32) a21 (a12 a33 a13 a32) + a31 (a12 a23 a13 a22)
Remark In general, if A = kB, where A and B are square matrices of order n, then
|A| = kn |B|, n = 1, 2, 3.
4.1.4 Properties of Determinants
For any square matrix A, |A| satisfies the following properties.
(ii) If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of the determinant
changes.
(iii) If any two rows or any two columns in a determinant are identical (or
proportional), then the value of the determinant is zero.
(iv) Multiplying a determinant by k means multiplying the elements of only one row
(or one column) by k.
x1 y1 1
1
x2 y2 1
2 .
x3 y3 1
(iv) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with co-factors of elements of
any other row (or column), then their sum is zero. For example,
a11 A21 + a12 A22 + a13 A23 = 0.
4.1.7 Adjoint and inverse of a matrix
(i) The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aij]nn is defined as the transpose of the matrix
68 MATHEMATICS
[aij]nn, where Aij is the co-factor of the element aij. It is denoted by adj A.
1
(ix) If A is an invertible matrix, then A1 = (adj A)
|A|
a1 b1 c1 x d1
a b2 c2 , X y and B d2
A= 2
a3 b3 c3 z d3
2x 5 6 5
Example 1 If , then find x.
8 x 8 3
2x 5 6 5
Solution We have . This gives
8 x 8 3
2x2 40 = 18 40 x2 = 9 x = 3.
1 x x2 1 1 1
Example 2 If = 1 y y , 1 = yz
2
zx xy , then prove that + 1 = 0.
1 z z2 x y z
1 1 1
Solution We have 1 yz zx xy
x y z
1 yz x x xyz x2
1
1 1 zx y = y xyz y2
xyz
1 xy z z xyz z2
70 MATHEMATICS
x 1 x2
xyz
y 1 y2
= xyz Interchanging C1 and C2
z 1 z2
1 x x2
(1) 1 y y2
=
1 z z2
1 + = 0
cosec 2 cot 2 1
2 2
cot cosec 1
= 0.
42 40 2
x p q
Example 4 Show that p x q = (x p) (x2 + px 2q2)
q q x
x p p q 1 p q
p x x q ( x p) 1 x q
0 q x 0 q x
DETERMINANTS 71
0 p + x 2q
= ( x p) 1 x q Applying R1 R1 + R2
0 q x
( x p) ( px x 2 2q 2 ) = ( x p) ( x 2 px 2q 2 )
0 b a c a
Example 5 If a b 0 c b , then show that is equal to zero.
a c b c 0
0
a b a c
Solution Interchanging rows and columns, we get b a 0 b c
c a c b 0
0b a c a
3
(1) a b 0 c b
a c b c 0
2 =0 or =0
Example 6 Prove that (A1) = (A)1, where A is an invertible matrix.
Solution Since A is an invertible matrix, so it is non-singular.
We know that |A| = |A|. But |A| 0. So |A| 0 i.e. A is invertible matrix.
Now we know that AA1 = A1 A = I.
Taking transpose on both sides, we get (A1) A = A (A1) = (I) = I
Hence (A1) is inverse of A, i.e., (A)1 = (A1)
Long Answer (L.A.)
x 2 3
Example 7 If x = 4 is a root of 1 x 1 = 0, then find the other two roots.
3 2 x
72 MATHEMATICS
x 4 x 4 x 4
1 x 1 .
3 2 x
1 1 1
( x 4) 1 x 1
3 2 x
1 0 0
( x 4) 1 x 1 0 .
3 1 x 3
1 1 1
1 sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C 0 ,
2 2 2
sinA +sin A sinB+sin B sinC+sin C
1 1 1
1 sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C
Solution Let =
sinA +sin 2 A sinB+sin 2 B sinC+sin 2 C
DETERMINANTS 73
1 1 1
1 sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C
= R3 R3 R2
cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 C
1 0 0
1 sin A sin B sin A sin C sin B
= . (C3 C3 C2 and C2 C2 C1)
cos 2 A cos 2 A cos 2 B cos 2 B cos 2 C
3 2 sin 3
1
Example 9 Show that if the determinant 7 8 cos 2 0 , then sin = 0 or .
2
11 14 2
3 2 sin 3
5 0 cos 2 4sin 3 0
10 0 2 + 7sin3
1
or sin = 0 or sin = (Why ?).
2
Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the Example 10 and 11.
Ax x2 1 A B C
2
Example 10 Let By y 1 and 1 x y z , then
2 zy zx xy
Cz z 1
(A) 1 = (B) 1
(C) 1 = 0 (D) None of these
A B C A x yz
Solution (C) is the correct answer since 1 x y z =B y zx
zy zx xy C z xy
Ax x2 xyz Ax x2 1
xyz
1
y2 By y2 1
= By xyz = xyz =
xyz 2 Cz z2 1
Cz z xyz
cos x sin x 1
Example 11 If x, y R, then the determinant sin x cos x 1 lies
cos( x y ) sin( x y ) 0
in the interval
cos x sin x 1
sin x cos x 1 .
0 0 sin y cos y
1 1
= (siny cosy) = 2 sin y cos y
2 2
= 2 cos sin y sin cos y = 2 sin (y 4 )
4 4
Hence 2 2.
Fill in the blanks in each of the Examples 12 to 14.
sin 2 A cotA 1
sin 2 B cotB 1 ................
2
sin C cotC 1
23 + 3 5 5
Example 13 The determinant = 15 + 46 5 10 is equal to ...............
3 + 115 15 5
is independent of x only.
Solution True. Apply R1 R1 + sinyR2 + cosy R3, and expand
Example 16 The value of
1 1 1
n n+ 2 n+ 4
C1 C1 C1
is 8.
n n+ 2 n+ 4
C2 C2 C2
Solution True
x 5 2
Example 17 If A 2 y 3 , xyz = 80, 3x + 2y + 10z = 20, then
1 1 z
81 0 0
A adj. A 0 81 0 .
0 0 81
Solution : False.
DETERMINANTS 77
1 5
4
0 1 3 2 2
1 3
Example 18 If A 1 2 x , A 1 3
2 2
2 3 1
1 1
y
2 2
then x = 1, y = 1.
Solution True
4.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer (S.A.)
Using the properties of determinants in Exercises 1 to 6, evaluate:
a x y z
x2 x 1 x 1 x a y z
1. 2.
x 1 x 1 x y a z
0 xy 2 xz 2 3x x y x z
2 2
x y 0 yz x y 3y z y
3. 4.
2 2
x z zy 0 x z y z 3z
x 4 x x a b c 2a 2a
5. x x 4 x 6. 2b b c a 2b
x x x 4 2c 2c c a b
y2 z2 yz y z y z z y
2 2
z x zx z x 0 z z x x 4 xyz
7. 8.
2 2
x y xy x y y x x y
78 MATHEMATICS
a 2 2a 2a 1 1
2a 1 a 2 1 (a 1)3
9.
3 3 1
1 cos C cos B
10. If A + B + C = 0, then prove that cos C 1 cos A 0
cos B cos A 1
11. If the co-ordinates of the vertices of an equilateral triangle with sides of length
2
x1 y1 1
3a 4
a are (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), then x2 y2 1 =
4 .
x3 y3 1
1 1 sin 3
12. Find the value of satisfying 4 3 cos 2 = 0 .
7 7 2
4 x 4 x 4 x
13. If 4 x 4 x 4 x 0 , then find values of x.
4 x 4 x 4 x
ar 1 ar 5 ar 9
ar 7 ar 11 ar 15
is independent of r.
ar 11 ar 17 ar 21
15. Show that the points (a + 5, a 4), (a 2, a + 3) and (a, a) do not lie on a
straight line for any value of a.
16. Show that the ABC is an isosceles triangle if the determinant
DETERMINANTS 79
1 1 1
= 1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C = 0 .
cos 2 A + cos A cos 2 B + cos B cos 2 C + cos C
0 1 1
A 2 3I
17. 1
Find A if A 1 0 1 and show that A 1 .
2
1 1 0
1 2 0
18. If A = 2 1 2 , find A1.
0 1 1
2 2 4 1 1 0
20. Given A 4 2 4 ,B 2 3 4 , find BA and use this to solve the
2 1 5 0 1 2
system of equations y + 2z = 7, x y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17.
a b c
21. If a + b + c 0 and b c a = 0 , then prove that a = b = c.
c a b
bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2
2
22. Prove that ca b ab c 2 bc a 2 is divisible by a + b + c and find the
ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2
quotient.
80 MATHEMATICS
xa yb zc a b c
23. If x + y + z = 0, prove that yc za xb = xyz c a b
zb xc ya b c a
2x 5 6 2
24. If , then value of x is
8 x 7 3
(A) 3 (B) 3
(C) 6 (D) 6
a b b +c a
ba c+a b
25. The value of determinant
ca a+b c
(A) a3 + b3 + c 3 (B) 3 bc
(C) a3 + b3 + c3 3abc (D) none of these
26. The area of a triangle with vertices (3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq. units. The
value of k will be
(A) 9 (B) 3
(C) 9 (D) 6
b2 ab b c bc ac
2
27. The determinant ab a a b b2 ab equals
bc ac c a ab a 2
x is
4 4
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 3
29. If A, B and C are angles of a triangle, then the determinant
1 cos C cos B
cos C 1 cos A is equal to
cos B cos A 1
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 1 (D) None of these
cos t t 1
f (t )
30. Let f (t) = 2sin t t 2t , then lim 2 is equal to
t 0 t
sin t t t
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) 3
1 1 1
31. The maximum value of 1 1 sin 1 is ( is real number)
1 cos 1 1
1 3
(A) (B)
2 2
2 3
(C) 2 (D)
4
82 MATHEMATICS
0 x a x b
32. If f (x) = x a 0 x c , then
x b x c 0
2 3
33. If A = 0 2 5 , then A1 exists if
1 1 3
(A) =2 (B) 2
(C) 2 (D) None of these
34. If A and B are invertible matrices, then which of the following is not correct?
(A) adj A = |A|. A1 (B) det(A)1 = [det (A)]1
(C) (AB)1 = B1 A1 (D) (A + B)1 = B1 + A1
1 x 1 1
35. If x, y, z are all different from zero and 1 1 y 1 0 , then value of
1 1 1 z
x1 + y1 + z1 is
(A) xyz (B) x1 y1 z1
(C) x y z (D) 1
x x y x 2y
36. The value of the determinant x 2 y x x y is
x y x 2y x
1 2 5
37. There are two values of a which makes determinant, = 2 a 1 = 86, then
0 4 2a
sum of these number is
(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) 4 (D) 9
Fill in the blanks
38. If A is a matrix of order 3 3, then |3A| = _______ .
39. If A is invertible matrix of order 3 3, then |A1 | _______ .
2 2
2x 2 x 2x 2 x 1
2 2
40. If x, y, z R, then the value of determinant 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 1 is
2 2
4x 4 x 4x 4 x 1
equal to _______.
2
0 cos sin
41. If cos2 = 0, then cos sin 0 = _________.
sin 0 cos
42. If A is a matrix of order 3 3, then (A2)1 = ________.
43. If A is a matrix of order 3 3, then number of minors in determinant of A are
________.
44. The sum of the products of elements of any row with the co-factors of
corresponding elements is equal to _________.
x 3 7
45. If x = 9 is a root of 2 x 2 = 0, then other two roots are __________.
7 6 x
0 xyz xz
46. yx 0 yz = __________.
zx z y 0
84 MATHEMATICS
(1 + x)17 (1 + x)19 (1 + x) 23
47. If f (x) = (1 + x) 23 (1 + x) 29 (1 + x)34 = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ..., then
(1 + x) 41 (1 + x) 43 (1 + x) 47
A = ________.
State True or False for the statements of the following Exercises:
1 1 3
48. A3 = A , where A is a square matrix and |A| 0.
1 1
49. (aA)1 = A , where a is any real number and A is a square matrix.
a
x +1 x + 2 x + a
53. x + 2 x + 3 x + b = 0 , where a, b, c are in A.P.
x + 3 x + 4 x+c
x a p u l f
56. If the determinant y b q v m g splits into exactly K determinants of
z c r+w n h
order 3, each element of which contains only one term, then the value of K is 8.
DETERMINANTS 85
a p x p+ x a+ x a+ p
57. Let b q y 16 , then 1 = q + y b + y b + q = 32 .
c r z r + z c+ z c+r
1 1 1
1
58. The maximum value of 1 (1 sin ) 1 is .
2
1 1 1 cos