ParI2.Commoncomoonents.

textures
and
tn volcanic
StrUCtUres deposits

Here R describeand illusrLatccon4roncnts,tcxtLrfcsrnd Phenocn'st,rbund.rncein coherenrl.rvas and sin'volcanic

srrlrcturc'commonlvencountcred in volcanicrocks.lht inrusionr rangcsfr<,m verv sprnc (1 volumr 'lr, up ro
prcscnterionis nor comprehensiver nrher, *e emphasrse :rbour55 volumeqb.The sizerangen simllarLvbro.rd,fronr
r : r u - . r h r , r c ' rp o ' n rl ^ d . . r p t r r r r . r r ' - p , r r : u. r about I mm to 3 cm. I'hcnocrlsrmincrrloev. abundrncc
and r.rrusuJlv sun'ivediagenesis. moderatehrdrorhenlal .rnd disaibution :ue, in most cases,reasonabllconsr.rnr
altcr,rtion. l o s g r a d e r c g i o n r l m c r a m o r p h i s ma n d rvithin sinelclan tlo' emphcementunirs. l hcscfcrnLrcs.
rleformation.Nlost can be obsenedrn outcrop or m lund drerefore.provlde a meansof drsringuishingand nupping
spccimcns usinga hrnd lens.In isolarion. firv componcnts, dillcrcnrunirsin a sequcncc ofleves,and arcrlso thc most
are uniquelv diagnosticol generic reLi,rbLe basisfor esrirn.rtingcherllcl composnionnr dre
proccscs.Horvcicr, combinerionsof fcarurespnvidc thc llcld.
basisfor disrnrguishing volcanicllrst;c dcpositsfrom coherenr Becausephenocnstsgrorv relativel.;slorvll rnd,rre sus'
lavasandinrrusions,r'hich is the firstimpon.rntsteptowards pcndcJin dreme1t,rhevarcwpicallvcuhcdralor subhcrlrel,
a , . f r c , , r o no l . n p l r . e re n p " . < . , - J ' < - ; . complereand unbLoken.HoweveL,the origin.rl shapesof
phcnocrystscan bc modilled ii rhc chenical or phl'licrl
. . i , ' r l r r .r l . r ' e . 'f l e r r r ' l , . p e r. .r d n , ,g , , . .
PhF.^.'\/<r<,..1 n.r.h\/rit. ro.t rre I rrc p:rni,rlrcsorprn,n, *hich res,ntsin embavedrnd rcLrndcd
. . , t , , , ., ., , Jr . , i , r r" i r h r h . r | e t. " t . , 9 . " r . . c r r .
hrpfortri texrttrcconsistsof rchtivclv largc,mhcdral or of linc graincd mincralsafound ihc phcnocrysts.QLrafrz
' b h . J l r " r , , 1 r J r . n c . . Jr r r r l ' c n . r e ' r . r , ' 1 1 . . . , . . rr .' . ' , , . , . , ." , J . \ , . , 1 . ., , , , , 1 . , . .
glxst grornbta.: \r.r-2, 8.1). ft is ch.rracteristic ofcoherenr comrnonlyshow dre ellectsof resorprion.Thel opicJlv
lavas,syn-volcanicinrmsionsand cl.rstsderivedfrom these havea biprrrmnlil habitbLrtareembaved andpanll roundcd.
(Part 3). h is onc of thc most importantcrirerir for During riseand eruprbn ol the querrzphenocrvst-be.rring
distineuishirgcoherenrf.rcies lrom pi rocL.rsric, resedirnrnted nugrna,SiO. solubilnvin rhe nrelt incre.rses asthe prcsLrrc
volcrniclasticand volcanogenicsedimcntar,v dcposits. dccrcrscs.rnd. as a rcsult, quaLtzphcnocrystsih:rr \\'rrc
CbnctaporThlnri terrure consistsot a smrll numbcr ot innialh in cquilibriumrith the mclr;rrcp;raiellvrtsorbed.
phenocrv*sclustcrcdtogctherand is rlso tl picalot cohercnt Rcvrptn,ncml,avmcnn an<1 reacrion rim arcfrequcorly
l.rvasand svn'volcanichrrusions. Lnterprered ro rellecrdisequilibriumberrveencr1'sr;rls ancl
Porphvritic tcxturc is gcncrrlh intc4rLctcdto forrn in nclt, rnd arc cspcciallv import,rnrin rhc rccognir()not
rnrem.rsrhrt hilvccooledand solidifiednr nro sr.rges. Sorn." izroryr,. Theseerecrvst.rls.vhich did nor cryva1|seironr
c11*rlsgrorvduringcarLr:slo*r sLrbsLrrfrce coo|ngofm.rgma. dre hosrm.rgmabut rvcrcaccidcnrrllyincorpoflicd f,om r
$;'hen rhe magnr crupn, ;t conristsof d,rsr alnady rnrl foreignsource,suchrs disintegmtingwall roc[s. XenocLvsts
. n v J . ; l " r ' o . nr . . p . . , J . 1 . ne.i ,. I o l l o , . r . 3 . . r , . r r ' can
. . comprisenineral phasesnrcomp.rribl.'irith. or rtvpicrl
rclatnelv rap;dvnidificationofthc mcft resuhsin fi,rnurn,n of the hosr nragnraconrlxxnion. Nlixnrg of porph"riLic
ofrhc gn,unrlness. In onc cascs, rheneh ischilledt<,x,lonic magmasshomlvprior to emption also re*lts in dn
gl,rss,rvifi or rvidmut quench crustalsrothcnvre the nclt equilibrnrn texrLucs, complexphenocrvstasenbhgcs and
cwvalliscs ro a fincgraincdallgrcgrrc ofinrc ock,ntcnrr,rl'. hctrcgeneous phcnocrstdistributions.

21
 Ercn in undeiorrnedlarasand intrusnrns,phcnocrvsts rre conroneDrs of hr'.rloclasrirc, espcciallvrcscdimenred
son,ctimes craekedrnd brokenaprn (.14.2). All rhclirgn,cnrs hlalochsrirc. ln siruquenchtiagmenr.rrion of porphr.rnic
dcrl.cdfion oncphcnocosrcotnmonlllornrl clustrth?r lavas commonllaffecrs phenocnsrs, produeing jigsa*-fitor
dnplavsiigsav-lit rexmLc,althoughv,nc fraqmcnrsmal bc nctrr jigs,r\' fit, nrorominerallic crvstal fr:remenrclusre,s.
, , " rJ , , . i . . t . 1 , . , 1 r r , ,rT\ r r - L ' , .o Subse,luenr:rlterationand dcfoLrnarionof qucrch-
bL.'ak.rs resultofJre,rrdurineiloraee,rapidvcsiculation of lraemcntidphcnocrvsts and glassleroundmasmay result
Lhc encltxinsmch, or prcssurc rclersc durine risc and 'n an 'tpp.rrenrpIfo.l.ts0c iexrurc.
truprion.In snu IL.remenrrrion oiphenocrvsrnav alsobc i]*t:li in volcrnogcnic sedirnenmrldepositsml be
car*tdbl qucnching and hrdrationofrhc hosthra or svn- dcrivedbv reuc'rkine.rnd resedimentarion of non+cldcd,
rolcrnicinrrusion. ctrstrl bcrring plroclastic or autoclarticdcposits,.rnd bv
ln rnostcases, porphlritic rextLrre crn be recoeniscd ivirh surhce seathcring :nd eLosionof crvstal-b
u,nfidcncein rheiidd. in smalloutcrops andhandspecimcns, Locks,such rs porphlLitic hvr or cnsr.rlrich wclded
,rnd conllmcrL re.rdlh by examinarn,nof thin sections. ignimbritc.Crlstai fragnrennoi cirhfr origin be.onrc
Hor<'rer.rr is ir:rpcmtncto irclude:rllrvailablcIithofacics increisinelvroundcdbl surr,rceprocesscs, and cvidnceof
nriornarion bclore concluding that a porphvriric samplc thc origin.rlclas forminqmcchanisms
bel,,ngsto a cohcrcnrl:va or intrusionor rcl.rred.rutrrlasric Notc that someprimarr phcnocrlstsare rounJrJ pnof ro
ii.j$. lirhcdrul.evcnll disrriburcd app.rLcnr pherorrlsrs truption, due to m.rgmaricnsorption.
also occur in some lavalike rnd rhconoLphicnelded Clrrsral fragments.rre trpicrlh confined ro, rnd mav
p'r,clasricdcposirs(Henrl cr al. 1988) 11.4).Although dominaterhe srnd or coarseashgrain sizeofrolcaniclasric
I r ' J , . - J l ' . ; . r o . l . 'r ' . . r - ; ' 1 . ( h . \ i , r i . h , r ., F ' ,, , , I dcposia. The mineral asscmbl:rge represenrcdbl cnstals
rhcscdcposits;s almostcompletelro.crpintcd bv rvcldine and crysralfiagmenn in volc.rniclastic dcposns,eqrcci.rllv
and high-temper.luredevinificarionof glassvconponcnrs. p . . , , . J r- r ' , r , , 1, ' . r , J l o ' . , . , " J . nr . r , . \ r e r u p r \ .
Rhcomorphicand lara likc pv<,clasricrocks.u presenrarc rolcaniclasticdeposirs,srrcnglvrcflectsrhat prcscnrur the
kror.n onlyln subreri,Jvolcanicsequences. \{any cxan,plcs porphvriric sourcemagm.rG),rnd givesa useful,though
hrvc pcralkrlinc composirrcnsand/or can be nrferredtu roughguiderotlev,urcc conrposirion. Ho$,cvcr,ihcoriginal
hale erupredat unusLrally hieh remperarurt. App.rrcnt ti,talabund,,nces and rel.rrneproponlonsofeach ph.rseare
porphlritic terrurc Gn rl!) o.cur ;n non *elded punice, usualll significandvmo,l;ficd during fr.rgncnmtion rnd
rich deposirsnrrrhich alterarionand diagencncconpacrron rransponarion.and are nor easlly in[eLLedfrorn the
mask dre oudincsoi porphrriricpumiceclasrs(45.5 6; .rbundances and rclarn.cproponionsc,fcrysralcomponcnrs
l'art 5L in rhc 6 naI volcaniclasric deposrr. That limirarionrside.dara
on the assembl.ise ri,ralabundancc,relatire .rbundancc,sizc
and Jrapeofcrvstrl fragmcntscm proridc a rcn cftecrive
Crystas and cfysia lragments (1) a n d r c l i a b l eb a s i sl o r d i s t i n g u i s h i n g and mapp;ng
rolceniclastic unitsin the field.Theseparamercrs aLeappror,
LryttaLnd otral fagnrat are found in a ride raricq of imarell consrenr. r,r elscvarl systcmaticelh rirhin sinqlc
volcrniclasric dcposirs(1.3, 25.3 4, 32.4 j). Thel are emphccmcntunirsin prnnrrv pvrochsticdcposirsand a1so,
ultnnarclv deriied flom porphlritic m.rgnlej and ilonr comrnonlr rvithin massUorv rcscdnnenttilvolcaniclastic
cn strllincor porphvririccounrrl r,ck. I3othpriman volcanic dcposirs. Srstcmaric veriarions in rhc cnst.rl fraemerrr
. , r J . r r r . e J i m " r r nr . l r o \ e \ e o r I J b m 1 . , , i n . , , r popul.rrirnmav rcilcctconrpositionalzonrrn,nin thc source
cllccrilelv rcpararccrlstalsfrcirr rheirhost,antl conccnrratc porphvrnic magma andhr sonine of crvstrl fragmcnrs
dren,in cnsralrich volcaniclasric dcposirs (C$ 1983). accortlineto sizeor densrrvduring rransponand deposition
\\holc cnsrals,rndcrvstJ fraemcnsarc liL'crurcuounng (especialll commonin fallourdeposirs).
erpkxi.e eruptionsofporyhlriric magra. A smallpn,ponion
of crvstal frrgrncnts in plroclarric rocks m.rl be derived
r , , , h . d i i . . , , , , . I o i . ; ' , . . . . . " . t n , - . , ,, t , , i . s . t . Ves cles (2)
tocks.In prrocl.rsricdcposirs,rngulrr ftagmcnrsofcuhcdral
crtstrlsrLer; picallyrnorcabundanr rhancomplete euhcdral \blatilesersolyedfron lavllr,shallo* inrrusn,nsrnd,lcnscll
.rsials, and shdv a reltllnel) r'ide srain s,re Jarise,u,e ucl,lcrl ruf'l! accLrmulate in bubbies c,rllcd
tuppcrlimn of which is dcrcrrrincdbv rhc m:uinum nal be perm.rncntlrentrappcdor solirliticrtion rnd
phcnoclrr sizein rhc poryhvriricsour,:e magma.Cnst,rl presened.\tsiclcsarc,isotirrned bv *eam bubblcscnclosed
n ,rgmcnrs, est,cclal\euhcdra,mry havca thin p,uri;1sehedee in some fine-gr.r;ned, noisr ash deposi* gcneratcilbv
oiel.rssvpumiceor scoria.Somecrvsrals sitlrr l,ulrrccor erplosnecnrprionsllorenz l9:4, k;;199)). AnygLbt
s.'r,r .hsrs rre liacrLrredin stu, and rhc frrgrrcnts $orv rre lormer ycsiclesrhar h.r.e been prnialll or complere[
lir
;igrarv rcxrurc. iniillcd s ith sccondarvmincr.rls.
tlLttnch fiaqncnrarion oiporphlritic magmais anorher \tsiclcs rre comrnon in silicic, inrcrrediare .rnd mafic
mcansofgordlnrg freecrystalsand crvsralliasmcnrs,and lavr llors, in borh subaerlaland subrqucoLrs v-nings (2.1-
thcsc.a. bc signifl.rnrin rheco.rrse srnit,andgranutesrzr {,6.4, 17.4.20). \Lri.ltio|sin tl,eirsia,shrpcandabund.rnce
22
in la'asrcllcctthe uLrerdavof icvcrd .onrok. in.ludins Volcanc gass (2)
originrl nrenr "olarilc contcnr rnd viscosi5 rrtes of
dcronrprcssion ancldiilLrsion. coalescencc rnd intcrference Rapid qucnchingof silic.rrcmeks producessolid raLrrr
of adj,rcarrvcsicl*,.rnc1dcfomatn,n during florvrgeSonte g/,7-.\blcanic glas nui be non vcsicularprrtt|vcsicLthrot
sLrbrcriJbasrlticllovs consistof rn uppcr and sometimcs highh 'esicul,rr(p,rmiceous or scorirctous)(2.5-6, 20,
lorvcr vcsicLe'richzonc, sep.rrrtcdbv a poorlv vciLculrr 44.:)1.ll.rnd spccinensol glasl volcrnir n,cks h:re
interior.The upper zonc n broadcr,monesl.tdrr rnd distinctive conchoidal fiacturcsurtaces.rnd glassv lustrc.In
contrins hrgcr bubLlesrhrn rhe li*er zonc, pt,beblr .* I rhin'section.unmodifiedvolcanic gl:rs n isxropic. Ho,vcitr.
,esLrk of c,-l.scencc of.isin.qbubblcsduringsoLidificrrion jn some cases qucnching includes .r shorrpctiod ol rert
is.rhagirnet al. 1989r.Dimroth et rl. ll9-E) notc,l an rrpid crvsralLis.rtion, lnd rhe glassn c(xvdcd *ith gucnch
cqun.rlenrincreascin vcsiculeritv torv.rrds thc tops of crvstrLs (20,25.3). The crlstrlsti,nncddoringqtrenchinq
subaqucousb.rsalticshcctllorvsin thc Archern of {lLrcbcc, hrvea nrierl ofdistincrive sh.rpes (e.g.skcletJ,dcndtiticor
Can.rd.r.A diflircnr pittt.nr oecuA ,n ipons: pahoehoe sicldesh.rpcs; plurnoseor stcllatc bundlesr l.rdrsrvirh s* r llov
i\\ilkcr 1989b):resiclcsarc sphericJ rnd intrersetn stzc rail tcrninations;Lodsor ch.rins Joplin 1971. Brrrn
rnd rbundanceslmmerricJh inrv.rrtlfi,nr thc maLginsrr, l9-.1.Cor er.tl. l9'9, S*.rnsonct al. 1989)ither nlrr bt
thc cenuesof l,rvrflo. units (19.61. This dLstribtrrion is aligncdp.rnLlclto flor directionsat thc rine ofsolidificntion
intcrpretcdto rcsultfrom vcsicltgolth :rndcorlcscencc in of rhe mclr. Thel are iound in both non vcsrculrrrnd
sradc h'r dr.rr has an appreciablc vield sirengrh, and ,s pumiccous, cohcrenrhr flovs.rnd in lnsh plrocl.rstic
princil,,Jlvdevclopednr mcdial t<,dist.rlp:rnsof srbrcriJ punlce. {-lLrcnch crvsulsarecommonlr bur not invrrirblr
basJtic flo*r. micLoscopic (crlsnlLitcs, micmlnes). Quencholl"i.. in "rnre
I'ipt ue;LL:.tt slcndcrcvlindricalcivilies up 1o sevcnl ultrrmrflc hv.rsformslrrge (up ro r fervcm) skeletJbl,rded
millimcrres acrosantltensof ccntinerrcs in leneth{16 1, crvsrals(+rr;lir rcxture).
17.2).Tho rrr conrmonhfi,undnearthebrsesofsub.rerial ( r ) r ' l . , r . n , , f . b . . , . 1 ' n r t i . r ' J : t 'o ' . u r .i n r . n r
pahoehoelaw flows(\X':rters l9('0, Vhlker 198-:, \\'ilnrodr t, highdegeesofundercooling.tndmfcrsrnlrr ridi swrn\on
and\lhlkcr 1993), occurin dvkesandsills (\\ alker l98 bl et rl. {1989) suggcstcd thar such drasticundercooltng
and areradiallvdistribured in rhc interiorsof pillorvL,l,es .rccompanics earlvdeg.rssnrg (lossofl-l,t) rapour) ofsilicic
fones ] 969. E.rstonanrlJohns 1986,Kaivachirnd PringLe meltsprbr o efLrption. SomemicrolitPoor micrcl,re'
19s8,\imagnhi er a1.1989,V',rlkcr1991).Adjrccntpipe r i . hl - J . d l " r r ' . , , . n l , , . n , i ' ( , , ,
vesiclcsin fli,rvsoccasional\ co.rlesce up*ard firming:rn compositions (Citrsonand Naner 1991),one of shich
nlenetl l.: lerv subdiv c upnrrtl. In sLrbrct;allava lli,*s. cnst.rllied nricrches in rhe proccssof an.rining thcrnal
pipe vericlesappcarto be restricrcdr<,sheetsempLaccd on cquilibriLrm.
vc+ gcndeslopes {<'1"r Nilktr I9rl'a) PhilponrrdIe*is Oncelorncd, both thetexnrrc andcompositionofr,lcanic
(1987)and Ciodinot(1988)atrributedpipevesicles to thc glas mrl be p.rni.rllvor compLcrellmodifiedbl a vrrieq of
ersolurionofgr' inro bLLbblcs thrr rre.rtt.rchedto rhc zone p r , . . . c . . U n n r r r hJ ."r" . o o l . n g . o r L r r . h . , (e' . l r . . . a
ofv,liJiricrrbn.,{r rhiszone.rtlv.rnccs int, thecoolinghvr, rolcanicglas ma" dcvitrill {Lofgren1971b).Hritrrrion o1
bubblescontinue ro grow, fbrming pipesperpt'ndicularto rolcenic ghss generrtesperlitic fi:rcnrres.Di.rgcncsls.
the v,li<1ific.uion front. meramorphisn.rnd/orhvth,therm.rl.JteLationconvendre
\tsicle sizcard abund.rncein subrqucoushemptcd hvrs ghss to aggreg.rtcs of new nnrenl phasessuch as ct.rvs.
arc ,rlsoaffectedbr rhe conlining presure excncd bv rhe zeolites, sericitc or chhrne.
*ater column(\'lcBirncy1963).In sonecrses. vcsiculrriry' There arc nvo c,)mmon opcs of brsahic glas (l'crc<,ck
of sLrbrqueous lavr tlus incrcrscssvsremaric;lhuprv:rd and l-uller1928,Fishcrand Schmincke 19t4, Flcikcnrnd
dtroughcontinuous sequcnccs coqxrsnrgmultiplcflixs, \\nhlerz l9lJ5) (2.5, 16.1). SidetontLtntls LsotroP,(.
' . p o r ,c . J r ' ' - . ' r n e . o ' l - . - I ' r " ' r r ' trensparcnt,cc,l""rlessor ycllos',pristineghs Tailllrta is
I . rrm,"' rn
(Nlo.rr1965,Jones1969, NIoorc aod Schillntg197.i, ,rcturLlv parr[ cnst.rlline rnd conrains.rbundrnt Fe Tioridc
Cousineau andIlinr<xh 19811. In studics of.rncienool.:nic micrclitcsrh.rt causcoprcirv Lorv-rempcrarurthidrrrlon
seqLrenccs. suchtrendsmav bc uscfuLrndicarorsol slto;1tng and terationot si<lercmehnc conlcrs ii to fesmous,!euori
or clccpenrne pahcoenvironrnents. Horirrcr, bcc.Luse controls or brc$n palaga tn, rvith chrngts ro H.O, FcOiFe-O,,
otherrhan*arer deptharc inport.rnr,vesicul,rrin rli,ncis NlgO, rr-r,O, antl sone trace cicrlcnr. f:rchllirc !s les
unrcliablers .r mcansoidetemrining absoltner.rter deprh, susccpriblct(, eherarionbccaur n is composeJl.rrgch ot
of comparingdeprhsof errphctment oi s.'p:ratclave crvstalsI'Jagonitisarn,nofb.rs:rLtic glax ma1bc vcrl raptcl
sequcnces. an<lof dctccr;ngchangesnr dcprh in srquences (occuningrvithin vcars), espcc;ally in:rsh deposits sLrbicct ttr
conpning flons ol diftirentcomposnion. *.cr and *arm condirions,for ei!.tmPl.,ne.rrhvdrotbctmrl
srsrcms llleikenrnd \\bhlttz 198i, Jrkobstn and lv{trc
19t6, Fan.rnd and SingcrI992).N{oreadvrnccd.rltcration
and mennrorphLsmconven p.rlaeonitc(o smccrires,irfi.
oxides,zeolitcsor chlorirc, dependingon the pore rluid
compositionanrl temperlturc
23
 Silicicglasslal,r1uz) is usuallytnnspnent,and palcro
dark grc' oL black in hand spec;ncni20.2 3, 'i4.3).
Dirgrncsis,lo*grade nctarroryhnn arrd hldrodrerrnJ
.rlter.uion
conrrrsilicic gl;rss
tofLne-grainedclavsaodzeolitcs.
A[eration of silicic glassnrav involve an iniri.rl sra{:eof
drs,lution ol rheglas bv high pH (> 9l poreflu;d, fblloued
bv precipitarnn fron solutionoffinc graiotl ncwnrincnls.
ln Dr.rnycascs.si)icicghs in ancicnrvolc.rnicmcks is
rcprcsentcd by phr'llosilicares (chlritc. scricite)or rinc
urrincd quanz. fcldspaLaggregetes.
R.rtesof alerarion of glassvvolc.rnicrocks rrc strongl;
contLolledbl porosig: iilasv paniclerin non wclded
volcaniclarricrocks.rre especiJlvsusccpriblero i1rer.rrion.
Johts, pedniccncLsrnrlqucnch fracrurcsin cohcrcnrehssv
hv.rsand intrusionsconmonli. focus;Ier:rnon proccses.
Devtrf caton (3,4)
Clascs are rermodlnamicallyunvable .rndr ill cvcntuatlv
- d , , i . " ' \ e r e l i J r ' r r r . - r i o , r n u r c r . ,Jl .- , . , e o . ie
phrllosilicaresor palagonire.Derirrilication iniolvcs thc
nuclcationand grnth of crysralsin ela*c., ar subsolidus
rcmperaru.cs.Ir rs a proces thar accompanies
hot,cohcrentglassand,hcncc,rffectslavas,sh:lloivintrusions
.rnddenselvneldcdpyroclasric dcposin.Ar lcastir principlc,
primary high-tmpcrrrure devitrillcationis distinct lronr
ctvstJlisarionrn Lesponse ro mcramo+trisn, hldn,rhcrnral
rltcrationorwcathcring.Spherulires, lnhophpac,orb texrure
md mlcropoikiliticrexrurecomposcdolfinc-grainedqu,rnz
rn.1ftldspararecharacrerisric pLoductsof high-renpcrature
dcvitrilicetrcnofsilicic glas (Lofgren1971r.b). Subscqucnr
rccrlsrallisationto a mosaicof quarrz and fildspar can
desro]-or modiE dre originJ dcvirrificationrerturcs.
I olgrcn(19:ta. b. 1974)rrificialll gcncrared
rhe devirritlcationtexrurcsfound in narur;1rhvolir;cglasses Spherulites
and idcntilied impoLrantcontroLsc'n rhe ratc arruprooucr
ofdev,rriflcation.Thc rateofdcvirrific.rtionis "n,c"ocrrr on
tcnryeruturc andon drepresencc andcompositionof.rqucour 6. 8.2, 25.a, 25.6,14.3 7). Eachfibrc is a sirsle casral that
sdutions(I{anhrll 1961,Lofqren19r0).ln paniculaa
ab<,ut 100'C or undcrdry.conditions. or iforlv purcir,rtcr adjacentcry.strlr.Spherulircsarc .r ch.rracrcrisric
ts present,ratesofdoirrification areverr slo*.'l'hc prescnce
of alkali-ricbrlurions ircreases devitrificationratesb,vftur
ro fivc orderoof magnnudc(Lofs,dr r9701.C)H in rhese
solurions helpsto transfonlpolymcricchauxofSiO, irto
separate SiO, rcrr.rhcilr and .rllonsmorerapid dilTusionof
Nrlnd Kr borh changcs promorccrysrJlisari,,n of qurnz
and teldspar:In aildition to the rexturJ cnangcsnoreo
abovc.dcvitrilication resultsin significanrch,ugcs in rhc
bLLlkn,ck chenisrn',parricularllailicringSiO., H O, Na.O,
KO .rnd Al,O. .onrenrs(t ipmil 1965, Lofgreni970)
and,in somec.rsts.nrcc and rarccaLthelementabundanccs
(V'carcr et al. 19901.
L(,tgrcn(l 9llb) distinguishcd nvo rcxrufalassocrarrons
among rhe devinificarionproduo ofsilicic glasses. G-bj,
rra.Erarrtconsisrs ofghssrhatcontrinsisolatedq'hemlrrcs
Gphcruliricobsidian)(4,1.3).l,erliticlracrurcsand a vaLiery
ofqucnch crysrJhesmal be prcscntin rhc qlassyponions.
Ihirexruralsragcrellecrsrapidcoolineandlo* rr,,,pcra(re
(100'C) hldnrion of rchriveh drl nragmr.Devitrificarion
is c<,mpletcin ,,pl,rrrllarrra.qrrerra in which lirmer gl.rss
is crlsulliscd ro ryheruliresand/or rnicropoikilnictexmre
(3.2, 4). Relativellslorvcoolnrg:ld maintcn:rnce ofhighcr
rempcramrcs, or dreprcsence ofaqueouss.'lurions,especirt\'
cooling of alkali-richsoludons,favourrhe develqrmcntof sphcmlitic
stagetcxmrcs.Lolgren (l9rl b) predictedrhar g,as suo;ccr
to prolongedheat,prexLrre,nd solutn,nsrvould t,e gr:rno
phrric, consistingoffinc, cquigranul.rrquenz and feldspar,
and lacking in rextuLalevidenceof rhe fonner prcscnccof
g1ass. (icnnal pansofverl rhick (several rensto hundredsof
mctresl,denselv iveldedigrirnbrirescommtnh c*praygnno
phyric rerturc,lLrcto dow coolingand crysrallisar;on ofthe
lorncrlv glassycomponenrs(F.eldedshrds rnd puml()
(21.14,28.i).
nr.rnyof
Sphrrulircsconsistofradlating arays ofcrrrral fibres(3.1
belorv h.rr onlv slighth dillerenrcrusrali(,.qnphic
orienurion from
poilucr of

bow-tie fan prumose axiolitic

F 9 l , i S D h - . t lue r o r p h . l o g : C r l . . s o ' s p i e . c a s p . c r J . e . a r . l e . , . . ! L a r a l e 1 ! i p . q e n e n l . f a . li : . . r l
s r h e r ! i e s B o f r1 e s o h e r l r ' e sc . r s s l . l l ( . . o . . a b l n c c s o r . t r . e sl . . e l a t t n er a p c e s p J i | c s e s l F e r r i : . . r r e
i F - . . c n a r s .r n d c o m n r o . y l a i s . a p e a t t r ' - . s . a t o l . s o l r e , t e s r . . j a t r 1 . . m a . e l , , t . ,fd. . 1 r ! - r- o , q , e . t l g r , r r
 thc high'relnperarLrre dcvirrific.rtn,no1' nrruful ghss. In An incipicnrst.rgein devclopmcnroi- nricrotoikiliri.
lirnrcrlv gL,rssv sllicic igncous ri,cls, cnstrl flbrcs con rertLrrr in rhvolire nrvohespixrl; segrcgatccl qurrrz rich
sistofalkali feldryrr.rncl/orqu.rnztor crisrobrl;tc).In nafic p.rrchesin rhc gro'rndmrs (4.3-4). tJndcr croserl nicols
rocks,sphendnelibresconsisrofplagi,,clasc and/,r pwrrcne tircscparchcscxtingLLlsh concurrcndl..Funher dcvclopnenr
SphenLlites rrc not sphericalthroughour thelr erorvrh isLellccted in rhefornrrion ofn,orc pronounccdboundrries,
hisron'(l.ol.qren l97lr. ll)-4). LotlLen(1971.r)dcrr,n visiblc;n both pl.rnepolrried Llghtandwirh crossed nicols
stnrcJ thrr thc morphologv ofsphemlrtes in rhr olitic ghscs 11.5). Abundenr lildsp.rr l.rtlx d,er rrc cncloscdin thc
"rid rccofcling t(, the rempcrature oflormation(fie. t1). mi.(,poikiliricquanz shrv no preferredoricnrarion.Il
Sphcrulitcstormcdat high tenuef:rlurcs(700"C1iconsisrof iddirbn, Iildspr (andscricireafrerfcldsp:r)is ci,nccnr;rted
opcn clusten ol r';delv spaccdcLvstalllbres.At low ,rt thc mersinsoi querrzrich prtches.
rcnrpcraiures(< 1{10'C). sphemlitescomprLsebLLndles of In sonreinsnnccs, tht corcsofdrc micl,poikiliticqu:rrtz
rrdiarhg librcs. Ilorv tic shapccl sheali ol-fibrcs ch,rr,rcrcrisc crv\rirl\rrc f;ccofin.hrsions andlerl distinct(,1.1,2).Ihr
intermedi.rte temperetures o1 tomrtion (100' 6j0"C). In corcscxtinguishconcurrentlv sirh tlre remrindcrof rhe
addition, cLvst.rlfibre *idth incrercs with incrersing micropoikiliticquartzand comnonlv havchlgh[ incgLrlrr
rcrnperarure offdrmation.The internJ costJ llbre stnrcnue outlincs. Scricitc (alicr fcLdsp.rr)is conccntraredin rhc
can bc rccrlsrallisc,lro.r quanz ltldsp.rrmm.ricas a rcsLrlr interstices bcnvccnmicropoikiliticqurnz. Ihc gr.rnulrr
. .'r. Jr- ri"r' n.rrr',r;l- . r , r , l . r o r r . i' , r r . ("sLrganr') texturc of rhc hrnd $ecnren (1.1) rcscnF,le\
Sphenrlitcsopicall,v h:rve di.rmerersof 0.1 I cnr bur rvell-si,rtecl srndstonc.
mrv be much Iarscr (c.q. l0 20 cm in *cklcd igni,nl,ritc \licropoiloliric texrurcrcsuftsfrom iniriel dcvirriilc.rrnrn
StevenandLipm.rn l916).Isolarcdsphcmlires,rrecommonll oicool;ng gles, and clevclops in both coherenrglasl rocks
spheric.rl.Adjaccntryhcrulitsm.tl impin{c on clch o.trcr (hvrs rnd \hal1or!inousions).rnd dcnsclvsclded i.qnim
and producc clongrtc trains of sflrenLlites,ofren aligncd britLsl,Alrderson 1969,Loilren l9rl br.Thc rexruLe occurs
al<,nsllorv hlerine. rnrinlv in rocksof silicicconposirion.I.olgrr {l97tb)
considcrccl that micrcpoikiliticrcxnLreclseL,psrhLough
prim.rn dcvirrification,especi.rllv in qlrscs thar hrrc
Lnhophvsac rclitivcLvhieh rvtrrc.conicnis oL arc cooled 1or rcnrr,rl
slorll:
Lnhophlsrc arespheruliresth.rrh.rrei ccntrrl vug (Vtighr
1915.Rossanil Smirh l96l) (3.7, 25.I). Thev begnrro
grorv.rt an eerlystaqein thc coolinghistorir rvhcndrc hor Pertc (5)
gl.Lsis srili ableto delonn phsric.rlh:and inrolvc nuclcrtion
ol ryherulircson snall vesiclcs. ,1sspherrLlitic cnstJlisarion Pirllrr;svolc.rnicgl.rssin rhich thcLcareabundent,dclic,rtc,
pri,cecds. rhevesiclsarcexprnderlbv rhccxsolvinevolariles. inrersecting, arcuateand eend\ curvcdcn.ks rhar\urro(nd
I he rugsvan fiom circrdarto srarsh.rpcd,anJ mar rcmain corcsof innct glas, gcncL:rllr' lessth.rn a fh millimcnes
open or be Lrnedor rlllcd rirh mineralssuch rs agareor .t.ross (1.611,5,27.2D,42.2.12.6 '). l)crliric
cr.rckd$ el(,p
chrlcedonv.l.ithophvsaerangeup to hrgcr diametersthan in rcryonseto hyclrarii,nofrhc ghss.Hvdr.rrioninvolvesthc
sphemlitcs,rcrchinga fcq rcnsofccntimctresacros.As for difiusion ofrvarer into the soliil ehss. .rccomi..rnied bv r
spherulircs,lirhoph,r'sae rre charactcrisric prcducrsof hiqh volLrmeincrcrrc.Srrrin rssociated *'i hvdrarionis rclc.rsed
temperarurcdcvirrilic:uionofcoherenrsilicicgl*s, and arc bv me.rnsolperl;r;c cnck\. In .rArr7lp//,, rhc crrckslc
tiuid in i,rne rl! gl.rssv l:vas,ud *ckled pvroclxricdcposns. distinctlyarcuareand conccnnicallvarrangedarounJ
sfltericrl. non hvdr.rtcdcoresfRossrnd Smirh lt)55.
Fricdmlnet J. l9aj6,-\llcn 1968)(5.1).In srrong[ rlu
I{icropoikiliriercrnrrc banrlcdglassv lar'.r.perliticri.rcruresfi,rnr roughlvrectilnre:rr
nenvofk,conrprisingcrack dr.rtaresrbprrrlltl and srn,nglr.
xlicropoikilnicrexturcc<)nsisrs oisrlll (< I nru), connnonl.y obliqueto rhebanding(bdndedpeltn)iAllen 1988)(5.2r.
,rtcgular castals of one mnrer;l rh.rr completclyencli,sc I lydrarionoccursalier enphccmcnt rnd latern drc cooline
even smrller crvstrls of anothcr mincral. lrlicropoikilnic hisrorvoithe qliss.or elseafrercompletecoolingto srrlicc
tertLrc compLisingop ric;llv conrinuousquenztbatcnckxcs tcmpcratures. Although prrliri. fracrLrrt's are nor prinnfil!
L r l , , ; J r r rr ' , r . . . f I r . - . 1 . " . . . .1 .1r' r n . . rr r rhe resulrol coohrg lcl Lhfshrll l!)ajll, rcsidurlrtrrss
rhlolites (,1) ,rnd h.rs Leen gcnenrcd rrtificiallv in rcquiredduringcrxningis probablvp.urL|retersecl 1\hcn
d :,1. 1 t ' , i , , o r , r , r o, .l g . , I c r n l r - l h rhel torm (AJlen1988).
I he srnc texnuerv.rsrermedrrarpl,rrcrture blAn<hrson lblitic lracturescn dclclop in an| hydr.rrcd<,hcrtnt
(l9691.The opti.alh'onrinuousquanzprtchcsnr.ryinclLrdc glass,includlng thar in ghssylavas,shrllorv intmsionsrnd
stver,rlsphenLlncsor be <lensely.ro!1ncd "iih feldsprr denseliweldedpymtlastic deposirs. Tlcy nuv occurrn rtrr
c,rstais. so drar onh a teiv small inchxion frcc arcasof gl.rssy doma;nsbcnrccnsphcnrlircs in prnirllv dcvitrilicd
qLLanz arc ltfi.-lhc rcsrlr in hrnd spccimfnrs a linelr obsidi.rn.Although mosr conmonly tbtrnd in hrcLretcd
grrnLar iexrufe(4.1) siiici. ghss,fc itic lii.rurci alsoc,ccurin naic.rnd inrer'
mcrlialt conq,sLtion ghsses.l'erlite is usu,llv re.ognreble contenrs and in rhe IieO/Fe.O, r:rtio rnav also accompa
rvitha handlcnsbut, in sonc cascs, nav onlv be cvidcntin hvdratii,n (L\,tmn I965. ^-oble 196'). The rareol hydrati
thin-section. Underfavour:blecncurnsuncc5j a, (,c,,rc!, is highcr rt higher tcmpcrarlr.ri and in the presence
bur much largcrtcxturc (trazrz'7,e,hr)can be recogntsedin alkali-rich solutions (l ofgLcnl9l0), rnd is aho dcpcn
outcrop(12.6).\imagishiand Goto (l992) descr;bed macro- on rhc glas compositbn,especirllythe rarer con
tcrlirf wirh corcsut) ro abour6 cm aoos in LareNlioccnc (Friedrnan and l.ong I916).
submarine rll.olitc.'lho concludcd rhrt rhc mrcro-pcrltrc Il.clicrpcflnic lr.'.ftfes.rre comlrlonlypresentin ancienr,
"1
iormcd hcfi,rc orhercolumn:rrand polygonaljoins rhatako altered.linlolv glasl volcanicLocks. he rcxmrersaccnt,
occurnr rherhloiitc,rnd primarilvasa rcsultoiquenching uatcdb1 c.vrt,1l,s.n,,n,,fsecond.rr;mrrer.rlsrn the cracks
'1
ratherdranhvdratbn. hc rhyoliteisapparcndrnot hl dtaterl rn.lt)v narf,r" zonesoidevnrincarion in rhe adjrcenrghs
and docsnot shoivmicnlpefliticcrack. (M.rfshall 196ll. Alteration of glasr pcLlitacd roLcuic
HydLaton initiallv .rffecn ourcr surfacesof glassl lava rockscrn ,rlrcbc f<,cu*cr1al<,ng the pcrlrricfractures(42.G
ilors (or shallo*nrrnrsioru), narginsofcrrckso, joinisin 7). In strcngly attered rocla, relicr perlitic frecturesare
glas),lara flov;sand denselvuclded plrrclasric deposns,or dlfticuftto recognisc andcasilyovcrlookcdor mLsnrtcrpretcd.
surficcsofglasslclastsin volclrniclarricaggregares.
Hldrariol rUlcn (1988) dcscribcdlalscpvroclastictcxrurcsin altercd
prccccdsin*ard eli,ng a h.vdrationfront definedbv srranr perliriscdLrvrs irom tlcnambn, \'ictoria. ln dlese fockr,
hircfnngence,a chrnge in thc colouL of thc glass.and ;r cusp;rrcshardlikc shrpcsrre defincd by phvl[xilicate
changr ir thc glas indcx of refiaction (Rossand Smnh Jrer.rtion of parts of rhe orignr,rlarcuereperhlc fr.rcture
I9i5, Ijriednener rl. 1966,Lofereni971b).The water nenvork,or elscbythcsiliccousscgncntsrcn ainingbcrween
conrent of obsidian L npicalll lcs ihan I $'to/o,and is rhe ahercdpcrlirictracrures(Fig. 15). Conecr identificarion
consideredto be an originalcomponenrol rhc nagma iRos * <,huent, forrnerlygl sI l:rf,ris fivoured \\'hererhereis
rnd Smnh 1955,Frierlmrnrnd Smith 1958).The higher a gradationfrorn thc appaLentshardtcxmrc to lcssaltered
rvaierconrenrofperlire (up ro abour5 wro'o)is artributcdro pcrlireand an associatbnwith euhedrrl,cvcnlvdntributed
.rclditionof iccondary"r'arerfi,m cxternals,urces,suchas phenocrvsts l,\llen 1988).
ground "arer or surfacewater.1\'leasurablc changesin alkali

Classicalperlite

0.5mm

Bandedperlite

r - g : 5 ( A O ! r i a : r a . r ! r er a - l er s ' . i . a 3 s . a f - . r : e ( l . p ). . d b . . d e a . - e r : e l . r i . [ ] ( F i :) a s e ! l r . a n .
: . ! 1 . , r . : p p a r - Es .i rl a r . l s a r r r - ! o s . . 1 e a t r e d 3 e . 1 . . . . r l r - r n e r ' . l a . r , ri .l lsr r = . . - a ! 1 r . a . l . r . r l . n e
i i p p a r e . ls . a r c sa - Ed e f . d ! y n t . r c l n f e . t e dp . ! . s . : : - Ea l e - a l . . a o . : . l r e p - p tr . i a . l L , r e sl , / . a r - . dr i o m
1 1e, ^ ( r - ! 6 8 )

26
PL|n;ce and scoria f6) rnd Starks(l9Ear)sLrg{csrer1rh,rr, lolloivingan inirialrapil
upr.rkcofrvrrcr, cold pu,niceclestsabsorbw.rtcLilovlr rhc
n,ut.? is highL!rcsicLdrr volcanicclas lwirh or ryirllout ritc d(pcndingon rhepumicechst s;c, urltialdcnsio,rhc
crvsrals)16.1-5).lhe tc.m n?,; is usutrllruse(ltbrpumi.e size.ud distribution of rcsicles.and the errent ro shich
of nraiic ri, inrerntdiatc composirion (.6.(r7). P.?tiutl;t. vcsiclcsarc iiro.onnccred. Convcnely;Lot punicc cl.rsrs
(rhrcr,l-Lrcescorir)is an cxccprion.rlhporousn pc of mafic cansink immcdi.rrehrevcnrhoughthcy arc lcssdcnic rh,rn
\corir (po()!n Lrprc 9611.). \r"icr Ar lo\\'rempefriurcs l< I 50'(ll, els invesiclcs conl|!.rs
Vcsi.lsil pumice.rnd\corir !e.l "idclr in bo$ size.rnd rnrl rrrcr is dnrvn in. Ar highcLremperlLrrcs. gaswidrin
sh.rpc.evenin rhcproducts fiom oncemprionTubepumicc vcsiJcsis flushedoL,r,r\ rl)!)rbcd *.rter is convencd l,
ischmcrerisedbv vcsiclrs*ith cxrrcmchclong.,tc cvlrrrlric:1 . , 1 , . , r ' . . o l r o ' h e . , . . ' . r ,' o r r . , ' , . . . . , , r' . r r r . i
sh.ipes$,rr h,rvesubp.rrJlelJienmenr, inrp.rninga silh'or rbsorl,ed, antlcvcntuallr. rhc pLrmicc sinks.
flhrousor rvoodvtcxrurcr<,thc pumicc((,.1 3, 46.3-4j. |unice rnd scorir rre prone ro .rlteratronard iexnrr,rl
Tube punicc tor'rnsrvhenvesicles rre stretchedduring llor modificarion.cvcn in roung dcposirs.Cl.rss,cspcci:r1|
of vcsieulerinm e r g m a . r n d u s u a l L li n v o l v e ss i l i c i c icsiculrrehss,n repirllvrlcritriflciL, cn itallised:nd/or .rlrcrcd.
conpositions,bec.rr-rse rhesenpica)lv hrvc rpplcciablevield Thr nc* n incrrlsm.r f.Lirh tullv presene rheresicuLar texture
'\tLerlo"
srrcngth(Heikl .rnd\\'ohlerz19911.Nlixcdor or elsecLestrcv it compLetelr'. I\unice.rnd scorirliagmcnrsin
pLrniccconsists of cloa, b.rnds,or l.rr,enof nro or morc srronelvrveldedpyrochsticdepositsarecompactedro discs
mremr compositn,nsle.e.rhyolirc ba*lrl and is especially ol densc tlas th:t m.r1besutrscquentli dcvirriticd orrlicrcd
commonin dcpositsfrom somevnall-m.rgniturle plrcclasric (24.I 2t. PLLnr iceend srori,rcl.rsrsin non rvekiedpr rocl.rsric
enptions {6.5). Ihc phenocrlstcontcntoi pumiceand deposirsand in volcanogcnic scdimcnr\i.c conmonlv
scorix rangcsfronr zero il; 'erv abundant (norc rhan '10 t L r r e r r p . , . 1I. t o b - d . , i. g . o r r r . n eJ r " g . . - . i , - r I
volume%). |hcnocn stsin pumiceand scoriaharethc same lirhiiication(Br.rnnev rnd 5parks1990) (4t.I 4). If e
tcxrur.rlchar.rcreristics es phenocrvsrsin non r.csicLri.rr or t'esicles rre infllledand thegLass repLaced bv siliceorfil,lsprr
spaLselv vcsicul.rrl;rvas,bcine nrhedral,even| dlsrributcd rnn afrcr cmphcerncnr.rhcn thc pr;mrr., tcxmrc can be
rnd r.rngingLrpto abour3 cm in size.A smrll prcponion of preserred.\\'errhering and/or .rlteration of conrpactcd,
phenocrlstsrvithin punlicc oL scoriacan be fragmenrcdin , r ' : ' p , ' 1 ' - o l - . r . J 1 " , .r ' . , h I n t , r h . i i . p r -
siftr. or scorirclasts,canobscurecl,rstboundaries.rndresultin an
l'unice and scoria plroclasc are fonned l,v cxplrivc apprrcntcvcnhporphvriricrcxrurc.similrrro th.u drsplar.ed
disruprionof vesiculating maemr.SLrbrcriil .oherenrta!:r bl porphyriric cohercnt lavrs antl inrrusions (45.5 6r
r l o r r r - i - n . . J . c . p. . r l \ I n r ' i . e . u . o \ u , . , . . , , u . Tecronic drtumationcomrnon|resul*in clc zgc p:rLrllcL
andareasociared uithpurniccous or\cori.rcrous ruro.hsirc rlrrrcning and dignrnent of rcl;cr pumicc or scoriacl.rsrs,
deposits (2.1,20.1,20.4').larts ofsubrqucous silicicLav.r overprintingeny original bcddine-par.rllel fi,1nron.
flows,domes,crvptodomes rnd.*r,cirrcd hvaloclastirc c.rn
alsobe punliccous (Karo1987,l9E8).
Unmodified plrcclasticpunicc or scorir figrlenrs have Achnelthsbombsand b ockyjuvene clasts(61
equanr. elonsare,plaq or nregul:rrsh.rpes,trundrd bv
t<,ueh,r.reqedsurfics.I\micc andscoriahp illi in plrocl:rric In explosneeruptionsof lorv vkcosin n.]grrlrs.!,n,c
flo* and suLgedeposirsc.rnbe .rpprccirbhn,undcdduc to plrochsrste ejectedin r nrolrcncondition an.l dn\rr our
- h r , i o r J r r r " r r r . . . p o ' r) 1 . 4 .D . - \ , r f o . . . , , f L - c into elongrreribbon\ or .ren,dvnamicallrshrpcddcluetitht
tiagmentsarcblockvoLprisrnatic* irh plan.rrto curviphnrr rnd ,,rrrr (\lacdonaldl9;2, $ rlkernd Ctuasdale 1972,
surrices.{)Lrench-riagmenred tubepunice commonlvbreak Villiams rnit Nl.llirnc! 197!)l (6.8. 39.7 81.Thesemer
:rli,ngsurficcsnomal to dre elongrrionofrhe rubercsicle,, " l l i h b c l oe J " p ,. . r rr r r . r - r . rr l r r J r . 'r . r , . . \ , 1 - .
laoldr ?un;t). A\noclasricscoLialilemcna asoci.uedq irh ' n . h l . r r . r r - . li n , " i r r g ' i l .r r o ' i . , d eJdr | , , r r 1 , . r .
a a lavr havcree_eed, nristcl. spinorcshrpcs.'li.rnsporrand \{ore vncous,degascdrndhr chillcrl raaemabre.rksup
rcloLkinrofpyrocl.rsric <,raurirhsricpumiccandscori.r bv into mgged or anguhr poorll or non resicuhr, blo.kv
ritnd or riarcr resultin lvell,roundedshrtes. pvrcclasts rhar,in somccrscs, crl be tlifficuhro rlistinguish
PLrrnice anil sco,iafi:gmcnts commonll hr.e densrrics irom non juvcnile acceson Lithic fragmenrsor lurcnrre
lcssthrn thrr ofr'.rrer1l.0-qcm r) andml floar.Ifpunicc .l .t.l.,J...J|,. r-.,I. ri. rrgrerr.rr.or,
tragmcnrslrom subacri:rlcmprionsare rritnsponedro |xplcxnc mrgm.rricand phrearomagm.rric eruptn,nsth:rt
shorclincs or depositcd on u rrer rhcvcrn bc rrarrspor LcuLrr rccon4,anvcrrrLrs ion ofsiliciclavrdomcsrnd florvsgcncrati'
flotation in surfice cunenr ior rhc,usands of kibmerrcs non ro moderarelvresicultrr,rngulir, bl<,ck1p1.rcclasrs,
prtor to becoming'vaterloggcdand sinkinq. I ava domes some of rvhich mlv be llorv bandcd. In rmc crses,the
eruptedundcnrarcr,for cxrnplc in crldcrl l;rkesc'r rhe se:r, interiosofbonbsandjuvenile blocksconrinucto vcsicuhtc
sonlcr;meshe\.ca pumiceouscarapaceth.rr bfrks up inio afier dcposition.causingthe chilledoutr rrf.rces ro crack
ven 1.rrge bl,cks,uhich arc buo,r'rnt, ar leasrremprrrilv in a ,zrl.rrjr p.rrifn(6.8).
(Rclnoldsct rl. 1980,Clough er rl. 1981.\\iilson and n , l ' . . h ,n i , l . . . J j . ' e . | 1 . . . 1
\\'alkd 1985)(40.3-4) Experimenaconducrctlbv\X'h;rhen, conponcrtsofweldedrnd non reldcd,proximr),subrerhl
27
fal)ort itcpc,sirs, especirlllthosein'ohLng basalricmagnu. llr4 shrrds rlat or cuwiplanarfrrgmcntsof thc rvrlls
lJomlx aLe,however,nor restricredto subaerialscnings. separating adjacent largcvesicles;
'l
hcv occur ir shallo., marinevolc.rniclasric dcpc,sits,as a lriarrrrsh.rrds fr.rgmcnts of microvcsicuhr ghs ('hicro-
rcsulr of direct frllour liom mildlr crpli,sne p1-roclasric puntlce").
rnrptn,nsin shallorv rv.rtcr{Staudigcl andSchrrinckc1984, ,'\ll thrcccorrmonly occLrrrogcthcrin dcpositsfrom: single
Dnnrodr and Y:rm.rgishi 1987) (13.1),or .rse resultof explosnrn.rgm.rriceruption.Theseshapesre signific.rndv
Jornsloperesedinrntrrion of prinrrv dcposirfroml;tror;l nodifiedifthcshrnlsrcmainLor:nd plastic aftcr tlcpos
irion
or shallorvwlter f'Lre-foLxlrain eruprions(Dolozi rnd AyR's Load comprcrion of hot, plasric ghss p riclesresulrsrn
' (tiillet 11.1990),
I9911.Basalticrvclledfrrthvagglutinatc" prcgrcssivc fl:rtcningrnd mrulding rogcrhcrof adjaccnt
''bombi' (Smirh (relding
rnd glassvsprner' and Batiza1989) shards compecriol.) 124.r 2, 25.J,27.18,27.2C).
rpp.rrcndvalso occurin rnodern,decpsubmarinc(> l:00 m) Shards.rt rhe upper and lo*er m.rrginsof rigid p.rniclcs
setrings.and havc bccn intcrpretedas prcrimal dcposirs (cnsralsand Lirhicclasrs)arc t_vpical\'dremost srLonglv
hom sLrbm.rrinc, mildh cxpL,snel.rv.rfountalning,.rssociated clcformedand malbe strctchedorfoldcd.l'anrclcsgcnerarcd
with cgcci.r1lvhigh effusionrates. bv explosirceruprbm irrroli,nrglov vncosnymagmas(e.g.
Non vesicul.rrto nroderatelyvesicularjuvenilc chstsrLe maficand/or high-ranpennLreand/orperalhline megmrs)
r . r , r . J i r ' . ' b . r d r n , e b ' , , ro F - c . . : ,i J , 1 r ' l ( 1 1 can stick rogerhrc'n contacr (agqlurinate)and deform
lieencnrationofactne lavalltxvsand domes(10, 19.1). rcadilvdurine rransportand dcposition(Brannci,and
ril.rsrsproduced L,v quench tiegmennrion ,rre chrracrer- Kokclaar1992).l\4atrixrexrurcsin such deposi* resemble
isricalhblocrrLandboundcdbycun iflanarsurfices:margins rhc groundmass rexruresin coherentl.rvrl1orr, and separatc
'tiny
of such clas* are usuallyelassyand cut bv norrn:1 shardsmav not be discernible.
jorfits" lYanagnhi l98r) (9.6). Chns prodrcd bv auto- Shardsin deposirsfrom phrcaromaematic crupticnshavc
brecciationare qpicallv flow-bandcdslabs*irh unevcn, dnerseJrapes,and a signllic-rr proportionaremoreblockl
rneulerends,and/o, nlassivc.;ncguler blocks.1he cl.rsts to cqurnt rnd lcssvesicularthan thosefrom drv" explosive
n.l remainin situ, be re-incorpor.ued into rhe lava,or be ri.rgnariceruptn,ns(l lciken 1972,1974,Vbhletz 1983)
fe$o.ked trnd rcdcposnedby scdimentxf)p()ce$es. (2.5, 7.3). ln rhrse cruptions, shard shapeis cornplexly
luvenile magnraricclasrsin resedirlentedsrn-emprive dependenton rhe phvsicrlpropcrricsoftt,e rnclt (iiscosiry,
deposirscommonl) rctain rhcir original shapcsu{ncicndy sLrrlacetension,yield vrengdr), rhe r.ue of heat energl
*'ell 1nr rhe clasr'ti,rning processesto be esrlblnhed. rele.rse, and thc vcsiculariwofrhe mclr prior ro rntclaclon
Hosocr, non rt-lded juvenile magm.rricclaststhat are wirh exremJ rvater Brbble{JLshafds :rrseneratedifthe
Lewc'tkcdarrl transponedbv rracrii,ncurnn* rapidly ltxe magnais\ign;ficanth lcsicular priorto mixingrvirh cxtcrnal
rhc disrinctivc shapes thrt ailowdrc originalclasrforming rvatcr.Simuftaneousquenchingmd spJhg m.r.lproduce
processro be detcrrnined.Clasrsof volcmic rock genenred Lbcky or splinrcrl shards.Magma paniclcs thet renain
br post cruprne *'earheringrnd erosionof lava florvsrnd ductile developsmoorh fluidJ suriacesduring rurbulent
domes.and incorporarcdin volc:noecnicscdimcnrarv nixingsid warcror stcam.lhc intlucnccofrvatcrdurhg
dcposirs,*i11be.rn gener:1,signific.rntlr- rounded.Thel can phrerrorrligmariccruprionsusuJlv iluctuates. The resulring
l,c rliflic,rlrro distinguish fronrothcr lavacl.isrsrh.r $cre dcpositscornmonly include shrrd shapesqpical of borh
tonned nridJlv bl primarv aurocl.rsric fra-qmenrarion rnd explosivemagmaticand phrearomagmaticfragrrentetion
nrbsqucorlv,ounded.
Glax drardsr:ravbem imponan componenrof.rutoclxric
dcposirs,cspecidllh,""rloclastLte. Shardsgenerared by qucnch
G ass shards(7) riegmenntn,nhavc block\:.cunciform or iplinttn shapcs.
and sLLrfaces areplenaror curvipl.rnar(12.4). HialocLasrite
(genenllv . z mnr) plniclcs of roJcanic shrr,:lsarc qpicall,r'non vcsicularor pooflr, lcsr.ulaf, iod
.V',lr[ ,rrc srnaLL
slass (7.1 J,2.1.2 3). Thc rcnn is lpplied i(, p.rricles shardsurt'ices cut rcrcssvesiclcs. llasalrichl nl<,clastire shards
generatetl bv explosnchagmentarion ofmaqmr of hva,bv arccspcciaJll proneto altcrarionand,elcn in loungdctosits,
non'erplosivequenchliaqmcnr.rtionof mrgr,.r or la!r, ard . J e - o .r . , r ' . r , . n , , . . ' n lr. e ,1 , . , J ' . , , l r g . , .
durnrgrrrnsponarion(Fnhcmnd
b" artritionofglasl cl.rsrs Deposia composedn,ainlv c,i gl:rs shardsor fbmertv
\chnrinckt198.1, Hcikcnands;'ohlcrzI991).Clas dratds ehsl shinls, hrvc r.ltiilarr'z rcrrurc in rhin scction(23.1B,
or fornrcLLlelassvshardscommonl,vdominaterhc ashgrain 2,1.28,30.1B).The rexrurecansunive the eilectsofdevirri'
sizecla* of primarrrnd rcscdimcnrcd plrcclasticdeposits. icrthn rnd diigcncri. or hvdrohcm;rl ihc..oon oi rhe
rn.l .an also be abund:rnth volcanogenicmudvone and glas.,&ioliric fibLesrre especi.rll.v characrerisric of relativelv
high'remperaruredevitrificarionoi sharrlsin welded
l-hree nrain opes of shardsarc fomcd fron cxpltxivc p,rroclasricdcposirsdrar have coolcd norvly (25..iB). In
Iragmatic cruptions (Hcikcn l9:2, 1974. Firher rnd thcsc,shrrd oudincsare npicalll well presencd.Shatd
S.hminckc198:i,Hcikcn rnd \rohlcu l99l ) (7.1-2): oudincs can also rcmain altcr eltcratn,n of the glas to
Lrg;rr. X or Y sh.rpedshards nagmcnrsof junaions prhsonirc, zeolires,quanz oL fellsprr, and arc most easilv
recognisedin planepolarise<1 lighr. Alteration ofsh:rrdsro
28
''vcrk pl,illosilicrtcs is lcss fivouLrblc ior lons-tcLm .rscs angularand nuv cxliil,it in siru fracLLrre prrtcos.
p r c s e ^ . r t i o no f r h c d i s i i n c r ; r cs h r r r ts h r p c , a n d d i x o l u t ; o n Rororklngofcplclaxiclithicfragn,cnrs gcncnlli"rcsrltsin
of ghss in sarm porcus pvrccl.tstic deposils crr rertlt ln rpprecirblerounding.Autoclastic tiagmenrs :rndvolcrnic
r o m p l c t c o b l i t c r a r i o no f t h e v i r r i c h s r i ct c x r u r c . lirhic prrocLus rhararesubseque,r
dv relvorkcd.lnd ,ounded
ttconc rcxturJh ;ndisringuish.rblcfrorrr volc.rniclnhic
epichsrs.l\ecisclv constrrinciLhcies rclrtion\hlps m.tr bc
(71
L tr c lragments $c onh mcrnsolrccognising rhcprimrrvvolcanic originof
sLrchchsrs once thcr rre in.orpor.tcd in volcrnogcnic
Ljrhic fi:r.qmtnrjrrc chsrsder'verlfron pre-existingrocks. scdimcntrrldeposits.
i r' l . r J , el , o r \l ,- 1 .r ' , ' r , l ^r'.l\..,r.
in impoitrni rnd common conponenroi volc.rnichsric
rqgfcl]rte\i7.4). In genctal,but nor in'rrirblr, lirhic Acqretionary
ap (7)
tiiqorenrs;rrcib\enr or sparscin levr tlot s .rndsyn'Lolcanrc
I , . r , ,1 . r - . i l r ' . .rrr|rt..rhcn\. 'i,l.r,.c,, 1 , . - or ' . , , L, . U / . . . rl .l . r o i d J r ; " 1 ' ' . . J . ' : ; . 1 .c , t
th.u producelithic frrgmcna arc cxplosivccmption:, rnd ,rsh,rccordcdsizcsof*hich ranget,om 3 or I mm ro more
*rrfice werrhcringandcrosionoiprc existingrccks(volcenic rhrn l0 cm (7.6 71. lhcrc arc nvo rextur.rlt'prs of
.rndnon rolonic). Fagmentsproducedbv dreLanerproces rccrerionrrl-Lepilli(Nlu,re and Peck 1162, Reiner 198-1,
x.e genuinepicLxsrs. Schurn,rchcr and SchminckcI991):
-l
hree wpcs oi li ic firgmenc occuf in pvfochstr. ll) thosc,virha corcofcoarscgr.rined esh.sunomdcdbi
x&sregircs ($'right er rl. 1980)(.)2.3 5,25.1A,26.1,39.3 .r rinr of finer grainedlsh lntn ryp): rims mal bc gndcd.
/t't: *.ith qrrln sizcdccreasing toverdsthc margin,or elsecottsist
I . a1 lirhi.p' o, .,r l : , g n .r t . ' . n y r " .\ of ahernaringlelers of fine- and verv line-grainedashrnr
drslodgcd fi,rn theconrtuit.v.rlls and vcnr duringcrplosivc sonrccascs.l.rpilll havcmultiplcrinr but lackr rvclldelincd

f.identdl iirhi. chsts -- fragnrcntscrodcd or collcctccl (2) .rggrcgatcs rvirhoute fincr grainc,l
ofrcl.rtivclvcoarsc.rsh
tiom the substratcbv pr'rcchsricflows or surgesr
C)3rrrlirhic plrcchsrs juvenilcfrlgmenrsderivedlior:r Sm.rllf< I mm) resiclesfrequcntlvoccur in thc coarscr
vnidiiied pans of rhe eLLrptingmagma,such as degassed ash coresof accrcrionarylapilli. Annnurctlor nrul kpilli
cmsrson l:l:r pondcd in the vcnr, or megrn.rchilledagJrxt consist ofcrystal',pumice-,or lithic-fr.rgnrnt nucle!coatcd
r l . . o l d u " ' 1 1 , o. r ; , o r i o - " r \ - n , .d - J | . , J \
bl line r<,coarseash(Vhtersand ftsher 19-1) (7.8) Lrrge
cnstallisedin rhc magrn.rchrmber. iccrctionarvsirucrurcsj tcrncd annourcln ul bnlL(.1)intorh
In ancientprimrw and rcscdimentcdprfocl.lsir. rockr, rnd Yamagnhi198?), occur in sonle Nliocenesubrnunc
the threenpes crn be tlifliculr ti, dntinguish.(-ogn.rtcand volcaniclasticnuss Ro'v dcposiisin Jrp.rn. I hcsc hrrc r
accessorlLirhicplrocl:rstsareopicallv angulrr,*,nereastne mudstoneintracl:l.st nucleusrharissunoundedb1-corcentric
.oundncssolicc idcnt;rllirhic chs* vari* w ideli-.rnddepends shellsofpumiccousash,.rnd.rrc(-10 cn in dirmctcr.
-fhc
on thcir sourceand prbr transporntion histon Accessory formation of accrctionarylapilli usu:Jh inrohcs
lithic plroclass arcconmonh: but not inr.rri.rb\'volc:rnic. sLrspended adr and moistLue.Suspcntled.rsh prniclis bcgin
Cognatelnhic plri,cl.rsrs .rreco'magmariovithotherjuvcnilc
ro lggrcgarcasa rcsulrofclccrLosratic aaractionand perriclc
plrochsts but differ rexnuJll: depcndingon their source. collision,and rre hcld togcrhcrhv surice rensionoi
Thosedcrivcdfrom earlvcnrtalliscdporrionsor ttrem.rgm.r condensed rnoisture,elecnosr.rtic lorces.p.rnicLe hterLocking
consistof aggrcqarcs of inrerlocking,mednun or co.rrsc and grorvth of nerv mineralsas rhe condcnscdmoi*uLe
grainedcrystrls (2t.4A). Those dcrircd from chillcd anrl cvap(,rrres (Rcimrrl9Bl,SchLLnacherrnd Schnntckel')tl,
dcgasedpoltionsolrhc rnagmrrrc non- or poofltvesicl rj, Gilben er el. 1991). Elecrrosr.rica(rucrion is esp.cixlh'
a|d clasv or vcr-vline grrined. A.cidentrl .lasrs crn bc importmt rn drc formation of finc graincd outer rim.
conposed of rnv n,ck tvpc or oi LLnconsolidatcd AcclerionarylapiLLialso fom when rain falls rhn,ugL rn
cohcsivc
'drv"
othcnvise ashcloLrd(v;ralkerI971, \'frcdonrld l1)?:).
Surf.rccpLoccsscs (m:s iv.rsting.phlsical rnd chemicel Someaccrrrn,narv lepilli rrc rhoughrro devcloprvhcn
werrherins, cnsi,,nl rls, gcner.rtelirhic cL.rsrs drar mar' raindrops,moist lithic clastsor cnstrl lragmcn* lell ,,n and
subsequcnrlv benrcorpontedinto volcanogcnic sc,lintnrrrv n,llrcnxsfrcshlv dcposited lh (Viallcrltl71. Renlcrl9ll l).
dcposits,or inro plrcchsric flou and surgedeposirs, or urro \ l o ' r ' r , . ' , , l i , r , r . r L 'e r r l c 'r' r ' n n r r .
lava florvs.In sub.reriJvolc:rnicrcnancs,sLrrfncc proccscs Thcv aLccommon in .r rviclevaricq of prin.u; prrochsric
arca ven inrporranrsourccoflidric cl.rsts. ln subaqueous deposits. especi: lr-rhosefronrphreatomaqmarc enrpoons:
scnings,rhc principalnon volcaniclithic-chsr-frxming li,r cxrnple, surgc dcposirsof miT rings; p1-rocLrstic t1or"
proccssis masssasting; lor exrrrplc, gravitrt;onelcollapsc md hlldepo\itslrcnr largcsilici.,phrertomrsm.trl..rPlons
of unsral,lcpans of hla donr.s and floivs, rnrl rccklell lphrcaroplinien cmptons);iall depos;nliom rsli clouds
adjac.|r ro rcrive f:uh scrrps. rhrr acconprnv p'rochsric llowsandsurges (co-igntmbrite
. i-.,n rr -.r. . .. r{ n,. . \ . r. I ,.In n o I rnd co suLge ash).Accrerionq Lapillih.rvc:1so beenrccordcd
29
in sesscsrcgrrion pbes ln ignimbrires (Sclfl9il3) (22.6) dcposirs,n,:nv fiaarmearecompacredsinglepurniccclas*,
rnd in sutvolcanic inrrLrsivebrecci.r<mplccs i\\brrlalcl x hereas v,mc conprrseconrp.rcredaggrcgatcs ofa fe*,pumicc
'lhe
l99l). bcsr gLricleto inrerp,eringrhe origin\ oi chjts fAllcD1990,Allel rod {les 1990).
:,ccrcrionarv lapillin rhc fieldrclarionship. Dctailsofthclr \\'e ernphasrercsrrictionoffianxne rc confl,nd juyeiilc
nrernrl srrucruresrnd gL.rinsizech.rrucrcListics rr.'l help Ln fra!:mcnrs that definea.onfimrcd prc-tecronic fi,lirtior.
dercmining iheir mode ol Fonn.iion (S.huD).tcher and Foliatr'clIenticular
rpprrcnrclascrre com*,n in akered
S c h n r i n . k19 9 1 ) . rnd den,rmcdvolcanicsequcnces (P.fr 51. In cars \lhcrc
Accrerbnnnlnpilli in hll deposirs (co,surge,
co-ienimbrite, ltnticularrpparcntclasrserc thc fesulr01-rlreranon incl
phrcaroplnr;an) rrc comrlonhconccnrrrrcd in Irrtrswithin deformatn,n, or;n cases *here J,c <,riginis uncertain, rhc
riiscLctr', rvidesprud ash bcds (19.6). The l.rpilli .rrc ncll t nr freltd(tirn,t( ot liinune htu lLn can ae vsto.
n,r(1, mrr be llrrren(l p,rrrllclto bcdding.rno ereetner
"holr or brokcn ir siru Rclarne[ luxc prckingof rJr
paniclcs in thel;rpillircsuks in highporoslwand lowdensin, F o,,\rfo at ors (8)
In surgcdcposns,.rccrerii,laryhpilli mel bc conccnrr.ued
on thc lce sidc of obsraclesand dune crcsrsrFishcrand !'lou, lih,ttiors rre common in silicic end intcrmcdiare
\V:tett 19,0) rnd armourcdlapilliarecommon.Accrerionan cohcrcntlavalloss, domcs,sillsand drkes,and in strongly
l.rpiLlimar be ecnrrarcdin rclarjvclvdilute .rshcli,udsthar rlteonrorphic rufis(8, 20.2,2631, 41.34, 41.r-l . Foliatiotts
rrc rssoci.rred rth pvrochsricilorvs,:rnd deposnednr .rsh fc,rmin responsc ro l.rmin:rrflorvage.In l:vas,uevcropmenr
Lichbedsrt thc ropsofrhc rcl:redllow deposns. ^ccmiorrarv ol folirrion beginsdur;ng flow nr rhe conduirrnd conrinues
l,rpilli snhrn plroclastic tlow dcposirsare usualll ividclv durnrg cxrrusionrnd ourflow In rheomorphicignin$rlres,
dnpersed and mav be brokeno. abridcd(\lcPhie 1986). foli:rtionsdocl<,p durine and aftcr rhc pvroclastict'lorvhas
trcking of ash paniclesrn accrerion.rrllepilli found nr bcgun to deflate,deposirand rveld.In rheonuphic fallout
pvroclasticsurgeand ll<,w dcpositsis relarilell tighr and tufls, iniations developonlv afier rhc processofweldnrg is
resultsin v,mer.har higher densides.
Although l-orrnrdprinciprllv in sLrbaerirl envrLonmenrs,
In rclariiclyviscous lavarend rhcomorphicruI}-i.iiliations
,rccretionall4illi mavbedeposned. redcposircdor rervorked
ecneratedduring laninaf tlowagearefrescNcd and rc(rd
;n sub.rqueous serrines.l-rcshaccrerionanlapilli that are
rhe hisrorvof internal d+i,rmarion and norenent ol the
J f , d l . . e 1 , c . , . d" r . u h " . J e , c J r n . , . .f.r l r , r i . , ,r : r e d e l lr . d L l J , J i . , , r i n , o r r r 1 , .r .r . , r
s:rcr and can bc prcscrlcd in *'ater,sertlcdfall dcposirs vsiculariorcrysrJliniolgrainsize,spheruliteandlithophvsae
ifisLe l96l) (40.r) and s1n-eruprivc subaqueous rolcani-
abLLndancc, the deereeofdevirrit'lcatbnorcoloLrr,anrl/r,rbv
clevic nass-flor Jcpo\ns(Hcinrichs1984,Dimrorh and ertrcmch rlanenedfiammc or by paning surtaccs.F)orv
\:ma*hi 1987). Subaeriallideposiredaccrcrionarylapilli foLirrionsnav be latcralli.contiruous ovcr scycralnkrr6
mar bc rcqofkedbv lluvialproceses(Self198:l)(38.1i and,althoughtlpiolly rub-millimetreto cenrimcotin rvidrh.
rnd/or rcdeposited ro sLrbaqueous scrrings(Bareson 1965).
bends up to seleral r:reus *idc h.rve been reponi:d
((lhrisri.rrsen rnd l.ipman i966).
Ar thc vent, .rn emcrging lava nrhcrns a ncl rcnical
F amrfeand pseudofamme foliation in rcsponscto shearstrcsscsrlong dre condu;r
walls. Shearsrcso ar rhc lava 1los l,rse accompanr1.rra
'thc
ternt fatnm has bccn applied ro gl:r\svlcnscssirh rdvrncc, and causerhe flo$ lavering ro rcurc row:rds
tlenc Iikc shrpesnr ueldcrl pr.roclastic deposirs (2,1,26.5, horizonral.so that horizonralhvcrs propagateupsard
28.5).Alignmcntofrhelonedimenrions ofdresl.ts\ lcnscs rhLoughdre florvrs it movesfomrrd (l-ink 1983).Fo|arrcn
dcfincs .r bedrlingprr.rllet fbLiationanLiburcdto welding i{)farionis resrri.iedt(, rhe plasric.rllv delirning pansofrhe
comprctionof presu,ncil formcr'llvcsicular juvrnrleclasrs llorl so the brirrlc crusrrerainsirsoLiginalvcnicl foli;uion.
1.,t it;. tcriufe). The rerm is ft\! s iddv usedfof bodr Closero vcnrs,loliarionsin lar:rsgcner.rllv dp steeplvnrr erd
j
glasv anddevlrrificdlenricularurenrlefLagnents,regardless and hare srrikcsrhnt arebroadh rrcuareaLounddre soLrrce
oi ihe fiignents having bccn orignullv vcsicula,or non {Christiansen ard Lipn:n lr)66,filk rn.l N.lanlo l98l,
resicul:r.Funherrnore,liniarcdlenticularjuvenilefr:rgncnts Duffieldand Dalnmple 1990).In more disrJ paLrsof
rrc nor resrrictcdto *clded pvrcclasticdcpositsbur Jsc, florvs,lbliarionsuc subhor;zontalnearthc brsc,and uprrrd
otcur in d;rgcnericrllv compacred,non u'elded,prinrrv beconremore stccplvnrclined.
prroclasricdepos;tsandlmn i.e, of ( (,.ir ri.h , rcscormnreo Nlesoscopic loldr (dirrcnsions of nillin,ctresro rensof
ud rervorkcdvolc.rniclasric deposrrs ('15.1-1).Here,fiamme Itleueslmir b pre\enrlocellvor thLoughourllow foliarcd
rcfcrsro lenticul.rrro drc'shapedjuvcnilevolcanicfrasmcnrs vol.rnicro.ks(8.3,8.6,2r,.3!).,\xialplancsofflow lblds
rhatdelinea prc-tccronic fblirrion.Thc f;agrrc,,(5 rrL!)or l;c srbparaliel to thc liliation phne, and fold ues are
m:v nor h.rvcrvispr',lhmc Iikc cnds.TLe prefcncdshape pcrpcndiculart<, rhe diLcctionof llow. I-old vcrgenceand
andorienrariorr ofrhc fragmcnrs is nrosrcomnonlr duc ro ''rolhrg
diLe.iionsof rigid lnclusions(cg. foreignrock
welding or diarenetic comp;rcrion.In c.rrefullr srudied liagmcnrs.carlv-ti,rmcdspherulires) rnhin a rlorvgire rhe
rncicntex.rmples ofdiaeenericlhconpacredpu,nicerich L,cal dirccrion of fldvagc iFig. )6). Horvcvcarotalon or
30
 lolds
asymmetrical
continuous rolaledinclusion

L-l
detachedantitorm

F q l a F r r . d i c r ! i . s t o r s n . r h , ! . r : i ! a l f a l . c . a ' : l l r e ! . 1 s e i s - . t - ; a l r r em . ! . n - ; . t
L - ] ! l a .r . a s ! i l . r r s c . s c , / r e s e m b . . . i a c . e a a n t l o r r r s ' s ! r . . r s : f r r d . i a . ^ . e . : s l r . c e 3 : i i I . .
-i! l!.1 _ a.ll.inrs | . deii.irren: s-r'icis s a' 1r! tra!-' il na.e o re:].. i..1 :rre..
i.r .'
ll.C1.i lr.. al'rslans-.. a.d Lpma. ?16r

foLda-xes. duc to changnrgintcrnalbodl torco. rnrl revcrsals Jornts19l

oi dre ncan llorv dircction rrc both posible rnd resultin
couidcrablc scattr in lbld ucs orienr.rrionslt there arc Conrrri-rionthat rccompanies cooling ol hot volcanr.
enoughmeerurements rnd drcl rre evcnll disrributed,thcn dcposirsand highJeveLintrusions produccsr varietr ot
the meanoricntrtion offold rrcs cenbe usedto cstim.rtethc nuc o les reguhrjoints:<nurnn.rr joints,rrdill coLumnr
"tinl
dnecrn,nofllorvagcl{ih ristiansen .rndLipnr:-01966,I3enson joinrs..oncerrric johrs. tonoiscsheLljoina, norn:l
rnd Kinlcman 1963,\{blff and \\iight 1981).Florva.ec ioinrs rnd qucnch fircturcs.Joinrs rnd lr.rcrurcs rcLired ro
dnectionsindic.rtcdbv flow fi,lds.rndlincationsaLcscnrtre cooling rrc 'rry corspicuous iiatures of l:rvrs, es1'tcirllv
to underlyinesL,pcs,especiallv in disral poni<,ns.rnd thoscempLrced undcrsrrer,rnd thct st()nglvinflu.r.. rhe
r L . o r ' r p r . r : t \ o r t ' r ' l \ \ . . - l | ' 8 1. l , t \ o r. , , . , . u r ' l . ' . d e p o : r.
Flor'loliarionsrnd flow loldsin strongllrhcon,rphic a:ol1m"nrj,:'t,t' divide rhe .rfftctcd n,ck into elongitc
tuffs.rndhvalike mffs aLcvervsunihr to rhosein l.rvafloqs prisnrrtic unirsor colunns(9.1 1, 13.i, 19.2.22.2,261
h.g. Schminckcan,l S*anson 1967,VbltT.rnd Viight 2 . l o i , | 1 , . 1 . 4e, r h . , d . , r l . - . , r . r ' r
'
19rll, Henrvctal.I988.Henn.rnd \\irlff I992)\26.34). ,rnd domintrtt ovcr joints rhrr ctrr acrossrhe prrsms{5P^
FL<x filiations, therefore,arc not indicativcof :r specilic 196-l) (iolLLnnswpicellv havehex:rsonrlsh:rpcsin cro,*'
eruprionn,ech.rnism, alrhough rhe'do relirblrindicrrcd,rr secrion, alrhough ,l-,1-, 5 and: sidcrlcolunnsarcd.tttt t'Lt
thc linrl sragcs of cnpl.rcement involrednon particuLrte . - , . . . ' o l u r , J i - ' - - , e - L o r ' ' \ " , r ' r ,' j
.
flor., Other lirhoirciesamdtcxrurJ crrterianusr oe asscseo to sereruimctLcs.The surf.rces ofsomc columnsar. stnrteci
in orclcrro disrlngurshlavasrion rheomorphicor tara lile b' .rkcrrrting sntmth rnd rough zones.clch r 1c*
nLffs,rncl t<, distnrguishrhconrorph;c llllout mt1 iiun, cenrrrrcncs sitle.rnd oLienred normrl ro drc (oluml lt.rl\
rheomorphic ieniml,r itc. klisclmuhs Spr11962,RvrnandS.rrrmii19 8).Crrin
In .rrersof strong rlterarion. plan.Lrilorv brndntg nt sizr.Lnr1 compositnn ol the cenrresand mrrgtttsoi siprrttc
athanitichvxsor\ill! rn* rcscmhle beddinein tlnevolcrni columnsarcunitorm,or clscshowonl' ,en nin<,1chrnges
cl,r-sric rocksCorrcctinrerpferrrion dcpends on: i1)trserrch (Spn 19(r2,\l.rcdonalit1t)68)
tor iiamressrrchasllor foldr, rclictphenocrlsts.sphcmLitcs Colurrrnrrjoiniing occursur cohcrentign.otrsbodie\
o ' l r \ - p r r . . o r J . c r . . . , r rl . . r ' . . . . J J. , r . r : . ' n ' i . e (l.rn flrrs, hvr l.rkes,don,cs.sills,rlvkes).in borh ubretirl
(21m.rplinsthc liil rcicsgcomctrlrnd contactsr(3) srLrdl .rnd sub.rqucous settings,rnd ir .r ivide nngc or ntrgntr
of thnr srcrionsin ordcrro distinguish linncrlv vitricl.rstic composnions l'!fis of ignimlrfiresheetscen be colun,lrr
tom devinin.d or rccr-vstJ1nec1. cohcrentrexrurcs. jointed, especi.rllvthc dcnsch selcled :nd 'rpour phrse
cn*allistclzones(26.I 21.In $me ..tscs, c(,lulrnrrloin(s
rn ignintrrite erc recungLrlar rrthcL dren heragonrl tn crrss-

31
 Coolingof mrern.rresuksin increascs in the vlscosiryancl
in conrra.rion.\ihen rhcrrnall.v induccdxrc*cs cxcceotnc
tensilesrrengrh,inrcrsccringconrracriontiactLrrcstorm :r
righr anglesm surlaccsofcqu.rl tcnsilcstres isprv t96t).
(uppe4 Thc fi.rcrLrcsmigrarcinu,ardfrorn rhecoolinqsLufacc, flxt
probabhlryincrcrnenral li.rcmringcventsrvhich arcrecorded
bv complemcnrarvsLrbhorizontaljonrrs or l,v stl.rted zones
on rhern.rure $r.ia.e ot'arr rnd Samn]i I978). tn m.ignla
bodiesrharhavcsinple .rndregulareeonrctnes, rhe surhces
otcqu srrcsrrcparJlelto rrxhermaisu*ices,.rndci,lumrx
form perpendirul.rrrr, bodr. t hu\, colurnnsrre opica y
prrpcndicularro rhc .onracrsofstreerslrabutarflo,,s, slits,
dlkcs) Coolingofmorc conplerlv strapcdbodiesLeuttsin
' 1 . 1 rr . l : l F r l n ! E , l t r ! 2 1
colunrnsrhararperpendicularro e suri.rctsor ctluarsrrcs
bur not to isothermalsurfaces.

. .Rnlia/c,:htnnarjoitrdevelopin lau that cooisin pilows,

I:!cs, rubes, pipes and rhe ri,p p.rra of ficde; d),kes
I he prnem ofjonrtinq in columnarjoinreasneers c.rnrrc (\imagishi1987,\ilnagnhi er,i. 1989t(9.3Jr,t5.7. t6.1,
orsaniscdi.ro nro or rhrce disrincr zoncs(\\itcn 1960, I7.6). lhe arcsofrhccolumnsarcradiaIll ananged, likethc
sprv 1962)(fig. l.i 9.51.Regui.rr, s.cll,dcvcloped, r.ide spokesof a *hcel, and crxs-sccrion dimensbns of the
columnsin rhe brsalzoncor hs.cr colonnadc areoricnted columns grrduJly dininish ins..rrd l.rom ourer
surfaccs.
perpcndicularro thc flo* base.1hc ovcrh.ingenrablanrre Itadi:1 jointsrvirhinp;tlol.s.rndtrvarooesproouce
colLLrnnar
consistsof thinner, lcx regularcolurnnsnr comptex a polrgonalpanern
whcrerhel.intersccr cuncd ourcrsurtaces.
An uppef zone of regutarcotunlns (Lrpper Caltxtnt: Jo;nt' mrv occur in pillows, t.r.r tobesand
(tonnadeJ oflcnrcd no,Dal ro rtret<,pcootinesurrice .
ma1. fccders,in addirionto radialcolumnarjoina (13.3-i).
orerlic the cnoblarurc.No signit'icantconpos;r;onalraria_ The* developapproximarchp:rrallelto flos. lavenng .rnrrro
ruonsoccurber*ecnrhc variouszonesiSl,ry 19ri.t).Thc rhc cuned margir of rhe tavabody, entl at ngnt argrcsti,
boundaLies of tbc cnreblaturearc rvp;crllv verv disrincr, radialcolumnaf joi s. ( ioncentric jointsrlsooccur*rtnur
. n J , . . l J e . , . ,' b . - . i . . " . r n r , r f t o * , r n . o n r r .r ,
ctlipso;dallera clasrs{concenrricpiitols) in one rvpc of
,\ll\ough dre,nlonnadetnrablarurc pancrnis mosrcomm,:,n_ hyabcl.rstnc(Yrmagnhi I 98-).
ll asso.iarcdwidr basalticlavas.n also
Tbni:e Jttll joiux oLulinecquanr.potvhcdrrlbtoclss.hich,
prr.rlhlinesilicicshcctsiconendjrc- schmincket9i4).
rn nro d,mcnsions,defincapolleon.rJpanern,simihr to thc

I' '
j
f
A
shell

Tl r m
I '
L! '! F . l s k . l . j r e s, r ,. . o . q
lo J . a hglr ene a-.est. .t/k.

l . . s b e t u e . r . i h n n r q!t. r 9 n a s l L rl o n r s

32
 pohgonalprtrcm scenin crossscctions rhroughcolttmnrt shcllorrrlirlcohrnn;r joinr parrenis (liis.l8). In ,i,litrr,.
'\inv
:nd rrdirl columnrrjoinr\ (9.7, 17.4). nonn.rljointsorn'ntcdrr rightrnglcsro thc pstu,lo
''T;ry nomnjoirti cllrn ctc,isticrllvdcvcLtprdjrccnt tr, pilLo* suLliccsarc apicallr prescnt.(ilestsdcrncd iron
chilledrriaccs,rnd in n,anv,thoughnot ell cases. coinc c clisinrcgratio.of ps.'udopillosr havc cqurnt bL,ckr',
'lhcv
*rth ghssrnr.rrgins 19.(,) cxteld n,r Ic* thrn.r ferv prismaticor polr.hedrJsh.rpes :rnd.rri'boLrnilcd br ilrtinctnt
ctnrirnctrcsLrqarcl.rwav from dte chilled surtrct and rrc curirhnrfjoi"r rla.es.
'Tinv
.losclvsp;rccd lrt,out I 2.m ifrrt). normxljotrristrndtonoiscshelljoints,trso occurrn
lorn* in thc inrcrrcrsol subngucoLLslv cmplacedintcr rapidll chilled jLrrcnilcbl,cks in subrcrialpvtochsricrnd
medi.ueanil silicic lav:r rnd tierler drkts rrc dntinctive nurocl;rsric iteposirs, and cunipl,rn.rriointi rl<, orcur rrr
(\im.reshi i98-. l 9t)1, \imagnhi and i;<)rol99l) Th.sc ' I n , , 1 1 . , . 'l l , . r ' r . , r ', r I r ' \ ' 1 . . \, q L ,. , . . r ' l
conrmonlvdisphvrcl.rtirclv conrinuous, smoodrlvcuncd, shich rhe deposLtbnrl seting is not c[':r, ;ornt p.ntcn,s
inrcrsccringqucnch1'rreruresr.rroudinc polvhedrrlblrtks shouldbc inrcrprcred Lvithcrreanrlin rheconrextot othcr
.seudo'piibs) in rhreedincnsn,ns19.6,17 7). In m3nt lirhoilciesintilrmrtion.
cases. pscuJepilloLvsarcinrcmalhjonxedrsrvcll. in tonoise

'.,1.:
33
rEfi]poF|l].Jid

l'Lti|yF+6Fli.qtehdemtfu!

Pkiq(lPl'hlnLdiiclc@udhBfol|l{ii

iicir"dcd trrdid Phft pdddd grr

Mq tul krqi, h6L, 46tur nltt htur

sit ridhred !!oe

her eh6o& 1H)rMd$! vLt* iL &Lr"

B ado 3 r rrd. & p lblJe (p) {r 6bhsd. (H)

(ebbr rLo rhHd4) rrL@ddhs;Gs diir.

M@d tud %Ln,q d4rfti; t4h4 ui@ hrut

3. Volcaniclastic texture in crystal-rich sandstone
A. Abundanr crystal fngmens (feldspar and quartz) occur
togetherwith scatteredvolcanic lithic fragments (L) in chis
crystal-rich sandstone Unlike phenocrysts in coherent lavar
oi int*';on', the feldspar crystal fragmentsare angular'
unevenlydistributed and range from alrnosr complete'
millimetre+izedeuhedrato sub-millimetLechipsand splinters'
Maunt tuad Volcanics,Cambrian; specinen 91-98' Cradle
Mountain Link Road, wettern Taffidnia

B. A thin-secdonofthe crystal-richsandstone(1.3A) shows

rheunevendistribution,angularshapearrdbrokencondition
of the crystal comPonenrs,all hallmarksof volcanidastic
texture.Abundant feldspar(F) and lessabundanrquanz (Q)
crystalfragments are locally closelypacked,wirh only minor
fine, chloritic and quartzofeldspathicmarrix- Anorher
importanr indic:roroi vol,ani.la.ricorigini' rhepre'en'<of
relicrshards(arrow).Ptanepolarrsedlight
Moant Reai Volcanics,Cambrlan; specinen 91-98' Cradb
Moanain Link Road, uesrrrn Thsmania.

4. Apparentporphyitic ter:turein crystal-richigninbrite

A.Themostconspicuous leatureofthishandspecimen isthe
apparenL porphyrrric
rexrure. comprising rburrdrntevenll
i"db,teJ. .o"Lly.uh.draJ feld'p:rrF' .D'ralt cl]'ough
tie crysta1abundanceis high, the texturein hand specimen
alonecould reasonablyb inrerpreredas thar of a coherent

P,fuotincbaseofigninbrite P|, 14 1 Ma; AndenVetde'Gran

Canaria,CanaryIsknd:.

B. The samplein r.4A in factcornesfrom crystal-richwelded

ignimbrice. ln outcrop, rhe scaneredlithic fragments (dark
brown and gre, and subdefoliation (:row) offlamme are
important clues that a voloniclasdc origin is correct. (The
-"r.i" alsocontainsabundalt weldedshards- 2.68.)
Rlryolbn bdseof;pinbrite Pt, 11 1 Ma; Anden Verdq Gran
Anaria Canary Iskwls.
I Plate2 Vesices and volcanc glass

1. Vesicular subaerial rhyolitic lava

Substantialpartsof theLitde GlassMountainsubaerialrhyolite
consistoffinely or coarselyvesicular,purniceouslava.Here,
coarselyvesicularlava is inrerlayeredwith poorly vesicular
ob.idian.B"rh Jro*coher.rrporphvriric rerrrrc.omprting
fine, sparse,euhedralphenocrysts(feldsplr, pyroxene)in
glassy,microlire-bearing groundmass.
Little GlassMomtain rhyol;tefuu t 100 a; Medi;ne Latre
Highknd ulcano, Calfomia, USA.

2. Vesicr:lar submarine basaltic lava

This sampleof vesicularbasalticlava comesfrom the sea,
floor at about 2400 m water depth and is possiblypart ofa
sheet flow The hackly and conchoidalty fractured giassy
upper part contains moderatelyabundanr,very irregular
vesides.The iowersurfaceofthe samplen the roofofa very
large caviry that wa.spresumablyinitially steam-filled (ci gas
blisterin subaerialpahoehoe)and laterinvadedby seawarer
Hokend) bdsdbt kwfna Man ' SpreddingCenre(2,100m
belotosealn)cl), PapM Ne,r Gtinea.

3. Flow-aligned aq.gdales in devitriffed dacite

\lell'developed florv loliadon is accenruatedby lenticular,
quartzlilled amygdales(A) nr much finer groundmass.On
weatheredsufaces,fie,mygdales form a prominent lendcular
foliarionand resemble silicifiedflanenedrelictpumicelenses.
Mount Read Valcanics,Cambriau specinen 76760, Bxrnt
Pedk, uestTn Thtmanin.

4. Concentrically zoned amygdales in thin-section

AmygdJesin ch;sfinelyporphyriticbasaltareatignedwithin
the crachytic-texturedgroundmass.The amygdalesare filled
with quarv, carbonate,or zonesofquare cblorire (A), quarrz
chloriteluanz (B), quaaz{hlorirFcarbonare, or quartz
chtorite<pidote. Planepolar;sedlighr.
Maunt Read Vobanits, Cambria4 spetimen 1A0B0t, Moant
Blach, urstem 1lxnan ia.
5. Pardy palagonitised basaltic volcanidastic sandstone
A. Volcanicglass(or relictglast is averycommoncomponenr
of a wide variety of primary, resedimented rnd reworked
volcaniclasricdeposirs.The most abundantgrainsin rhisfine
rc coarsvolcaniclasdcsrndstonearemadeof tan palagonitised
basalricglass.Other componentsareplagioclase-phyric basalt
granx $lack) and sparsecrystal fragmenrs.Th sarnplecomes
from a 10 m thick, gradedbeddedsubnarine sequenceof
resedimenrcd, possiblyphreatomagmatic basalticdebLis.
Voolnonh 7 S Titiary; qecimen CG|, Cape Grim, nartb-

B. Sideromelane (S) is inclLuion-free, fredr basJticglasschat

isclearand isotropic in thin+ection. Alterarion ofsideromelane
producesyellow-brownor yellowor:r.rgepalagonite(P). In
rhesampleshownin 2.5A, palagonitelorms t irnsaroundthe
vesiclesandalongrhe marginsof blockysideromelane shards.
Vesicles(V) aLelined with radially fibrous zeolite arrd infilled
by rnasive zeolite.PlanepolaLisedlight.
\Vnlnorth Tufr Teft;ary;:?ecimen CGl, Cape Grin, north'

6. Glassycrystal-richignimbrite
A. The abundantfetdsparcrystalsand crystaifragmenrc(F)
in this rhyoliricigninbrite are separac.d by black glassy
matrix.Dark lithic fragmenrs (L) arealsopresent.
Rlryoliticbaseaf ignimbritePI, l4.l Ma; AndenVtrde,Gran
Cnnar;a,CanaryIslan*.

B. In thin-section,denselyr"elded glas shards(anow) are

evidentin the matrix ofthe sampieshownin 2.64. Velding
compacrionof the glxs shardshasproducedcoherentglass
with perlitic fraccures(probably due rc hydration following
welding).The glassshardsare stronglydeformed,especially
near cr).srd Aagmenrs(feldspar:F; amphibole,A). Plane
polaised light.
R@olltic baseof igninbrbe Pt, 11.1 Ma; Anden Verde,Gan
Canaria, Canary Iskn^.
 Plate3 Spherulites
and lithophysae

r l. Sphenrlites in Palaeozoic,flow-banded rhlolite

Pinkish, isolated and coalesced,spherical spherulites up to
abour 4 cm acrosiare locJl) arrangedin rrains rhat heJp
defineflo" bandstFr in rhisourcro!ofcoherenlhlolire.
Ezlgonunnavol,an;. Gnup. Lar r^arboniftrous:\fiana Crcek.
nonhem Qleexsland,

2. Spherulitesin Quateroary,dwinified rhyolitic lara .

The well-definedspherulitesin this feldspar-phyricsubaerial
rhyolitearesufficiendylargefor theradiatingcrystallitescobe
easilydistinguished.Cuspaceareasofobsidian (Ob) remain
betweenlargercoalesced spherulites.Palebrown patchesof
closely-packedmicrospherulites(arow) haveirregularbulbous
margins.
Ngongotaha kta dame,<140ka;HendrrsouQurry Rototua
cal*ra, Nea Zealawl.

3. Spherulites and obsidian in rhyolite

A. This rhyoJite is substantialiy devitrified. It consistsalmost
entirely of large spherulires (S) and lithophysae (L) within
patchesof coalescingmicrospherulires.Obsidian (Ob) is
restrictedto small, cuspateareas.Concentric zoneswitl-rio the
large spherulites reflect variarions in rhe packing of radial
fibres and the abundanceofvery fine inclusions. The textural
and compositional contrasts produced by such primary
devitrificacion strongly influence the textural effects of
subsequenthydrothermal alteration or metamorphism.
Ngongotahaktn doma <140 ba; HendzrconsQurry, Rotorua
caldzra,New Zealand.

B. In thin-section,spherulitessuch as thoseillustrated in
3.3A consistof radialcryrstalfibres.This examplehasgrown
on a clusterofplagioclasecry.rstals
(C). Fan- ro sheaf+haped
microspherulitesoccur around rhe margin of the central
spherulite.Planepolarisedlight.
Ngangotaha kaa dome,<140ha;HmdzxoruQuatry,Rototua
caldera,NewZeakwl.
4. Spherulites in thin-section
An isolatedspherulite(S) consistsof intergrown ndiaing
quartzard feldspaLcrystalfibres,and displalisradial exinction.
Concenuiczoningin spherulitesis causedbyvariationin the
packingoffibres. Partialrecrystallisarion (R) ro interlocking
anhedral quartz and feldspar has destroyed some
microsuucturesin severalother spherulites.A mosaic of
anhedralquartz and fcldspar(possiblyrecrystallised micro-
spherulites),with subordinatesericiteoccurs betweenthe
spherulites.Crossednicols.
Mount RcadVolcania, Canbrian; specimen7157j, Silue,Jnk
Road,uexern Thsmania.

5. Altered spherulitic rhyoJite

This texture is interpretedto result from alteration and
of spheruliticallydev;trifiedrhyolite.Former
recryscallisation
spherulitesarenow pink-greybulbousaggrepresofanhedral
quartzand feldspar.Somerelict spherulires retarnconcentrrc
zonation(arrow).Cuspatepatchesofchlorire and calcire(C)
drat occur berweencloselypackedspherulitesare probably
the resultof alteracionof former obsidian(cf 3.3A).
Moa t Pedd Uobanicr, Canbrian; DDH MAC22 (410 n),
ru@er mine, tu*ttm T$mania.

6. Nodular devitrification structures in flow-banded rhyolite

Nodular- to cauliflower-shaped,aggregatesof anhedr:l quartz
(Q) aresimilarto coalesced spherulites in lessalteredrhyolites
(ci 3.2,3.3A).The quartznodulesaresurroundedby smaller,
spheruliteswhich impart a granular texture.
recrystallised
Flow bands(F) can be tracedthroughsomequartznodules,
although elsewhereflow bands wrap arcmd them.
Ber*rker Beds,Early Permian; Mount Chalmers,Queensknd

7. Lithophysae in densely welded ignimbrire

The lithophysae consist of star and shell-shaped caviries
surroundedby a Mrder of pale, 0ne crysta1fibres. Pale
purple, devitrified welded ignimbrite occurs becrventhe
lithophysae.ln rhis crse,growth of the lithophysaeclearly
post-dareswelding compaction and predaresfinal solidificadon
of the welded pyrodxtic deposit.One lithophysalcavity is
parrly filled with a lobe ofthe welded matrix (arrow) squeezed
in while che rnasswas srill ducdle.
raf of Bke Creeh,6 Ma; SnakeRiuer Pkin, Idaho, USA.
Plate4-N/icropoikiliticlexturein rl'yolite

1. Altered rhyolite with micropoikilitic .textu.te

This mxsive rhyolitic lavaconsistsof e<rensively sericirised
feldsparphenocryas(F) in a granular gou$dmass.The
gmnular rxrure in the groundmassis imparted by
micropoikilitic quartz thar enclosesvery fine, siricitised
ftldsparlads (cf 4.2), andis similarto that observedin hand
specimens of microspheruliricsamples.
Mount Rcad Volcanics,Cambrian;specinen74269, fuhes
PnPr;etar!ProspectwesternThsnania.

2. Micropoikilitic texture in thin-section

A. \fell-developed micropoikilitic texmre in this sample
consists of small irregular quartz cores (Q) in quartz-rich
patcheswith boundaries clearly defined by concentrations of
sricite. The quartz cors are optically continuous wirh the
remainder of the quanz-rich patches.The quartz cores may
represnt3n initial stagein the development ofgranophyric
textur. Lofgren (1971b) predicted, but did not observe,a
gradation between micropoikilitic and granophlc texture.
The granula.rtatr-rre ofthe hand specimen (4.1) is the result
of micropoikilitic dwitriffcation. Crosed nicols.
Mount Read Volcanics,Cambrian; specimen 74269, Jakes
ProPrietaryptutpect, westem1itffi dnia.

B. In plane polarised light, the qua(@ cores (Q) are dearly

distinguishablewithin the micropoikilitic quanz-rich patches.
Mount Read Volcanics,Cambrian; s?ecirnen74269, Juhet
Ptoprieary proEea, uetten Ttumania

3. Flow-ba-trded rhplite with micropoiLilitic texture

Euhedralfeldsparandembayedquanzphenocrysts areevenly
disuibutedin thisdevitrfied flow-bandedrhyoliticlava.Flow
b:nds are defined by a.lternatingsiliceous,micropoikilitic-
texturedlayers,and slighdy more phyllosilicate-richlayers
evidentin thin-section(4.4A, 4.4B). The flow foliadon is
deflectedaroundan ellipsoidallithophysa(L) that consistsof
a chlorite cor (formerly a cavity) and a rim of fibrous
feldspr crystallites.
Moant ReadVobanio, Cambian; specimen 41092, Mourlt
Darwin, uestemTasnaxia
4. Micropoikilitic texturc in thin-sectior
A. In rhin-secticnmicxrpoikiliric termre comprtsespatcttcs
of optic.rllv-conrinuous qu.rro cnclosingvaLiablvoricrred,
seLicitisedfcldsp,rrlad'. (aLrorv)Crosscdnicols'
Mouttt Rud Voltania, Cantbmn; yccttnut 4t092' Mount
Dntuir, tu.nt) nnl/tn in.

B. In planc polaLiscdlight, rhc boundariesbenveerqLunz

patchesrrc m.rLkedbr'.r concenrrrin)noffinc \eri'ire flJ'es

Xlounr Rtad Vohir];c!, annbtutn; 'patrnn ,lJ0e) llautt

Drnrin, tuc:ternh:tnania

i. Micropoikilitic texture in thin-section

A. Micropo;kilitic tc\rure is vclv rvcll ileielopcd nr this
larhscnclosedb,vmicropoikiliticquanz
rhyoliticlav:. Feldspar
:rrecrtensivclvrepl.rccdbI scricite Cfosscdricols
Iuloutt RcadhLani:, ( anbirl: i?tiner 41340, ust Dtt tin
rn, uqtcrn Ihlndnin.

B. ln plane pol.rLiscdlight, boundrricsbenvecnquanz-rich

patchcsere delLncdbv d1econccrtrrtion of in. vri.ire and
opaquegr.irns(rrow).
Momt RcndVoharict, Llatth hn; :pecinot 11310, eastDnrwut
atut trcsxrn ksndnia.
f ,,","u-r"nn"
l. Classical perlite in thin-section
The gla.ssy groundmass ofthis rhyoliteshowsclass;cal perlidc
fractures,comprisingarcuare,overlappingand intersecting
cracks (arrow). Sparsephenocrysts of clear plagiodase and
brown biotite, and faint flecksin rhe glass(feldsparmicrolitet
define a subde flow foliarion, which is overprinred by the
perlitic fractures.Planepolarisedlight.
Gla:syrlryolite, Pbisntne; Cak de Gaaano, Ponza,haly

2. Banded perlite in thin-section

The formerly glassygroundmassof this srrongly flow-foliated
dacitecontainsrectilinearfraaures(arrow)qicat ofbanded
peflite. The lractures arpresered by a fiin, innllng layer of
sericift and chlodte.Most ofthe glasshasrecrystallised to a
mosaicof qualrz and feldspar;some has been replacedby
sericite ard chlorite. Plane polarised light.
Motnt ReadVobanis, Canbrian; :pecinn "101I I 7, Pieman
Road, uestun Thsnania.

3. Relict perlite
A. Relictclassicalperlireiswell-developed wichnrclastsin this
handspecimenofformerly glassy, in situ dacicichyaloclascite.
Maant Read Vobanics,Cambrian; specimenC101159, Sock
Creek,wexern Tasmania.

B. In thin-section,the relict perlitic fracruresin 5.3A are

oudinedby sericiteand confinedwithin the centresofclasrs.
Other arcuateftacturesoriented subpaLallelro clastboundaries
may be quench fractures.The granular-texturedapparenr
mauix (Mx) consistsof finely intergrown quartz, Gldspar
and phyllosilicates.In places,the apparentmafix contains
ghosts of formf perlitic fmctures (arrow), and may have
beenoriginallycomposcdofgiassbut hasbeenmorestrongly
altered.Plare polarisedlighr.
Mount Read Vobanits, Canbrian; specimenC10l159, Sock
Creeh, uestern T,trmania.
4. Relict perlite in dacire
A. Relicrperlitic fr.rcnucsin rhis hand specnlenofftldspar
phyric d.rclte.rrcdcfincd by chlorite.Al$oLrgh rccognisrblc
rvirh a hnd lcns, rhev rcq ire x crrcful scarch.
Malnt RearlVlcan tu, ( l t b; n ; llxritrc, 40 t 212, Mntbison
Higltu,al, urrtnt thsnnir.

B. ln thin*ecrion, r'ell dcvelopedrelicrperlitic fr.rcturcsrrc

ubnluitousin the fbLmcrll glassvgroundm.rss ofrhc dacirein
5.4A.Fracnrrcs rrc dcUncdbi chLoLite, rnd thc glas hasbeeo
repL,rccd bv qu.rrrz,leldsprr,scricircrnd cpidote.The
gLourdnass.ilsoconrainspartiallvrecrysr:rlLised sphcnrlitcs
(rmrv). l'hnc polaLisedlight.
Momr RtntlV,tban ic:,L:antbrian:s1'ecinen401212, Mutdnon
Hightual,,ntsra n Tntnania.

5. Relict classicalperlitc in dacite

peLlitcf, actures(:rrorv):rrehcrt strngly ilcfined
Rclictcl.rsica1
bvchloritc.Thcrcn,.rincLerol: LheoLignralyglassy grotLndmrs
h:rsbeen rccrysrallised ro tine qualtz and fildspar, or else
bv cblo,irc. Planepolarnedlighr.
repl.rcetl
liont Rttul hLttd:, Ctnbtiut: :pccittn 101163, Pienn)
Roatl,usttnt lhswnir.

6. Relict perlite in thin+ection

Recrvstallis.rrionof glassin anclentvolc:rnicscan clfcctivell-
obsorrccvidcnccof pcrlitic fLactuLes. Tbc tcxrurc is b.re1y
recognisable in this fonncrly ghssy rhvolitt. The perlitic
tLacrures(.rrrow) are infllled rvith sericile, whcrcrs thc
t<,quartz .rnd feldsparoL
inrcr:titirl glasshas rccLvst:lliscrL
lrasbeenrephcedb1'ph1'llosilicrrcs. I'lane polarhedlight.
illotnt Ra Volnnit, Catniri'tn; '])a:rnen 4a1223, Bo
Rodl, nt:m TTstnanit.
Plate6-Pumice, scoria,bombsand juvenileblocks

1. Rhyolitic tube pumice

RhyoJitictubepumicehasa silky,frbrousor 'woodf' tecture
that resultsfrom the sr.rbparallel
alignment of entremely
elongatecylindrical vesides.This pumice is composedof
fresh,rhyoiitic glass.
Pu.niceblochfmntheAD 1912?linian etu?t;orlofNouar?tq
VallE ofTm Thousand Snohes,
AhL4 USA.

2. Rhyolitic tube pumice in thin+ection

A, B. Thesephotomicrographs showth 6.I bepumicein
thin+ectionscut parallel (A) and perpendicular@) to rhe
tubeelongationdirection.In (A)drereisarcry strongfoliation
defined by the elongatetube vesiclesexceptimmediately
adjacentto the plagiodasephenocryst(P), where round
vesiclesoccrr (arow). In (B) the cross-sectionshapeof the
tube vesiclesis round to oval (arrow) and no foliation is
apparent. Mounting medium infills the vesicles.Plane
polaJisedlighr.
Puniccblotklnn th AD l9l2 plinian cru2tionofNwanpa:
ValbyofTen ThounndSnoba,Alatka, LEA.

3. Relict tube pumice in thin-sectiod

Unflartenedtube vesiclesare cleerly evidnt in the relict
pumic lasts(P) in this alteredrhyolitic pumice breccia.
Quare and albite have infilled vesiclesand replacedrhe
formerly glxsy vaide walis, ensu-ringpreservationof th
tube vesiclestrucdr. Pumice which is replacedby
phyllosilicatemineralsand 0anenedduring diagenesisor
tectonicdeformationmaybeunrecognisable asrelictpumice,
or elseresembleweldedpumice.Plare polatisedlight.
Mount RcadVolcania,Cambian;specimen R3, Hercabsmine
haula<eroa4 westemT$man;a.

4. Round vesidesin porph4itic pumice in thin-section

This sampleoftube pumicecontainslargeroundvesicles (V)
adjacentto euiednl feldsparphenocryxts(F). Away ftom
crystals,thereis a tnnsition to tub\.Esicles.
Initially,vesicles
in magmasaremoreor lessspherical. Thosethat nudeateand
growadjacentto cqntalsarcprotectedfrom strtchingduring
flow ofthe vesiculatingmagma.In this example,the vesicles
havebeeninfilled and vesiclewalls W) replacdby albir.
Planepolarisedlight.
Moant Read.VobanhtAmbrian; fooatall ofRosebery massloe
infdz dzpotit,DDH L8271 (130.5 n), uestun Tasnania.
 'ttrealcy"
5. Compositionally banded, pumice
These pumice blocks are combinationsof: (A) pale grey
dacircand dark greyandesite;(B)pink rhyoliteand darkgrey
andesite;and (C) very palegreyrhyolireand palegreydac;te.
The threemagmacompositionsweremnrded shoLdybelbre
andduringeruption,andthe pyroclastic deposirs(bothhllout
and flow), aswell assinglejuvenileclastssuchasthese,show
complxcompositionalvariations.
Punice bbrhsfon theAD 1912?li/]id eru?tianafNodru?tai
Valq' oflbn ThousandSnobel Aldsha, USA.

6. Subaerial basaltic scoria

Basalricscorialap;ll;dominatethis near-ventsubaerirlfallout
deposir.The rcd colou is a result of thermal oxidation, a
processthat reflecrscoolingofthe hor lapilli while in contacr
with air. The nregLrlarshapesof rhe lapilli are the resultof
rearingapan of vesicularingmagna.
Basabic laq,llli breccia, Miocene; Porto Santo, Madeira
Archipekgo, Portugal.

7. Altered scoria in thin+ection

Ragged scoria grairx are abundant in this sample of
metamorphosed basaldcvolcaniclasdcsandsmne. The scoria
grainsand ovoid vesicles(V) within them are oudined by a
fine, opaqueminenl. The vesiclesare infilled by delicately
fibrous sericireor by dbne. Apart fron scoriagrains,the
sandsrone containsscatteredcrystaland lithic fragmentsarrd
fine, recryst;rllised
matrix. Planepolarisedlight.
Moant Read Vohanns, Cambian; specimen9l'1098, HntJ
Riuer, westernThsmania.

8. Neat vent bornb arrd juvenile block

Thesejuveniie basalticpyroclartsare parc of a bomb and
blockield, depositednearventby ballisticfallott.The spindle
bomb (S) hasbeenshapedby surfacetensionduring flight.
Adjacenris a large,angularblockwirh a partly bread-crusted
surface(B). Bread-crustfLactudngis causedby vesicularion
andexpansionofrhe horclastinteriorbenearhachilledcrust.
Telia campositewbano, Nicatagua;de?o'brliom theAD I 982
Plate7 Shards,lithicfragmentsand accreuonaryapill

1. Bubble-*all shards in thin*ection

This photomicrographshowsthe typicalshapes ofpyrodastic
cuspate (C), platy (arrow) and pumice (P) shardsin thin-
section.The shar<lswereformerly glassyand arenow composed
ofalbite. The delicatespinesand cuspson bubble-walland
pumiceshardsareundeformedand indicatethat the deposir
was odginally non-welded. Plane polarised light.
Mo unt Read Vobani o, Can bi au specin en V405, \Yi nter Bn ok,

2. Glass shards in thh+ection

Most of theseglassshardshave cuspate(C) arld platy (P)
shapes,btt a few microvesicularpumice shards(V) arepresent.
The shardsarelargelyundeformed and the sampleis rexrurally
only slighrlywelded(sintered).Light brown, glassyfine ash
fills the inrersticies
beween the shards.Planepolarisedlighc.
Bnhop Tufi 0.74 Ma; sPedmenBT2, Long Vallry caldera,
CaliJitmia, US4.

3. Basalticshardsin thin-section
Althoughtheseformedyglassy(sideromelane) basalticshards
(S) arealteredro palagonire, the blockyshapes and round
vesicle
ourlinesaredistinct.Otherprimarycomponenrs are
olivinecrrstalsand crysralfragments (O). The shardsand
crysmlfragmensarcemenced by fibrousandmasivezeolire.
Planepolarised lighc.
\V'oolnothTu$ liltiary; rpecimenCGl, CapeGrin, north-

4. Lithic fragments in volcanic breccia

The most abundantlithic fragment type in this polymict
volcanic brerciais quara- and feldspar-phyricrhyoiite (arrow).
The rhyolite fragments are bloclry and have cuwiplanar
mrrgin\rhd,'how'inle.ignofmodifi.ar:o'r duringrran,porr.
They may have been generatedby autoclasdcfragmenrarion
ofrhyohe lava,but havebeenmixedwith orherlithic lragmenr
types and wirh granular, lithic- and crystahich matrir (M)
during subsequenr resedimenration.
Mount Read Volcanlcs,Canbrian; Anthony Roal, uexem
5. Basaltic inclusion in rhyolite lara
Lithic fragmenrsareqpically onlyvery minor componentsof
coherent lavrs. They may be volcanic or non-volcanic and, in
many cases,can be linked with conduit wall-rock or subsuare
li$ologies. This photograph shows a basalrinclusion in
rhyolite lava. The inclusion may be a foreign lithic fragment
bur anorherpossibilityis thar ir is derivedfrom incomplete
m'nglingof m.r1ic .rrd rhyoliricmrgmr' prior ro eruprion.
Bold Volcanit Conpbx, Late Deuanil ; Bunga Hedd, Neu
Saath V'alts.

6. Acctetionary lapilli
The conspicuousovoid shapedfeaturesin thesesamplesare
accrccionaly lapilli. The lapilli are only a few rnillimenes
aaossarrd dosely packed in the bonom righr sample.In the
sampleon the left side, rhe lapilli areflattened and compacced.
All threesamplescome from differentpartsofa widespread
unir of subaerial rhyoliric fallout tufi
Cana Creek7 fi Cunabubula Farnation, Inte Carbonifirous;
Cana Crceh,New Saath lYab:.

7. Reworked accretionary lapilli

Accretionary lapilli are composedof concenrric shellsof fine
and coane ash. Fresh accretionary lapilli can be rapidly
cemenred or indurated,and remainintactduring erosionand
reworking. Th scaftered accrerionary lapilli in this
volcaniclasticsa"dstone ha"e been eroded from primary
deposisand their fine-grainedouterrims arepartly abraded.
Thehostsandsrone is a subaerialmass-flowdepositgenerated
during rhe explosive eruption that also produced the
accrerionarylapilli-bearinglallour deposits(7.6: McPhie
t987).
CanaCreekTuff CunababulaFormation,LateCarboniferous;
CanaCreeh,New SouthlYabs.

8. Armouredlapilli
Thesearmouredlapilli consistof nudei of blackbasaltic
I:pillrcorred
scori: bypJe.corse:shof rhe.ame,omposrrion.
They occur in phrearomagmaricsurgedepositsin the rim
bedsof a uff cone.
CapeBidgewateruolcano,-4 Ma: Ca?eBridgeu'ate,Victaia.
l' ptut"e-ro* tot'ut
ons
l. Flow banding in recrystallised submarine rhyolitic lava
The flow foliation in this Gldspar-phlric rhyolitic lara consiss
of pale siliceous bands alternating with darker, more
phyllosilicate-rich bands. Flow bands wrap around a pink,
silicic lava clast (C). In thin+ection, the phyllosilicate-rich
bandscompriseisolatedand coalescing,rariably recrystallised
spherulitesand patchesofinterlo&ing quanz arrd feldspar in
a phyilosilicate-rich matrix. The siliceous bands consist of
nohted spherulites,dispersedin a fine-grainedmosaic of
quarz and feldspar.
Moant Pead Volcanis, Cambrian; specinen 76771, Che*er
mlne area, uettem Talmania.

2. Flow banding in devitrfied subaerial rhJolitic lara

Devitrifi cation of this flow-banded, feldspar-phyric rhyolitic
lava has generated large, isolated aggregatesof coalesced
sphemlites(arow). The flow bandshavebeendeflectedaround
the spheruliticmasses, implyint charchespherulitesformed
while the lava was still ductile, probably during flowage. A
sinistral senseof rotation is impJied by the geometry of the
flow laminations.
Ngangotahalatn dome,< 140 ka; Hndersons Qaarry Rotorua
caAera,New Zaknd

3. Flow folds in a rhyolite di*,e

These continuous, even flow bands are in rhyolite within a
dyke. The llow bands define asymmetrical flow folds that
suggesta dextral senseof shear.
P.hyolitefuhe, hlgomnna Vobanb Group,ILzteCarbonifuots;
near Desnond Creeh,no,them Qaensknd.

4. Daciric lam with planar flow banding

Even, continuous,planar flow banding in this submarine,
&citic lara flow superficially resembla sedimentarybedding.
However.rhe rock h.lr an evenly porphyriric rerrure
characrerisricof coherent lava and locally gradesinto in situ
hploclasdre breccia.
Hombbnde datite, 6 M4 Kariba, Hohha;do,Japan.
5. Planar flow banding in recrystallised daciric lava
Planar,latcrallycontinuousflowbanding is panicularlywell-
developedin this evenlyporphyrnic,feldspar-phyricdacite
The flow bandsaccommodatethe prominent siliceousboudil
like suucmres which are probably the Lesultof nodrrlar
d < ' i r r i f . , a r i o' lnn Jo " e r p r i r L r n g ' r l i . c o u ' J r e r u t i o r r '
Mount Read Volcanics,Canbrian; Maunt HLxtq, uenenl

6. Flow folds in a rhyolite dyke

Highly concorredflow bandsoccur here in a fine'grained'
sparselyporphyriricrhyolitedyke Flow bandsaredefinedby
varynrg spheruliteand phyllosilicatecontent, and in rhe
degreeof recrystallisation.
Rhlolite fuke astoriated with the Lowcr Rhlolbn TuJf
Formation, Ordouician; Lknbeis Ptss,nothern Walet UK

7. Planat flow lamination in altered dacite

Flow laminadon (arrow) compr;sespink siliceousdomains
rhat alternate wirh pale green domains Drrk green,
phyllosilicatesringers (S) ansectthe flow foliation and
overyrinr any pre'exisring f'low hmnrae
Motnt Read Volcanics,Canbian; DDH SCS2 (102 2 n)'
Sock CreekSottb, )ertem Tasnania

8. Tiachytic texture in basalt in thin+ection

Clinopyroxeneand plagioclase phenocrystsare serwithin a
iner grainedgroundmass of suonglyflow-alignedplagioclase
laths,exemplifiing trachyticrextule Plarc polarisedlighi.
Mount RtadVohanics, Cambriau DDH MC'tD (256.9n),
Mount Clarrcr, westet/tThimanid.

49
f ,,"," *o,urn* a'***y "*r"l Ioints"andtortoiseshe joints
1. Column:r-jointed dacite
Regularcolumnar joints in this coherent dacite have column
axesthat plunge at 50'to tl-releft side ofthe picture. Palaeo-
cooling surfaces of columnar-jointed sheets are gpically
oriented more or less at right angles ro the plunge of rhe
columos. In rhis case,the palaeocoolingsurfaceis infened to
dip at -40" to the right side of the picture. Note geological
hammer for scale (arrow).
Mo tuad Volranirs.Canbnan: luhes hoptieary ?ns?.!1.

2. Columnar.iointing in submarineandesiticlava
Columnarjoinrs shownherein cross-sectionhavehexagonal
oudines.Thesecolumnarjoina occur in andesiticlara that
solidifiedwidrin a submarinefeedertube.
Maoi Baypilkw kua fliu Nihoapu Formatio4 Miotene;
Muiwai, NewZeaknd

3. Jointing in submadneandesiticlara feedertubes

This clift'provides a doss-sectiondrror-rgha large,former
feedertube now filled by columnar-jointedardesite and
surroundedin pan by cogeneticpillow lavalobs.Columnar
joints in the feedertube radiateoutward from rhe centre,
remainingperpendicularto the isothermalsurfacespresent
during cooling.The cliff is approximately25 m high.
Maoi Baypilhw kaa flau Mhonpu Formation,Miocene;
Muiwai. New Zealand,

4. Radial columnarjoinrs in basalticpillow lobe

In crosssection, this basalticpillow lobe exhibirs radial
columnu joina (J). The columnarjoints trarrsectthe pillow
rind andareperpendicularro the continuouslycurvingouter
surface.The pillow coreis massiveand vesicurar
Banbic kaa, Rccmt:Peiliannes Peninsula.Icehtd.
5. Columnar joints in subaerial basaltic lava
Joinring panernsin this exposuredefinemo distinc zones:
rherhin, lowercolonnade(C) comprises well-developedwide
columns, oriented ar righr alglcs to the flow baso the overlying
enrablatuLe (E) is rnuch thicker and consistsof lessregular',
narrow, fanning columns. The height of the exposureis
approximarely15 m.
Junction Bane Basah, 2 Ma; near Tauer Fall:, Yellowstone,
\Yloming, USA.

"Tiny
6. normal joints" and pseudo-pillow
The hammerrestson a clasrofhornblendedacite,about 1 m
across,rhat is bounded by curviplanar surfacesalong which
"riny
thereare normal joirti' (arrow).Thesejoints typicily
developperpendicularrc surfaces that havebeenchilled.The
clasris a pseudo-piliow(cf 17.7)derivedlrom disintegrarion
of relativelyviscous,quench fiagmentedsubrnarinelava.
Green Tuf B':b, Mio,:ene; Teine Olynpia Roal, Hakbaido,

7. Tonoise shell joints

The parrern of intersecting,broadly cuwing joints shown
hereis known astortoiseshelljoindng. On nvo-dimensionat
surfaces,the joina oudine equanrpolygonswirh straightto
broadlycurveds;des.In threedimensions,the jonrrs define
equancpolyhedrrl blocks. They develop in responseto
conrracrionduing cooling.
Oshinkoshin basalnr andesie fuke, Pliocene; O inho:hin
uatefall, ShiretohoPeninnla, Hohkaido,Japan.