ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
M a ni l a

Preparation of Soap
SUBMITTED BY:

Leonida, Angelica C. 201513159

Pearubia, Chester James P. 201611024
Samonte, Alfredo IV A. 201513119
Tamoria, Patrice Pauline S. 201520097

SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Jerry G. Olay

 ABSTRACT
In this experiment, the students prepare the raw materials by applying heat and
adding several chemicals and ingredients used in soap-making while mixing them
continuously. Filtration, boiling, and evaporation are were some of the processes
done during the experiment. When the resulting solution achieved a jelly-like
consistency, it was transferred to a mold to let it solidify. The group compared their
product to a commercial product to know if it has a similar quality or feel.

INTRODUCTION
The main use of soaps are for bathing, cleaning, and washing. Soaps are one of the
best-selling products nowadays because of its various uses. Scientifically speaking,
the process of making soap is called saponification. This process involves a base
hydrolysis of triglycerides which are esters of fatty acids to form a sodium salt of a
carboxylate. Glycerol is another product of the process. The objectives of this
experiment are to teach students on how to produce a soap from simple raw
materials. The importance of this experiment is to see if the soap will fare with
commercially manufactured ones.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
From a chemical basis, soap is a salt of fatty acids. It contains a positive ion which
is usually Na+, and negative ions from a long chain of carboxylic acids. Most soaps
are usually basic. They are basic because of the hydrolysis of fat and a base. For
example, sodium hydroxide, allows the release of hydroxide ions when dissolved.
The process of soap making as said before is saponification. The soap gets its
cleansing ability from the ability to act as an emulsifying agent. An emulsifier is
able of dispersing one liquid into anther immiscible liquid. Soaps clean grease and
oil by breaking up the oil molecules. The hydrophobic part attaches to the grease
particles and the hydrophilic part is exposed to water.
 RAW MATERIALS FORMULATION
Compounds Volume Mass % by Mass

1) Cooking Oil 100 mL 93.00 g 17.47

2) 50% NaOH 60 mL 91.74 g 17.23

3) 35% NaCl 210 mL 267.75 g 50.28

4) Distilled Water 80 mL 80.00 g 15.02

Total: 532.49 g Total: 100%

PRODUCT COST COMPUTATION

Compounds Amount Unit Cost Price

1) Cooking Oil 100 mL 44 / L 4.400

2) 50% NaOH 60 mL 100 / kg 9.174

3) 35% NaCl 210 mL 25 / kg 6.694

4) Distilled Water 80 mL 30 / L 2.400

22.668
Total :
532.49
PROCEDURE

1. Heating of Cooking Oil. 2. Addition of NaOH solution. 3. Formation of Precipitate.

4. Constant stirring. 5. Addition of glycerin. 6. Cooling of final product.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The finished product was s cream-colored soap with a faint calamansi smell on it. It
was clear when we finished the experiment but after some time, the soap lost its
transparency. When it was tested, the soap was a little oily. It was somehow similar
to dove considering the smell and the feel it gives after use.

The process of soap making is saponification. It is a reaction wherein oil or fat is

reacted with a strong base. The cooking oil and sodium hydroxide solution were
used in the experiment. The reaction breaks the triglycerides into soap molecules
and glycerin. NaCl was used in order to help in the precipitation. This technique is
commonly known as salting out effect. This process increases the density of the
aqueous solution so that the soap will float or separate from the solution.

CONCLUSION
As per the result of the test or comparison of our soap, it resembles Dove. Still, we
have concluded that the commercial brand is better than our product. This is due to
the quality of materials and formulation. Machinery and equipment may have also
given the commercial soaps a better texture since mixing is constant and uniform.
The group has satisfied the objectives of the experiment. We were able to produce
a simple yet unique soap.

For our recommendation, artificial scents should be preferably used in this

experiment. The smell will be better and the soaps quality will be better. The shelf
life will be longer. We have noticed that after some time, the calamansi bits that we
have placed started to decompose which gave the soap a not so pleasant appearance.
PACKAGING DESIGN

The packaging design has the calamansi in it. This clearly shows that the soap is
calamansi-scented. Paper was used in packaging for various reasons. Paper
degrades readily if it is thrown into land or soil. It can also be recycled in case it is
thrown in proper trash bin. It was packaged in this manner also because it is easy to
open.