Kincaid Callahan

PAP BIO 1
10/5/17

The class has set up Winogradsky columns to evaluate the processes of biogeochemical
cycles, more specifically, the nitrogen cycle. A bottom layer of dirt was enriched with paper,
pastel of paris, and sulfur, and was then covered by a large layer of dirt, and then water. The
class has been monitoring the process of the Nitrogen Cycle inside their columns for the past
few weeks as of today, and colonies of bacteria are starting to farm on each layer.
Kincaid Callahan
PAP BIO 1
10/5/17

The results from week 2 showed some formation of film on top of the water, and some minor
color changes.
Kincaid Callahan
PAP BIO 1
10/5/17

Week five showed a lot of condensation forming on the top of the column, but other than that
there were no other notable changes.

Week 8 showed some big color changes on the column that was the result of several bacteria
inside the soil changing properties.
Kincaid Callahan
PAP BIO 1
10/5/17

Week 10 showed a major change on the top of the water. A large film appeared over the water,
and other small changes in soil color occured.