According to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER), the incidence of papillary

cancer has increase from 4.8 to 14.9 per 100,000 from 1975 to 2012. Females are more likely to
get papillary cancer when compared to males with incidence ratio of 2.5 to 1 where most of the
cancers are diagnosed between 40 to 50 years old in females. However, death rates from
papillary cancer remains static from 2003 to 2012 at 0.5 per 100,000 men and women. There
was an increased incidence of papillary cancer from 1910 to 1960 due to the use of ioninsing
radiation in treating childhood head and neck cancers.[4] The incidence decreased after radiation
therapy was abondoned. Environmental exposures to radiation such as atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Chernobyl disaster also causes an increase in childhood papillary
thyroid cancer at 5 to 20 years after the exposure to radiation.[5] Family history of thyroid cancer
syndrome such as familial adenomatous polyposis, Carney complex, Multiple endocrine
neoplasia type 2 (MEN-2), Werner syndrome, and Cowden syndrome increases the risk of
getting papillary cancer.[4]