15.1 INTERFERENCE When two any point is determined by the « phase, the resultant amplitude is very large: resultant amplitude is very small, Thus two fig period, superposed on each other, may produce a maximum intensi darkness depending on the phase of vibration in which the waves arrive at the poy ‘of the medium. This modification in the distribution of lig position of two waves is known as interference. There are, however, some conditions for observing the interference. Thex conditions are as follows: ‘the two waves ae inthe san net i te phase, th A; The two sources must emi 2. The wo waves must vibrate wi 3. The wo waves must vibrate w which remains constant with tim phase or with a phase differen should be coher, 152 COHERENT SOURCES Fp sources of light which emit continuons light waves of th wavelength, same frequency and are in same phase or having a constant phot for observing interference. ee How TO OBTAIN COHERENT SOURCES? The phase relation between the waves atthe time of emission rapidly with time not only indifferent sources but even indifferent parts of the same ‘The only way to obtain coherent sources is to make one source the image ofthe (a in Liyod’ single mircor experiment) or to divide a pencil of ray into 9 reflection (as in Fresnel's double mirror exp. ) or by refraction (asin E> _Bi-prism experiment — 154 INTERFERENCE BANDS WITH FRESNEL'S BIPRISM A Biprism, as its name suggests, is a combination of two thin pris™’ bases joined and their two faces making an obtuse angle of about 179° % 4 other angles are each of about 307, In actual practice the biprism is £00 single optically plane glass plate. — As th equidistant «isplacemerasd 20. dStdS «ag atsFringe width 4 oP : To determine the wavelength of sodium Ramsden eye-piece capabl shor fs im lamp, experimental arrangement jg. 15.3. The var the space between th and the eye piece and ae cal ized fringes. The fringes a With a'microscope, withthe fringes ‘Sand the cross-wires of the ersten, and B is the fringe width then from Eat ano Dvelength of uni ht stands, feading ue I js show. 183 Inerforence the wavelength of the monochromatic source canbe determined by Didand wa coaves lens is chosen such that its fecal length i ess that Ce sce between the slit andthe focal pane ofthe eyepiece, The pa tnd which ke betwen he sands oling the Fresnel’ mm piece (Fig 15.8). The lens 30 adjusted that fr two of to ane ofthe two vrtal sources and Syarefoeussed onthe focal ee if and dr the spartion beter he el images of wo positions ofthe ‘Tws asin spew determi tes vis vin the aca the eye DI Fa ct postions ofthe lens, the magnifications ise 4 Bde and me Beet ad tere wand ate the distances of the object and the image respectively from the tees in the fist positon L, (Fig. 15.5) ds aa uy o 4, dy=d Hence > fd (asa) Procedure Tn this experiment, adjustment of the instrument are extremely important to camry outhe experiment successfull. The folowing adjusiments should be done: (0) With the help of spirit evel and the levelling screws provided at the base ofthe instrument, evel the bed of the optical benck (G Mount the upright carrying the slit near the zero ofthe scale onthe optical bench Bring the slit in the middle of the bench by moving the slit-stand perpendicular to the bench. Make the sit very naow by the screw for ajsting the sitvidth and illuminate it by soda light (i) Mount the biprism on is stand at about 15 cm fram the slit such that the ‘er ofthe biprism and that ofthe slit are tthe sae height See tha the sltand the edge between the faces of the biprism ae vertical (0) Place the eye on the side ofthe biprism away frm the slit images ofthe source will be seen. Move the eye sross the Bee the images will appear to cross the edge of the biptism fom ane side te oer I the refracting edge of the prism is parallel to he sits een he image as a whole will appear to cross the edge I either the fon oF Ne bot afte mage ess fist the jes fan. ABS tipi by rotating tin its own plane by thetanget S28 BV eS AE Purpose cause the rans of the image a wole Now he Ne Grose andthe efacting edge ofthe pm me ese PAL Two virwal hone oftes tothe bed of the epi = = tips in (iy Toremove the lateral shit ‘eight ing. HF 0” from the biprsm, he Fig 154 [ si Measurements piace the biprism upright near the sl fo a dstance of about 80-90 cm Utjostments discussed above, 8 set middle ofa bright band 1083 vite micrometer screw of the eyerpiece, N horizontally towards ight i wire comes it ride of the S® br TFoss-ite tothe 10" band, ad the ‘fb two consecutive readings ithe pe nia ins 2. Repent ste (1) forthe horizontal movement ofthe eye-pies fom FAM Tet and find the mean finge-¥1 om the ext displace the eyepice | Observations ice of the everest? 1 of focal length f-< D1 ie ae formed nthe focal eis position Z, such that fot the eve-picce(F fd note the micrometer reading. Move the (rostwire ison the second image. Againwou 5 uo = gu aw PJo aawaanSoaRy WTA , wa cure t ‘BupoosPractical Physic Result \ re wavelength of sogium ight by Fresnel 5 ‘Actual value 9% Error ae be at the same vertical height above 1k should be made parallel tothe veri! ‘own plane so that its edge becomes Apparatus: Newun's rings apparatus, travel a com Aarau: Newton ines ara ling microscope, sodium IP __ The experimental sep for New- ton’s rings experiment is shown in Fig, 15.6. Light from a monochromatic source S tendered parallel by a convex lens Land reflected bya glass plate @ held at 45° tothe rays, is made to fall. normally on a long focus plano-convex lens L which encloses ath film ofa beween its convex side and a plane lass plate P. Light transmitted through the lens on reflection frm the surface Fig 156 sniekness of ickness Hie fringes ae ci fringes d inFig. 15.7.4 Theory through its 6 Let the weber. R isthe thickne ety of the cit Sine eet lesan in 0 2R. Hencebe de ea Planeta the ring. between the two rays, one reflected from 4 and the ote in the ar film. For an ar lm (= 1) between the ference is, areoso+ * 2188 ys are incident normall Tie on a bright fringe Since the 19 points 4 and B10 are hen x aan abi the vale of 2 Flom Eg. (154, We Be 2 write D« Da the dame 3 ss) [Also for the 1 dark fringe. «< Bea aK “ Dix an asn Ting any ofthe wo reais (Ean 15.6 and 15.7) we can find the wavelene of the monochromatic oi : ‘Thus if D, and meters of n™ and (nm + m)® dark rings then we have , Del and Dis = aR and aR (n+ mh 6 Subtracting. we ae aR Here R, the radius of curvature at Baie, othe lens can be found wits a speo™ Fae wt attpe, Practical 190 For radius of curvature B itch of the spherometer sere =" evisionson ica sale =~ 2 feast count =. pistance between the two legs /= 1 3 | then mean (= em. . “Spherometer reading No a conven surface ‘On plane surface where n= 10 &+ 10, th m= 5, we havetof measurement as rough the lens. Ths, the ob ‘minimised by emplPractical Physics Di - De . is i enw un bith def es Fig 85 7 ah s) by Newton's rings cf : aoe arden Gt te sie of (Ding ~ Dt) fase sa described shy, en Sri ttm beset es ae a Tea Tie a a ge te ne of BS evaluate the quantity (Day ~ Dr) again . ‘for air film the diameter of dark ring (Didac™ 408 , foram Due” MEE we ste enn eso ea So haa Die An (he Pideae = y ower a Pts bright Refractive index p = (ise Des sie t ~ Dy Veter Experiment 153: To determine the thickness of thin paper by mest the wid ofthe interfence tings produced by a wedge-shaped "Apparatus: A sodium lamp, a traveling microscope, an optically plas fis A dark fringe plat, a microscope side, an arrangement with optically plane glss pat ince | Sn angle of 45" and a thin paper whose thickness is to be determined 7 ‘Theory: A thin sharply cut piece of paper is inserted at one end etween sf 2 2 imate Panda micoseope she sshown nF 1510 Tonews Shape air fim to form between the upper surface ofthe glass plate and he ae tuber of tie nicospte di, ane ee tthe flmbe ilumiated by monoclromatc light froma souse SEE TF who, parallel by a convex lens L and reflected by 5 rote a refleted by glass pate G held at 5° ns Interference occur between te rays reteted atthe upper and bower sure ‘Ne fing film respectively. Parallel interference bands result which are altecativel) 8 Thus dark as seen through the microscope M. at wileh ape alert , i ¢ film at any point (i.c., 44’ = ) thee x tour’ As be 1 for air | Path difference = 2/ » Also,Interference h n additional path difference of * js inwodve Anaddl 5 i nod tion atthe bottom end is from an optically denser medium, Tues ate han * ae an- 12 vison 0.1.2 asin Ad ings med wen, deen? 7+ bane yd wi heonsn4 ram ae yeh pit haa dk gen he ek 2 ao wine hikes hs nase by, ce orsens te ng wid ithe cree in sks BC atte ot i : Tusif 4's" =4B=8, Be= > Ben, fan 8 = 7 (soe Fig. 15.10)Tos knowing and measuring and Bone can paper. Procedure 5. Coincide the vert the right inge. Note the reading 6. Side the microscope to one side a particular, say, 20” bright fringe. Not Tonal scale again, The difference ofthe two readings dv croscope mean Observations Vern Naa ety 7 opi side Tem ht nea 620m fea tem. ih oman] Result: The thickness of the given piece of paper= ..m. Pte G8 ecautions and Sources of Error eee The plas plate and the mierosco 7 te should be tect te bai inclined at an angle of 45° ero Ma, The mitror Mis Fig. 1S. "vated on a catriage and can beth this arrangement, aaa ead The pane mirors Mf, and Ms can Be the help of fine screws provided the field of view ofthe ter whet 4 Repeat | ‘Theory: Monochromat bby means ofa collimating lens La reflected atthe back surface of ‘beam AC tavels norm the same path and comes out along AT. Th mirror My and is reflected along the same P and proceeds along 7. The two coherent beams interference Hinge. sof the two beams equal in glass, the thickness but unsilvered a the b exactly equal to 0G, losed between M, and ify cular fringes are ob wing towards Tis at bright fringe wll be formed. Ifthe mirror Mf, difference between the two rays changes by difference is}, one fringe disappears at the centre a fringe atthe cross tdncape sep emt ge Ts ys moved ty acdsee 8 tinbeot tinge sifing ace ori thn 2d { : net Preceare 1. Level the bed of the Michel ichelon 2. To make the two mimors M, and Mf, told a pin between the source and th pais of mags of pin wl be ce, oe surface of G, and the other ce cinee ares of and the other by relestion a its back pair of images coin. 3. Look through the mizrorce 197 otialy along a fringe and note the reading in n= 100 ae em Rel: The wavelength of sodium light by Michelson interferometer =m. Precautions and Sources of Error 3. The two glass plates should be equally thick 4. Light from an extended source should be used should be counted , should be moved anly it one direction t0BSc. Practical Physics 198 [QUESTIONS FORVIVA | <9 yas meant by nterference of HE atime yn forinerirene? hal at nish he wave nate a 8? eifaction and poarsation ints, nerterence, dif’ Senor nt ; Ae terence aight give information about FOngUMlnatrayyy, | yy nature of tght? . ‘Anse Nov imerference sony a wave phenomenon q Qe 'What ae coherent sources? . a a aay coe 7 ‘Ans. No ; Aa <0" tow can we gt two coherent sources eer Fresnel’s Biprism it [Q. Wats Fresnel biprism? Are there two prisms ina biprism? ©. Why seul test be marco? | ‘Ras. The slits made narow to obtain a good and distinct finge patter wie a& tests. With wide sit the fringes wil be lured with no contrast. Ans ‘wy is the distance between the sit and the biprism made small while tht between the slit and the ee-piece large? \> Ans. As the fringe width = Div large D and smal dhe psn making ngs ad Be Sud reducing the error inthe measurement of fringe width Where are the fringes formed? | as ‘Ans. The rings reformed in the space anywhere betwein the biprism andthe | J > piece They are non lcalized tinges. a Q,AVhat happens when whit ight is used? = “9 Allis ns il pe 8 clued cep he cena ge wih sb /- What happens when the angle ofthe biprism is doubled? | ‘Ams, The fringes will become narrow, with their width halved. | No, a8) = A Di the fringe width is proportional tothe wavelength oft i Be roportional tothe wavelength | Cane isthe difference Detween these fringes and those obtained with New| 2 By Ans (The im ings te ig and quad hn te | , fewton’s rings are circular and not equally spaced, (i) In biprsm, fits") 4 by division of amplitude (i) In bpvism, fringes are nonlocalized W>™" wy Newton's ings they at localized Pl _Q Cana conver lens of any focal length be used? = Ans. No it should be of short focal length such that f= Q Why should f< Dis? oe ‘Ans. flere D= uv and f= wii + ut wn AU D or @- DutpouoSu uum COIS “sy isn) D1 WEST EAB” sepwoszfony s,uoroyoyyBSc. Practical Physics ecferometer different from that in 1g beams differ in path by very ‘mand Newton's rings method, tbe ice amounts to a few Wi only. ‘circular fringes formed by Michelson’s interferometer? cexacly perpendicular to each other 161 DIF the present case the order is maxirm xactly perpendicular? ‘and the virtual image Mate nol hen while li 3 a few coloured fringes with a central dark fringe can be ob