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PA V A2 PB V B2
ZA + + +Hp = ZB + + + hf
2g 2g
P = the pressure
V = the velocity
Z = the height
Hp = the equivalent head added to the fluid by a
compressor at A
hf = represents the total frictional pressure loss
between points A and B.
V 1 1 = V 1 q1 = V 1 A1
M 1 = q 1 1 = q 2 2 = q b b q1 = q b b
1
P1 P1
=Z1RT1 1 =
1 Z1RT1
Pb Pb T1 Z1
b = q1 = q b
Zb RTb Tb P1 Zb
qb Pb ZT
V = 0.002122 2 (USCS )
d Tb P
qb Pb ZT
V = 14.739 2 (SI )
d Tb P
V d
Re = (USCS )
V d
Re = (USCS )
USCS or SI
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
V = average velocity of gas in pipe, ft/s or m/s
d = inside diameter of pipe, ft or m
= gas density, lb/ft3 or kg/m3
= gas viscosity, lb/ft.s or kg/m.s
e
Relative roughness =
d
q sc = 77.54
2
(USCS )
Pb g Z avT av fL
qsc = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day (SCFD)
f = friction factor, dimensionless
Pb = base pressure, psia
Tb = base temperature, R( 460 + F)
P1 = upstream pressure, psia
P2 = downstream pressure, psia
g = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Tav = average gas flowing temperature, R (460 + F)
L = pipe segment length, mi
Zav = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
d = pipe inside diameter, in.
q sc = 38.77 F
2
(USCS )
Pb g Z avT av L
2
F=
f
( )
0.5
Tb P1 P d
2 2 5
4
q sc = 5.747 x 10 F
2
(SI )
Pb g Z av T av L
F = transmission factor
q sc = 38.77 F b
2
(USCS )
g Z avT av Le
Pb
T b ( P1 e P2 ) d
0.5
2 s 2 5
q sc = 5.747 x 10 F
4
(SI )
Pb g Z av T av Le
s
(e - 1)
Le = L
s
s = (0.0375) g ( z)/(Zav Tav ) (USCS)
s = (0.0684) g (z)/(Zav Tav ) (SI)
s = elevation adjustment parameter, dimensionless
Z = elevation difference
e = base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718...)
(e s1 1) e s1 (e s 2 1) e s1 +s 2 (e s 3 1) e (e s n 1)
s n 1
Le = L1 + L2 + L 3 + ....... + Ln si 0
s1 s2 s3 sn
(es - 1)
j=
s
Le = j 1L1 + j 2 L 2e s1 + j 3 L 3e s 3 + ....... + j n L n e s n 1 si 0
2 P1P2
Pav = P1 + P2 +
3 P1 + P2
Or
2 P13 P23
Pav = 2
3 P1 P22
2.51
1
f
= 2 log e
( +
3.7d R f
e
) Turbulent flow
f = friction factor, dimensionless
d = pipe inside diameter, in.
e = absolute pipe roughness, in.
Re = Reynolds number of flow, dimensionless
1 2.51
= 2 log Turbulent flow in smooth pipe
R f
f e
1
f
= 2 log e (
3.7d ) turbulent flow in fully rough pipes
1.4125F
(
F = 2 log
e
3.7d
+ )
Re
with transmission factor
q sc = 38.77 E
2
(USCS )
Pb g Z avT av Le
qsc = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day (SCFD)
f = friction factor, dimensionless F = 11.18d 1/ 6 (USCS )
Pb = base pressure, psia
Tb = base temperature, R(460 + F)
P1 = upstream pressure, psia
P2 = downstream pressure, psia
g = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Tav = average gas flowing temperature, R (460 + F)
Le = equivalent pipe segment length, mi
Zav = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
d = pipe inside diameter, in.
( )
0.5
Tb P1 e P d
2 s 2 16 / 3
3
q sc = 3.7435x 10 xE
2
(SI )
Pb g Z avT av Le
qsc = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions,m3/day
f = friction factor, dimensionless
Pb = base pressure, kPa F = 6.521d 1/ 6
(SI )
Tb = base temperature, K(273 + C)
P1 = upstream pressure, kPa
P2 = downstream pressure, kPa
g = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Tav = average gas flowing temperature, K (272 + C)
Le = equivalent pipe segment length, km
Zav = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless
d = pipe inside diameter, mm
( )
0.5394
Tb
1.0788
P1 e P
2 s 2
q sc = 435.87 E 0.8539
2
d 2.6182 (USCS )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ
( )
0.5394
Tb
1.0788
P1 e P
2 s 2
3
q sc = 4.5965x 10 E 0.8539
2
d 2.6182 (SI )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ
E = pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than 1.0
q g
0.07305
F = 7.2111E (USCS )
d
q g
0.07305
F = 11.85E (SI )
d
( )
0.51
Tb
1.02
P1 e P
2 s 2
q sc = 737 E 0.961
2
d 2.53 (USCS )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ
( )
0.51
Tb
1.02
P1 e P 2 s 2
2
q sc = 1.002x 10 E 0.961
2
d 2.53 (SI )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ
q g
0.01961
F = 16.7 E (USCS )
d
q g
0.01961
F = 19.08E (SI )
d
( )
0.555
Tb P1 e P
2 s 2
q sc = 136.9E 0.8
2
d 2.667 (USCS )
g xT av xLe xZx
0.2
Pb
( )
0.555
Tb P1 e P
2 s 2
0.8
3
q sc = 1.2822x 10 E
2
d 2.667 (SI )
Pb
g xT xL xZx 0.2
av e
( )
0.5
T P e s
P
q sc = 3.839x 10 E b d 2.5
3 1 2
(USCS )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ av (1 + 3.6 / d + 0.03d )
( )
0.5
T P e s
P
q sc = 5.69x 10 E b
2
d 2.5
1 2
(SI )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ av (1 + 91.44 / d + 0.03d )
( )
0.5
Tb P1 e s P2
q sc = 729.608E d 2.5 (USCS )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ av (1 + 3.6 / d + 0.03d )
( )
0.5
Tb P e s
P2
q sc = 1.0815x 10 E
2
d 2.5
1
(SI )
Pb g xT av xLe xZ av (1 + 91.44 / d + 0.0012d )
( )
0.575
Tb P1 e P
2 s 2
q sc = 85.7368E 0.7391
2
d 2.725 (USCS )
g xT av xLe x
0.2609
Pb
( )
0.575
T P 2
e s
P 2
q sc = 3.0398x 102 xE b 0.7391
1 2
d 2.725 (SI )
Pb g xT av xLe x
0.2609
= gas viscosity, cP
( )
0.538
Tb P1 e P
2 s 2
q sc = 410.1688E 0.8587
2
d 2.69 (USCS )
Pb g xT av xLe
( )
0.538
Tb P1 e P
2 s 2
q sc = 2.827 E 0.8587
2
d 2.69 (SI )
Pb g xT av xLe
0.54
total pressure drop in service, in H O
ft / hr =
3 2
'
( )
( K p ) / ( L + Lef )
Kp = pipe constant
= sp gr of gas
' = sp gr 0.60
L = length of service, ft
Lef = equivalent length of fittings given below
(C 1 + C 2 L x )
C 2 /C 3
C2 C 2 (C 2 + C 3 )
C 1 = z v 1c p L + (1 z v 1 ) c p
C2 = k / m
C 3 = ( z v 2 z v 1 ) (c pL c pv ) / L
P1 P2 z z v v k d 0
C4 = z v 1c pL dL + (1 z v 1 ) c pv dv + v 2 v 1 Q + 2 1 v 1 + gh / L T1
L L L m
C5 =
( z v 2 z v 1 )( P1 P2 )
c + c +
v 2 v 1
L 2 pL dL pv dv
L
CL
Psq = 5
d
Psq = difference in the square of pressures (P12 - P22) for
the pipe segment
C = constant
L = pipe length
d = pipe inside diameter
5
d1
Le 3 = L3
d3
5 5
d1 d1
Le = L1 + L 2 + L3
d2 d3
Q = Q1 + Q2
where
Q = inlet flow at A
Q1 = flow through pipe branch BCE
Q2 = flow through pipe branch BDE
0.5 2.5
Q1 L 2 d 1
=
Q 2 L1 d 2
where
K1, K2 = a parameter that depends on gas properties,
gas temperature, etc.
L1 , L2 = length of pipe branch BCE, BDE
d1, d2 = inside diameter of pipe branch BCE, BDE
Q1 , Q2 = flow rate through pipe branch BCE, BDE
( PB2 PE2 ) =
K e LeQ
d e5
K 1L1Q12 K 2 L 2Q 22 K e LeQ 2
d15
=
d2 5
=
d e5
2 1/ 5
L1Q 2
L 2Q LeQ 2 2
1 + const
5
=1
5
= 2
d e = d 1 1
d1 d2 d e5 const 1
5
d 1 L1
const 1 = Q1 = Q const1/(1 + const1 )
d 2 L2