Ideal Gas Laws

Dr. C. R. Sonawane
Revision to various Gas Laws :
1. Boyle's law : at T = const
P 1/ V or PV = k
2. Charles' law : at P = const
VT or V/T = k
3. Gay-lussac's law : at V = const
PT or P/T = k
4. Avogadro's law : at Avogadro's law states that, "equal
volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure,
have the same number of molecules
Vn or V/n = k
n is the amount of substance of the gas (measured in moles).
The n kilogram-mol is defined as a quantity of a gas equivalent to M kg of the gas, where M is the
molecular weight of the gas
e.g., the molecular weight of oxygen is 32, then 1 kg mole of oxygen is equivalent to 32 kg of
oxygen.
The Characteristic Equation of State

An imaginary gas which obeys this law ( ) at all

Pressure and Temperature is called a ideal gas, and the equation
is called Characteristic equation of state for ideal gas.
Note, is Molar or Specific volume = V/n
P is pressure and T is Temperature.

This constant is called

universal gas constant
The Equation of State :

But, n = m/M M is Molecular weight

The Value of R will depend upon particular gas and can be found
using = 8314.3 J/mol K and M molecular weight of gas.
 Examples:

Try few examples :

Find R for air ?
Find R for helium ?
Tutorial : Find Ideal gas Equation in term of Boltzmann
Constant (or Avogadros Number)?
i.e. PV = NKT
Where N number of molecules ; K Boltzmann Constant
When a gas ideal gas?
When can a gas be treated as ideal gas?

At temperatures that are considerably in excess of critical

temperature of a fluid, and also at very low pressure, the
vapour of fluid tends to obey the ideal gas equation.

For Perfect gas : Specific heat are constant

For Ideal gas : Specific heat are function of temperature only.

In practice, no gas obeys this law rigidly, but many gases

tend towards it.
Real Gas

A real gas obviously does not obey the perfect gas

equation because, the molecules have a finite size
(however small it may be) and they do exert forces
among each other. One of the earliest equations derived
to describe the real gases is the vander Waals equation

(P + a/v2) ( v - b) = RT

Constant a - takes care of attractive forces;

B is the finite volume of the molecule.
Numerical :

1) A sample of sulfur dioxide occupies a volume of

652 mL at 40 C and 720 mm Hg. What volume
will the sulfur dioxide occupy at STP?
Solution :
Numerical :

2) A sample of argon has a volume of 5.0 dm3 and

the pressure is 0.92 atm. If the final temperature
is 30 C, the final volume is 5.7 L, and the final
pressure is 800 mm Hg, what was the initial
temperature of the argon?
Solution :
Numerical :

3) A 20 L container is filled with helium and the

pressure is 150 atm and the temperature is 30 C.
How many 5.0 L balloons can be filled when the
temperature is 22 C and the atmospheric
pressure is 755 mm?
Solution :
Numerical :

A sample of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of

2.00 L at 756 mm Hg and 0.0 C. The volume
increases by 2.00 L and the temperature
decreases to 137 K. What is the final pressure
exerted on the gas?
Solution :