Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress

Vishnu Veeraraghavan, B.E., M. S.

Project 3, ME581 Computer Aided Engineering

Binghamton University, Mechanical Engineering Department

State University of New York

4400 Vestal Pkwy E

Binghamton, NY 13902
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress

Table of Contents

Executive Summery ............................................................................................................ 1

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

2. Description of Final Design ........................................................................................ 2

3. Results ......................................................................................................................... 3

3.1. Stress Analysis: ........................................................................................................ 3

3.1.1. Generic Pin: ...................................................................................................... 4

3.1.2. Link 1: ............................................................................................................... 5

3.1.3. Pin A: ................................................................................................................ 6

3.1.4. Pin C: ................................................................................................................ 7

3.1.5. Pin D: ................................................................................................................ 8

3.1.6. Pin at Slot: ......................................................................................................... 9

3.1.7. Axle: ................................................................................................................ 10

3.2. Forces at Pin with Respect to Piston Displacement:...............................................11

3.3. Factor of Safety: ..................................................................................................... 12

4. Summary and Conclusion: ........................................................................................ 13

Appendices:....................................................................................................................... 14

A) Verification & Validation of stress analysis on a Pin loading case: ...................... 14

B) Verification & Validation of Four Bar Linkage: ................................................... 17

C) Detailed Drawing of the Model: .......................................................................... 21

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress

List of Figures & Tables

Figure 1: Landing Gear Mechanism ............................................................................................... 1

Figure 2: Plan-View Locations of Connections to Ground (Air-Frame) ........................................ 1
Figure 3: Final Design Assembly.................................................................................................... 2
Figure 4: a) Extended Position b) Retracted Position ..................................................................... 2
Figure 5: Generic Pin Loading........................................................................................................ 4
Figure 6: Generic Pin Convergence Graph ..................................................................................... 4
Figure 7: Generic Pin von'Mises ..................................................................................................... 4
Figure 8: Link 1 Convergence Graph ............................................................................................. 5
Figure 9: Link 1 vonMises............................................................................................................. 5
Figure 10: Link 1 Loading .............................................................................................................. 5
Figure 11: Pin A Loading ................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 12: Pin A Convergence Graph ............................................................................................. 6
Figure 13: Pin A vonMises ............................................................................................................ 6
Figure 14: Pin C Loading ................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 15: Pin C vonMises ............................................................................................................ 7
Figure 16: Pin C Convergence Graph ............................................................................................. 7
Figure 17: Pin D Loading ............................................................................................................... 8
Figure 18: Pin D Convergence Graph ............................................................................................. 8
Figure 19: Pin D vonMises ............................................................................................................ 8
Figure 20: Pin at Slot Loading ........................................................................................................ 9
Figure 21: Pin at Axle vonMises ................................................................................................... 9
Figure 22: Pin at Slot Convergence Graph ..................................................................................... 9
Figure 25: Axle Loading ............................................................................................................... 10
Figure 23: Axle Convergence Graph ............................................................................................ 10
Figure 24: Axle vonMises............................................................................................................ 10
Figure 26: Force at Slot with respect to Piston Disp. ....................................................................11
Figure 27: Force at Pin D with respect to Piston Disp. ..................................................................11
Figure 28: Force at Pin C with respect to Piston Disp. ..................................................................11
Figure 29: Force at Pin A with respect to Piston Disp. ..................................................................11
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress

Figure 30: Force at Pin B/Link 1 with respect to Piston Disp. ..................................................... 12
Figure 31:Force at Axle with respect to Piston Disp. ................................................................... 12
Figure 32: Beam Analysis Loading and Constrains ...................................................................... 14
Figure 33: Deformed shape of Beam Analysis ............................................................................. 14
Figure 34: von'Mises Stress Distribution ...................................................................................... 14
Figure 35: Position of Model for Analysis .................................................................................... 15
Figure 36: Four Bar for Analysis .................................................................................................. 15
Figure 37: Four Bar Representation.............................................................................................. 15

Table 1: Forces Measured & Resultant Stresses ............................................................................. 3

Table 2: Factor of Safety ............................................................................................................... 12
Table 3: Verification & Validation Result ..................................................................................... 13
Table 4: Graphical Kinematic Analysis Results............................................................................ 13

Results 1: Forces and Resultant Stresses ........................................................................................ 1

Results 2: Factor of Safety .............................................................................................................. 1
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress

Executive Summery

The goal of this project is to study on mechanism design and analysis of motion and stress,
the mechanism of a landing gear is taken as an example for this study. The problem states that, a
landing gear should be modelled which could deploy without any failure by its own, it also states
that the given ground points A and D, maximum distance of the slot and the dimension of Tire and
wheel should not be changed other than the given dimension. The model itself will have many
interferences with parts that could fail the entire mechanism, the main objective of this project
would be, to design a model that will have zero interference and to perform a finite element
analysis on the pins by applying the total reaction force that is measured due to its connection.
Modifications were designed to allow the mechanism to be functional regardless of
interferences using CREO Parametric 3.0. Link 2 has been duplicated, along with the necessary
pins, in order to reduce the interferences caused between piston and itself. The dimensions of the
Link 1 have been modified in order to nullify the interferences with Link 2 and Tire. Pin lengths
have been chosen accordingly that match the requirements. All the dimensions are in millimeters.
Force analysis was conducted from a motion simulation model using CREO Mechanism
to measure the maximum forces on each pin as the landing gear deployed. These maximum forces
were used for finite element analysis to determine the maximum Von Mises stress experienced by
each pin using CREO Simulate.
The following table shows the resultant stresses and the factor of safety to respective pins.

Results 1: Forces and Resultant Stresses

Sl. No. Pins Forces(N) Stress(MPa)

1 Pin A 13310 118.643
2 Pin C 6848 28.7954
3 Pin D 48.79 0.37625
4 Axle 14320 76.6744
5 Pin at Slot 17793 99.5633
6 Link 1 14520 33.5215

Results 2: Factor of Safety

Sl. No. Pins Maximum Stress (MPa) Yield Stress (MPa) FOS
1 Pin A 118.643 1103.16 9.3
2 Pin C 28.7954 1103.16 39.39
3 Pin D 0.37625 1103.16 2931
4 Axle 76.6744 1103.16 14.51
5 Pin at Slot 99.5633 1103.16 11.08
6 Link 1 33.5215 1103.16 32.91
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 1

1. Introduction

The main objective of this project

is to design a model that will have zero
interference and to perform a finite
element analysis on the pins by applying
the total reaction force that is measured
due to its connection. We have to create
seven components (two links, piston and
cylinder, wheel, tire, and axle) and five
pins (A-D, d) as parts using CREO
Parametric. Dimensions given for the parts
were approximate dimensions that we have
to design the detail dimensions so that
there are no improper interferences in the
Figure 1: Landing Gear Mechanism
assembly for the fixed plan-view location of
the ground points (D, A), dimensions of the tire and wheel, the location of the slot (d-d).

The Plan-View Locations of Connections to

Ground is shown in Fig.2. The problem describes that
there should not be any changes to be done on the
locations of the pins. We can see, to this specific
problem the landing gear motion take over a path by a
slot. Finally, by these design constrains, the final
design should not have any interferences between their
engaging parts.

Figure 2: Plan-View Locations of Connections to Ground

(Air-Frame)
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 2

2. Description of Final Design

The
Modifications
were designed to
allow the
mechanism to be
functional
regardless of
interferences using
CREO Parametric
3.0. Link 2 has
been duplicated,
Figure 3: Final Design Assembly
along with the
necessary pins, in order to reduce the interferences caused between piston and itself. The
dimensions of the Link 1 have been modified in order to nullify the interferences with Link 2 and
Tire. Pin lengths have been chosen accordingly that match the requirements. All the dimensions
are in millimeters. Fig. 4 shows the assembly of the final design. This model now consists of zero
interference while the landing gear deploy. Interference between the tire and the wheel were
allowed to implement the force fit between them. Fig. 3, shows the extended and retraced position
of the landing gear.

Figure 4: a) Extended Position b) Retracted Position

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 3

This specific type of landing gear mechanism consists of a slot connection for its motion.
The Piston & Cylinder, consist of a cylinder connection between them, and brought as a
subassembly to the main landing gear assembly. It is connected to the ground by a pin connection.
And Link 2, Link 1 and the Tire& wheel subassembly are connected using pin connection as shown
in Fig.4. A simulation analysis is performed on this landing gear mechanism, using CREO
Mechanism. A servo motor is attached to the slot connection, for continuous power transformation.
A velocity of 500 mm/s is applied on the connection for the Dynamic Simulation.
After the analysis is done, the forces on the Pin connections at position A, B, C, & D are
measured for further stress analysis. Once the forces are measured, the respective forces are applied
on the pins for the resultant stress due to this mechanism.

3. Results

Force analysis was conducted from a motion simulation model using CREO Mechanism
to measure the maximum forces on each pin as the landing gear deployed. These maximum forces
were used for finite element analysis to determine the maximum Von Mises stress experienced by
each pin using CREO Simulate.

3.1. Stress Analysis:

Table 1: Forces Measured & Resultant Stresses

Sl. No. Pins Forces(N) Stress(MPa)

1 Pin A 13310 118.643
2 Pin C 6848 28.7954
3 Pin D 48.79 0.37625
4 Axle 14320 76.6744
5 Pin at Slot 17793 99.5633
6 Link 1 14520 33.5215

The above Table. 1 shows the results obtained by the stress analysis. The loading on the pins and
their resultant stresses with the convergence graph are shown in the following figures.
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 4

3.1.1. Generic Pin:

Figure 5: Generic Pin Loading

Figure 7: Generic Pin von'Mises Figure 6: Generic Pin Convergence Graph

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 5

3.1.2. Link 1:

Figure 10: Link 1 Loading

Figure 9: Link 1 vonMises Figure 8: Link 1 Convergence Graph

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 6

3.1.3. Pin A:

Figure 11: Pin A Loading

Figure 13: Pin A vonMises Figure 12: Pin A Convergence Graph

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 7

3.1.4. Pin C:

Figure 14: Pin C Loading

Figure 15: Pin C vonMises Figure 16: Pin C Convergence Graph

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 8

3.1.5. Pin D:

Figure 17: Pin D Loading

Figure 19: Pin D vonMises Figure 18: Pin D Convergence Graph

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 9

3.1.6. Pin at Slot:

Figure 20: Pin at Slot Loading

Figure 21: Pin at Axle vonMises Figure 22: Pin at Slot Convergence Graph
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 10

3.1.7. Axle:

Figure 25: Axle Loading

Figure 24: Axle vonMises Figure 23: Axle Convergence Graph

Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 11

3.2. Forces at Pin with Respect to Piston Displacement:

Figure 29: Force at Pin A with respect to Piston Disp. Figure 28: Force at Pin C with respect to Piston Disp.

Figure 27: Force at Pin D with respect to Piston Disp. Figure 26: Force at Slot with respect to Piston Disp.
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 12

Figure 30: Force at Pin B/Link 1 with respect to Piston Disp. Figure 31:Force at Axle with respect to Piston Disp.

3.3. Factor of Safety:

To test the factor of safety of each pin, the Maximum Stress measured from the Analysis
can be compared with the Maximum Yield Stress.

Table 2: Factor of Safety

Sl. No. Pins Maximum Stress (MPa) Yield Stress (MPa) FOS
1 Pin A 118.643 1103.16 9.3
2 Pin C 28.7954 1103.16 39.39
3 Pin D 0.37625 1103.16 2931
4 Axle 76.6744 1103.16 14.51
5 Pin at Slot 99.5633 1103.16 11.08
6 Link 1 33.5215 1103.16 32.91

Thus all the Pins are under the safety factor, as the safety factor is too high we can choose
a cheaper material to reduce the cost of manufacturing.
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 13

4. Summary and Conclusion:

Thus the requirement of modeling a landing gear without any interferences with the
engaging parts is obtained by this model. The safety factors of the parts are found to be high, thus
we have an option of choosing a cheaper material. Thus the study of Mechanism Design and
Analysis of Motion and Stress is successfully done using a specific landing gear model. The
Verification and Validation are attached to the appendices. A detailed drawing of the parts and
assembly also attached to the appendices.

Table 3: Verification & Validation Result

Sl. No. Stress by Calculation Stress by FEA Error

1 9.062 MPa 9.062 MPa 0%

Table 4: Graphical Kinematic Analysis Results

Sl. No. Description By Calculation By FEA Error

w3
1 0.532 ( ) 0.675 ( ) 21 %

w4
2 0.167 ( ) 0.16 ( ) 4%

3 3
5.12 ( 2 )

4.95 ( 2 ) 3.3 %

4 4
1.62 ( 2 )

2.1( 2 ) 22 %

The verification and validation results are show in Table 1 & Table 2; percentage error is also
shown in these tables.
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 14

Appendices:

A) Verification & Validation of stress analysis on a Pin loading case:

Beam analysis is performed on the pins, as these pins act as a loaded beam in the model.
The generic pin case is chosen for this analysis, the load applied on this pin is measured to be
17793 N. This load is applied uniformly along the pin length (50 mm). It consists of simply
supported beam constrain. The Maximum stress is measured to be 9.062 MPa.

Figure 32: Beam Analysis Loading and Constrains

Figure 34: von'Mises Stress Distribution Figure 33: Deformed shape of Beam Analysis
Mechanism Design and Analysis of Motion and Stress 15

B) Verification & Validation of Four Bar Linkage:

A graphical Kinematic analysis is performed for the position of the model as shown in
Figure 35. The Validation results and its errors are stated in Table 4.

Figure 35: Position of Model for Analysis

A
D

Figure 37: Four Bar Representation Figure 36: Four Bar for Analysis
 Drawing No.: 2451250 Rev.: IR
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