RE: Technical Manual - D-O Inka Aeration System FROM: WA. Darby /omke ar Samford cc PLACE: | The attached manual prepared by our Development Department covers the D-O Inka Aeration System for activated sludge treatment. This report follows the same process design as set forth in the D-O Aerator Manual of February 15, 1958, but | should be studied carefully as t6'the application of this system to the process. ‘At the present time we have no operating installations in the United States, but the List of European installations is quite lengthy and impressive. Operating data from only one of these ‘plants 1s available and this is included in the attached report. le hope to obtain and present similar data from other plants in the near future. “It should be noted, however, that the D-O Inka Aeration System is an aeration device to be used in the activated sludge process. Therefore, the process it~ | self is as presented in the D-0 Aerator-Manual and, as such, tests have been ' made on the aeration capacity of the Inka System which substantiate the original Inka information, From this data, the sizing curves set forth in this report were derived. The point to be emphasized here is that the activated sludge Process is an old and established process and we are only utilizing a new and improved aeration device. Our timing with respect to the preparation and issuance of this Technical Menual and’ the tnitiction of our advertising campaign was a little bit off. The first advertisement has already-appeared in some of the trade magazines published thts month and we can expect to begin receiving inquiries momentarily. The advertise- ! ment refers to Bulletin #7317, supplies of which are being forwarded to all offices. This bulletin was printed for us in Holland and will serve as a general illustrative piece of Literature until all details are finalized. ‘The services of George Lambeth are made available to us by our Development Department for assistance on initial promotional work. His services have been used to advantage already in connection with the New Canaan, Connecticut project which we anticipate will be bid in the near future. The consulting engineer on this. project was quite favorably impressed and the only real resistance uhich we encountered cane from the ultra-conscrvative Connecticut State Health Department. The D-O Inka Aeration System should be promoted on all municipal sevage treatment projects incorporating the activated sludge process. This system, combined vith the RSR Clarifier, provides us with the See which can make Dorr-Oliver a leader in the activated sludge fidle. a (Wh Letyo - W, A. Darby Pace: One Baan Sa beniiiratcdt MOR 7 ; Co HH Meat ee 2 q - we « Fas DATES September 1960 TO:All Holders of Subject Manual PLACE:DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT REPORT ON THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM BY ae GEORGE F. LAMBETH vormouvenine. fh reowvent | fai ' IDorr- a R STAMFORD CONNECTICUT SEPT. 15, 1960 REPORT No... AANA AAT AARANIARAAAAAAAAAAAAAASASANANAAAABADBAANANABS ARANDA MASSA AAAI ESINSERTING ADDITIONAL SHEETS Additional material, relating to this subject, may be issued from time to time by the Technical Data Division in the form of Technical Bulletins, Soles Information Sheets, etc. Sheets containing such new material will be provided with T-shaped (—] ) slots along ‘heir left hand edges, corresponding in location and size to the vertcle slots (§ ).along the left hand edges of the original material in this manual. The accompanying sketch illustrates how such T-slotted, new sheets may readily be inserted in this plasticcbound manual without opening the plastic rings. Once inserted in this manner, they will be held in place just as securely as the original ones. Obsolete sheets, to be replaced in this manner, may be torn out and discarded. Another innovation, for the convenience of engineers, is the printing of the title of the ‘manual (or an abbreviation thereof) on the plastic spine of the binder to facilitate rapid identification in the engineers’ Technical Data Files or in their book cas Technical Data DivisionRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT Dork-Ourver SUBJECT D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM . DATE September 22, 1960 READING TIVE Thirty (30) Minutes INF: SUPPLIED & FILING GUIDE Development Dept, ss ( Geo. Lambreth ) + Meohine. AERATORS (SANITARY) a (ed Fobders) ‘AERATOR INTEREST PRIORITIES Primary Sanitory Seles Engineers International Sales Engineers Secondary Development (Sanitary) Engineers Detailed report on this new Swedish aeration system and equipment, rights to which heve been acquired by D- s. certein other countries, Meny operating and cost conventional aeration systems cited, with plent.data, Iist of instal- lations abroad, drawings, flowsheets, tables and methods of calculating sizes and predicting performance supplied, This unique new system could prove to be # significant break through In the old and well established activated sludge process, * | .PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT REPORT ON ‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM G. F, LAMBETH DORR-OLIVER INCORPORATED STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT‘THE D. INKA AERATION PROCESS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 0... sees ee eee tener eee e eee HISTORY ssa cecum meinen a DESCRIPTION ....-..4--00 0-05 eee eke A. Aeration at Shallow Submergence ............5 1, Basic Law. 2. Example ... 3. Accelerated Production of Bubbler B. Selection of Optimum Depth .....+.... : Cs Consideration of Gas-Liquid Absorption ‘Systeme... CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INKA AERATION SYSTEM . A. Test Results at Zurich . B, Aeration Grid Clogging . C. Foaming.......+. APPLICATION TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS .......+-55 . Estimated Oxygen Requirements of Activated Sludge . |. Alr Requirements For D-O Inka System .......0+ Recommendations For Acttvated Sludge Systems. . « Discussion of Design Recommendations... +++ 1, Loading .....+5 2, Oxygen Requirements . 3, Tank Volume,.... 4, Residual Dissolved Oxygen gop FLOWSHEETS «eee eeeeeeeeeerereenereteeee No, 1 Conventional or Modified Activated Sludge Treatment ... No. 2 Sludge Reaeration . No, 3. Industrial Waste Treatment. No, 4 Complete Oxidation ..... No, § Special Round Tank Designs... seseseee Ceonen w x wen 10 10 cB) 12 12 12 14 15, 15 15, 16 16 16 16‘THE D-O INKA AERATION PROCESS TABLE OF CONTENTS APPARATUS FURNISHED BY DORR-OLIVER ......... A. Aeration Grid . B. Tank Baffles . Ca Ran esi ie iticedeiieas ene D, Service Pipe and Air Flow Regulator ........... GENERAL PLANT LAYOUT. .... 0s sseeeeeeeeeee A, Tank Width. ...... B. Water Depth...... CG. Tank Length oo... eee eee eee eens D, Grid Submergence and Baffle to Floor Spacing E, Tank Header Duct Work .... F, Service Pipe Air Flow Regulator... .. G. Air Flow Measurement.......-.005 SIZE CALCULATIONS AND DESIGN DATA. . ‘A. Example of Design Activated Sludge Treatment : (Aeration System Only)... . sees eeeeeeen eee Step 1, Establish Design Criteria ...... Step 2. Calculate Aeration Tank Volume........ Step 3. Calculate Total Tank Length .......++.+ Step 4. Calculate Oxygen Requirement . Step 5. Calculate Transfer Rates. Step 6, Determine Air Requirements .. Step 7. Recommended Atr Duct Sizes - Aeration . Grid Selection 6.06... seee reese rere B, Example of Design Activated Sludge Treatment (Complete Plant)... 0.60. -seeeeeecceeenees 1, Calculations for Raw Sludge 2. Primary Clarifiers . 3, Aeration System... 4, Aeration Tank Volume... 5, Number of Grid ...... 4+ 6. Air Requirements ....... 7 8 9 Final Clarifiers .++-++++. |. Summary of Removals -+ +++ Summary of Aeration System... ++s+e+eeeeee 17 q7 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 2 21 22 22 23 24 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 28x1, xu, ‘THE D-O INKA AERATION PROCESS TABLE OF CONTENTS. C. Example of Design Modified Activated Sludge ‘Treatment (Aeration System Only) .. Step 1, Calculate Aeration Tank B.O.D. Load. . Step 2. Calculate Aeration Tank Volume... Step 3. Calculate Total Tank Length... . Step 4, Calculate Air Requirements........00++ Step 5. Summary .......ee05 SIZING DATA Ct gee risa ee sue u menses ‘Tables, curves, charts from "Fan Engineering", Buffalo Forge Company, Pages 30A - 30G incl. ADVANTAGES OF THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM .". DESIGN OF THIS AIR SUPPLY AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ..... A, Ale Supply... eee c eee ee cece ee eee eee B, Alr Transmission... 6+. esesee estes rere C. Atr Piping and Duct Design... We iGenmrad ete eee eae eee Atr Ducts & General Considerations . . Friction Loss in Ducts or Pipes oe... eee eee Concrete Channels... sees eee creeeeeeeee Circular Equivalents of rectangular ducts ..... Dynamic Pressure Losses.......+.. Pressure Loss in Elbows and Bends Pressure Loss Due to Area Changes ..... Entrance losses to Pipes... 4... 60+ yerousen D. Constderations in the D-O Inka Aeration System... . de ceintake: Channelevaviaigsae csvset e ten 2, Discharge Ducts and Channels . . . 3, System Capacity Varlation- Fan Characteristics . 4, Bffect of Altitude... ... eee. ee E, Useful Charts and Tables .- +0... ees eee e eee ee Pages 44A - 44G Incl. ott 28 28 29 29 29 30 31 33 33 35 35 35 35 36 37 37 37 38 39 al 42 42 43 43 44 44xu. xiv. THE D-O INKA AERATION PROCESS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF INSTALLATIONS AND OPERATING DATA... . Installations 2.0.6... e seen ee ee es Operating Data, City of Orebro, Sweden. . Photos, City of Orebro, Sweden... sseeeeee A. B. c. Drawings D-O Inka Aerator D-0 Bulletin on D-O Inka Aerator ‘Technical Paper "Aeration of Water by Compressed Air at Low Head and its Application for the Purifica- tion of Sewage". oy 45 46 39 62THE D-O INKA ABRATION SYSTEM I, INTRODUCTION Dorr-Oliver has recently obtained exclusive rights in the U.S., Belgium, Bra~ zil, Great Britain, No, Ireland, Erie, France, and The Netherlands for the manufacture and sale of an aeration system, unique in {ts manner and mode of operation, Non-exclustve rights are granted in all other countries of the world except, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Western and Eastern Germany, Austria, Iceland, Poland, Soviet Union and China (mainland) where no rights are granted. This device will complete the line of aeration equipment presently being offered in the municipal and industrial waste treatment fields. It will be marketed as the D-O Inka Aeration System and is covered by'U.S. Patent No. 2,708,571 and other patent actions pending. Patents equivalent to U.S. No. 2,708,571 have also been issued in Great Britain and France. It {s to be considered for municipal, as well as industrial waste treatment aeration applications. However, due to the inherent diversity in industrial waste treat- ment requirements, all inquirtes should be directed to Stamford. ‘The question will undoubtedly arise @s to the choice of this method of aeration rather than the D-O Aerator. The answer to this 1s largely a matter of pre- ferring a diffuser type aeration system to that employing a combination of air diffusion and mechanical agitation, Technically, the two systems offer essen- tially the same advantages. However, certain applications tend to accentuate an inherent advantage of one system over the other. ‘This will be covered in a later section. , HISTORY ‘The Inka Aeration System was developed by engineers of Industrikemiska A.B. (abbr. Inka) of Stockholm, Sweden. Initial development work was carried out in late 40's and early 50's. Since then at least 45 full scale installations (.02 MGD to 20 MGD) have been placed in operation in Sweden, Finland Belgium, and Switzerland. Although there are (as of July 1, 1960) no installations in the United States, this aeration method has proven itself to be a technically feasible, economically attractive and eastly calculable system. The large number of operating installations abroad fully justifies our marketing this system through- out the world, where we have been granted sales rights, as itemized above.‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. ‘At constant power, simllar substitution would indicate that 4400 cubie feet of air could be ‘compressed to a pressure of 1.3 psig (14.7 +1.3 16.0 psia). This pressure corresponds to a submergence of approx- imately 3 feet. Using large volumes of air at low pressure it can be seen that the quan- tty of oxygen dissolved, expressed as a per cent of that added, (absorp- tion efficlency) would be a very low value. For these reasons, commonly used yardsticks or design criterta for conventional aeration equipment cannot be used. 3, Accelerated Production of Bubbles . ‘This leads to another important consideration. In gas-liquid absorption systems, the amount of transfer is extremely rapld at the exact instant of bubble formation, diminishing thereafter quite rapidly. The Inka method of aeration is designed specifically to reproduce new bubble formation on an enormously accelerated scale, thus utilizing this prin- ciple to the utmost. ‘To better indicate the principles of this system, reference is made to Fig. 1. FIG. (2) To obtain absolute pressure in pounds per square inch (psta), add gage pressure (psig) to 14.7 (2) This is the theoretical adiabatic requirement. 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UOReIIe ay, “saqm psres0}I0d * paseds jo'saqsas e yfnoztn ,¥,, UNoYs auoz raddn atp out pariTwpe St IV WALSKS NOLLVUSY VANI O-C SHETHE INKA AERATION SYSTEM Circulation rate and air rate at constant submergence may be also shown in relative terms, Fig. 3. A point of maximum effect exists beyond which further addition of alr reduces pumpage. CRCULATION Rare t se \ From these two basic relationships, a third may be dravm which illustrates the principle of optimum submergence, Fig. 4.* Rie Rare M605 = ais | gy e 1 og ' ON, i $s ay & : iausesi ie gietee| i eucucerion, RATE |'NOTE: A complete description of the Inka System fundamentals 1s contained : in a paper, "Aeration of Water by Compressed Air at Low Head i & Its Application for the Purification of Sewage” by W. Claes H. Fischerstrom, M.ASCE. - September , 1960, Journal Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineering.papas THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. ‘To obtain Fig. 4, it was necessary to consider the common parameter (atr Fate) of Figs. 2 and 3 tn view of its effect on both circulation and submer~ ence. As can be seen, an optimum value of submergence is shown to pro- duce a maximum circulation rate, The Influence of ctrculatlon upon fluld turbulence and the latter on the rate of oxygen absorption keynote the de- ‘tgn considerations of the Inka System. i I CONSIDERATIONS IN GAS-LIQUID ABSORPTION SYSTEMS Generally stated, the rate of absorption of a moderately soluble gas (alt) th a quid 1s proportional to the product of an absorption coefficient and the difference between the equilibrium (saturatlon) concentration of dissolved , oxygen in the liqutd phase and the dissolved oxygen concentration in the liguid. The latter two values are factors which are selected in the case of dissolved oxygen concentration or known in the case of saturation value? ‘The magnitude of the absorption coefficient is influenced directly by the specific aeration device or method. i It|has been shown that a point of maximum circulation exists in relation to alspecific submergence. It remains to be seen how thts may influence de- sign criteria of a functional system. The important constderation ts flutd turbulence and its effect on the absorption coefficient. i ‘The degree of turbulence and air rate are related more or less in direct proportion. A system operating at reduced submergence not only inherits the advantage of increased alr quantitles for given power expenditure but futher benefits by massive water circulation induced by these high aeration rates. The Inka system thus combines a rapidly renewed alx-water surface with increased circulation rates to produce an environment highly destrable in gas-liguid absorption. Experimentation must be resorted to in determining the significance of these relationships and the degree of inter-dependence of the numerous variables ‘of Such systems, To this end, the principles of this system have been examined in pilot and plant scale tests. |‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM I IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INKA AERATION SYSTEM i A, TEST RESULTS AT ZURICH 7 A complete and comprehensive development program was conducted by Inka to establish design criterla for this mode of aeration. These tests were conducted and evaluated by conventionally accepted steady-state and nori steady-state methods of oxygen absorption determinations. As a con- fixmation of the Swedish results} and to extend the scope of Its application, further testing of this system was carried out at the E.A,W.A,G. test i station at Zurich, Switzerland, This work was performed under the direc- e ton of Dr. K. Wuhrman, conclusions for an aeration system of this type. These may be summar- + tzed as follows: 1, !The oxygenation capacity (ppm/hr) at shallow depths and at constant [power increases with decreasing depths to a specific submergence. iBeyond this point, the oxygenation capacity drops due to insufficient | circulation i 2.'"The location of this point of flexton is extremely important, Varlattons from it cause wholesale loss in performance. 43. Other design factors specific to the distribution device itself Include; baffling, and considerations in the proper proportioning of aerated to jo non-aerated surface area. . 4: A high turbulence aeration system such as this holds that considera~ tions at the tnstant of bubble formation and upon bursting tank surface predominate. This 1s opposed to systems whose absorption effect is - | dependent wholly upon time of contact and bubble area. : Predictable and calculable means of determining oxygen transfer rates result from such a relationship. \ ; Detailed discussion and presentation of all the results lead to certain basic precise placement of the perforated air pipes, hole type and size, tank > 5, In a system of this type, a relationship has been established indicating ~ # the effect of alr quantity upon the overall oxygen absorption coefficient.TH D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM Experience has also shown several other factors in connection with the ‘operation of this system. AERATION GRID CLOGGING Surprising as it may seem, the aeration grid holes are subject to clogging. Reports on the extent to which this has become troublesome are somewhat inconsistent, However, the Inka people have worked out a satisfactory solution to this phenomenon, Whehever an alr bubble leaves the hole of a grid, fine water droplets "bounce" back into the grid tube against the outflowing air stream. As this water contains mixed liquor solids, particles of sludge penetrate the Inside walls of the tue, Some of the particles are carried back out with the air stream into the surrounding mixed liquor but some remain inside. The continual flow of air tends to dry those remalning particles of sludge and eventually there is formed a “cake of half-dried sludge. ‘This phenomenon has occured in periods ranging from two (2) to ten (10) weeks. As previously mentioned, a successful solution to this potential problem has been resolved. If a particle of sludge within the aeration grid tube {s wetted, the sludge will again become suspended in liquid. ‘This sus- pension can then, without risk of clogging, pass through the aeration tube holes. The conclusion, therefore, is that the inside of of these tubes must be periodically wetted. To accomplish, the following method is used: Each day, the fans should be stopped for 30 seconds to one minute to allow mixed liquor to penetrate the aeration tubes. This prevents the sludge from drying and caking inside the tubes. When the fans are re- started, the suspended particles are carried out by the issuing water. ‘This method has been completely satisfactory, yet their experience has indicated a reluctance on the part of plant personnel to shut down the air supply with the grids submerged. This natural reluctance is somewhat understandable, In the past, with conventional porous media, it would be unheard of to stop alr supply while the diffusers were submerged. Clog- ging would be inevitable. =m mfVv. THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. : ‘This’ point should be remembered and impressed upon the minds of all concerned. Eyen if it is necessary to remove an aeration grid for in- spection or cleaning, this 1s no major task due to the velattvely shallow submergence and lightweight construction of the grid. ©. FOAMING No abnormal amount of foaming has been experienced, It would be some- thing other than factual to state there will be no foaming difficulties. The difficulties with foam are a problem In activated sludge and this system 1s no exception. We can state, however, that this type of system will not aggravate the condition. ‘The use of sprays and defoaming agents are left to the discretion of the consulting engineer in view of his own personal preference or experience. Confident application of the design criteria obtained from initial testing Is borne out by the number, size, and variation of plant scale installation for this system. Further, tests on a limited scale have been conducted here in the U.S., ina 14' wide by 12° deep by 25" long tank at New Rochelle, New York. Sodium sulfite oxidation tests were performed as well as tank circulation velocity determinations for various alr input rates. These re- sults further confirm present design criteria established by Inka. In summary, this mode of aeration is based on technically feasible principles of gas-liquid absorption. Its appearance on the U.S. scene offers the first truly different approach to diffused aeration systems in the last 30 years. APPLICATION TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS + Prediction of the oxygenation capacity of specific aeration devices demands adherence to certain principles found to be controlling in gas-liquid absorption . As a science, litte deviation from these basic laws 1s possible. Establishing oxygen requirements to be met by these devices has not enjoyed similar limita- tions. | Oxygen requirements of the activated sludge process have been a prominent topic in the literature of sewage treatment. Numerous parmeters have been developed to express these demands, but probably no one rationale has been developed to adequately include all the variations of the basic process. Most of those in use today employ standards of ait use per gallon of sewage treated or unit quantity of alr applied per pound of BOD removed. It ts sufficient to say that present day rules of thumb for air usage will not apply to the Inka system : tioTHE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM = of aeration. Testing of this system has resulted in performance curves on which design criteria are based, As activated sludge oxygen requirements are dependent upon, among other things, sludge loading, curves are presented from which ‘oxygen requirements may be estimated. There are two basic curves, Fig. A and Fig. B and these are found tn the design section of this manual. i A, ESTIMATED OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE (See Fig. A Design Data Section.) Tis curve has been drawn from our best available information. These are Probable requirements at an average temperature of 68°F. In this curve, the loadings are based on the total sludge in the system which Includes the sllidge held in final clarifiers. ‘The amount of sludgeheld in the final tanks 1s|estimated to be approximately 20 per cent of the total quantity of sludge inithe system at any given time. It Is to be noted that there {s an ‘Intermediate zone" of operation, spanning treatment efficiency ranges of 70 to 85 per cent. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to differentiate sharply hetween the various zones of treatment efficiency. In some installations, operation within the intermediate loading rang has been impossible due to the character of the sludge (sludge index) and its poor settling quality. For others, this range hs proven satisfactory. The rationale for this range 1s as yet very limited and can only be account able on a case to case basis. AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM (se Fig. B, Design Section.) “ ‘This curve relates the required oxygen transfer rate and the total air require- ment per unit volume of aeration tank capacity. Depending upon the desired evel of dissolved oxygen, the alr requirements may be determined, Ir is to be noted that ait requirements are based on standard cubic feet of az at fan intake and are expressed in units of air per unit aeration tank volume, ‘The oxygen transfer rate is expressed in parts per million per hour. This is a conventent way to express these values as: One (1) ppm/hr equals 1.5 lbs of oxygen per day per 1000 cubic feet of aeration tank volume. -10-a = -— ! THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM i I Example: 1. Assume total oxygen required equals 1500 Ibs /day i \ 2. Assume aeration tank volume equals 20,000 cu.ft. I 2 To calculate transfer rate in ppm/hr, simply divide the oxygen re- quirements by the product of the aerator volume (expressed in thou- Sands) and 1.5 or: : i 1500 = $0 ppm/hr. | 20x 1.5 ‘The oxygen requirements may be estimated from Fig. A in the Destga Section. | c. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS mH design curves for sizing afford flexibility in meeting any specific pro- cegs requirement. There will be instances in which tt will be necessary to recommend design criteria for oxygen supply, sludge loading and oe tank volume. In this event, the following ts recommended: | TABLE I | DESIGN CRITERIA I Conventional Treatment Modified Treatment AVG, MAX, MIN, AVG, MAX, MIN. Aeration ayia loading, based 35.0 50.0. - 200° «250150 on 1b, BOD per 100 Ib.acttvated sludge soltds. I Oxygen requirements, basedon 9,88 ~ - 045 - - tbs per Ib BOD removed Aeration tak detention,based on 4.5 = = 3,022.78 1.8 average settled sewage flow (hrs) Aeration talk dissolved oxygen 1.5 - - os - - (ppm) Return sludge volume based on 50 75° 20 10 25 - average flow (%) Estimated treatment efficiency 90 - - 65 par Based on BOD removal (%) *On Plants|over 10 MGD, this may not be feasible and 50% max, return would be tsed. -u-: THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM D. DISCUSSION OF DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS Only recently has consideration been given to the tmportance of sludge loading In setting forth design criteria for activated sludge systems. The time-honored standard of pre-selection of aeration tank periods (with ap- parent disregard of sewage strength) has held through the years. Some reluctance to change may be shown by regulatory agencies, but reference should be made to the FSIWA Manual of Practice No. 8, and also, ASCE Man, No. 36, specitically Chapter 10, in which the more recent design criteria are set forth, uM Loading ‘The value of 35 pounds of BOD per 100 pounds of activated sludge solids | (this Is also the same as 0,35 1b BOD per Ib solids) has been selected from our expertence and from a review of numerous plant operating data It ts at thls average loading that a balance exists between the “food” supply (BOD) and the population level of the bacterial communities which “consume” that supply. We express the population level in units | of weight of activated sludge solids. Expressing sludge loading in this | manner also provides a way in which the relative retention time of the sludge solids may be determined. Dividing the total activated sludge solids In the system by the daily weight of BOD appited gives an’ap- proximate measure of the "BOD age" in that the BOD, upon contacting activated sludge, ts transferred to the activated sludge mass itself. The recommended loading provides a retention time of: | 100 Ibs activated sludge held = 9 9 days I 35 Ibs BOD applied/day y i i As in former aeration tank sizing standards, oxygen requirements of the activated sludge process have not escaped “the rule of thumb." Cubic feet of alr per gallon of sewage {s another standard which is used with apparent disregard to the strength of sewage. The more recent de- sign criteria of given quantities of air per welght of BOD removed (1000 C.F, ar per Ib, BOD removed) {s somewhat more specific but it too leaves some latitude in that 1t falls to recognize relative performance of different aeration devices. The Inka System is a case in point. See Pig. 28 Pg. $7 D-O Aerator Manual _Feb. 1958 -i2- 3THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. iThe use of criteria expressing oxygen supply in terms of welght of xygen per unit of BOD removed ts more valld and, further, it provides ‘a common basis of comparison for vartous aeration devices and systems. more detailed discussion of the development of oxygen supply criteria for conventional activated sludge systems 1s found in the first section of ithe technical manual on the "D-O Aerator,” Feb. 1958. It will not be re- peated here. [Experience has probably contributed the most toward ultimate selection lot activated sludge oxygen requirements. However, a useful guide may Ibe found in reference to the classic BOD reactton rate curve. Here lles la clue to activated sludge oxygen requirements. While the reactions loccurring in a BOD bottle cannot be directly compared to those In an laeration tank, in principle the two can be shown to be similar. In an jaeration tank, the biological population is more or less in equilibrium lwith the existing food supply, a necessary condition for the normal BOD reaction rate. The “novmal” BOD reaction rate at 200 C proceeds at a |rate stich that 20.6 per cent of the original blochemical oxygen require- Iment has been satisfied by the end of the first cay, and during each succeeding day, the remaining unoxidized matter 1s further reduced by 20.6 per cent of its value. Reference, therefore, to a specific point along the curve indicates the portion of tlie total or ultimate demand that lhas been satisfied up to the selected point. lin sewage treatment we deal with "S-day demand.” In keeping with the HMoregoing, if we select a 5-day advancement along the curve, we find that some 68 per cent of the ultimate or total demand has been satisfied. Similar percentages would exist for variotis increments of ime. A tabulation can be made of time vs. percent of demand satisfied expressed, rather than in terms of ultimate demand, in terms relative to the standard !S-day 20° C demand :aken as unity. The following results: 5-Day Oxygen Time - Days Demand Satisfied 0.25 8.0% 0.50 16.0% 0.75 24.0% 1.00 30.0% | 2.00 34.0% 3.00 73.0% 5.00 100.0%, 10.00 133.0% i 20.00 143.0%, -B- esTHE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM Referring to the previous paragraphs regarding sludge loading, {t 1s in- dicated that the recommended loading of 35 1b of BOD per 100 lbs of solids results in a "BOD age" of slightly under 3 days. In the above tabulation, a 3-day age would indicate the necessity of supplying 73 per cent of the 5-day demand or 0.73 lbs of oxygen per pound of 5-day de- mand removed. Our present recommendations of 0.88 Ibs oxygen per Pound BOD removed provides some 20 per cent excess of this amount. Again {t must be pointed out that the preceding is in some respects aca- demic, However, it does offer a working hypothests for the estimation of the oxygen requirements in the actlvated sludge process. It must be remembered that in activated sludge systems, varlous proportions of le organic matter removed or transferred to the sludge undergoes dlrect oxidation and still other parts must be used for synthesis of new otganisms. All these factors contribute to the specific oxygen require- ments of any system, = oxygen requirements as a function of sludge loading shown in Fig. in the Design Section, is our best estimate of activated sludge eae Fequirements. 3. Tank Volume This has been selected to matntain mixed liquor solids concentrations In the range of 2000-3500 ppm. These considerations are based on sludge settling characteristics and the ability of final clarifiers to adequately accept feed concentrations in these ranges. By way of an example, purposely made to an extréme for illustrative purposes, let us assume we maintained the recommended sludge load (35 1b BOD per 100 1b solids) in an aeration tank of 1/2 hour detention. Atla flow rate of IMGD and treating 1500 Ibs of BOD, the resultant mixed liquor solids concentration becomes: Ca") ep") . - | 3430 x10 500 x .8_= 3430 lbs Solids 1000000 x 8.34 = 19,700 PPM a5 in Aeration Tank . 24x2 ‘a" above the value 0.8 Indicates an allowance for that sludge retatned In in the final tanks. ue e = ee Oe ksee Oi eee * i THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. ‘The concentration In the preceeding example at the recommended deten- period of 4.5 hrs, reduces to: 3430 x 108 = 2200 ppm 1000000 x 6.54x 4.5 24 Residual Dissolved Oxygen . 1 | A value of 1.5 ppm has been adopted to provide suffictently high DO level | for accurate determinations yet low enough for greater gas liquid ab- i sorption effects, Maintenance of high residual dissolved oxygen levels in aeration tanks {s economically wasteful, particularly as high levels | are not required for maintenance of treatment efficlency. Vi. FLOWSHEETS | : | ‘There-are several flowsheets possible making use of the D-O inka Aeration System However, all sales engineers should keep in mind that recommendations have-been made for design criterla in only two instances: “Conventional treatment 90+ percent removal BOD Modified ‘eatment 65 percent removal BOD | | | Inglirte 8 a9\to the other’flowsheets should be referred to Stamford. I T | manger | me ABCA T IO Titre ~eceyaoer | Flowsheet No. 1 - | Conventional or Modified Activated Sludge Treatment i | | | +18 | |THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM AE CATION Sécowmer Awe Flowsheet No. 2 Sludge Reaeration (consult Stamford) MorRENT Aoorrios! Y Flowsheet No. 3 | Industrial Waste Treatment (consult Stamford) LETTING TaN Flowsheet No. 4 Complete Oxidation (Note: A separate report on this application will be released in the near future.) Flowsheet No. 5 : Spectal Round Tank Design (consult Stamford) -16-THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM VII. APPARATUS FURNISHED BY DORR-OLIVER AERATION GRID \ This is the heart of the aeration system. The aeration grid is constructed of 304 stainless steel, for unlimited durability. A typical grid 1s shown on drawing No, 41021, These grids are supplied In one size only, providing a coverage of approximately one-third tank width. Of utmost importance in the design of this unit 1s to maintain uniform distribution over the entire grid area. If the spacing and proportioning of the aeration grids ts not exactly correct, the ascending bubbles fall to Produce a homogeneous “bubble zone" over the grid. Improper.destgn in tube-spacing results in rising, singular bubble curtains and loss of efft-- clency. The pipe which supplies alr to the grid from the tank header. is called the service pipe. This pipe ts 4" diameter. ‘The grid consists of a hexagonally shaped manifold with a series of tubes extending at right angles outward, These tubes gradually taper down toward the outer extremity for “uniform velocity. The holes are punched (forming nozzles) at an angle from the vertical on the underneath side and alternate from side to'slde. This grid is designed for even distribution and minimum head loss,” A curve showing head loss and flow,rate can be found tn the design section of this report, Fig. C. be ‘TANK BAFFLES ‘The general arrangement drawing shows the suggested baffle arrangement and.the one which we will supply. The baffle support Is a light-weight trués which spans the tank length and need only be anchored at elther end with periodic tie-ins for lateral stability, The baffles are attached by sheeting bolts to the support, The baffles are made of fibreglass for long Ife and Ngtit weight. In gome instances, consultants may prefer, for example, installation of a. pre-stressed concrete thin wall partition, or other similar baffle arrange- ments. The matn concern in such instances 1s to Impress upon the engineer the critical nature of the baffle positioning as shown on the general arrange- ment layout, Drawing No. 41021. I 7 aeraDorr Ollver will offer a line of fans for atz supply, ‘The fans will carry the Dorr-Oliver nameplate. These fans are spectall¥ selected for the D-O Inka Aeration System and fabricated by the Buffalo Forge Co. Buffalo, @ prominent manufacturer of air handling equipment, Specifically, important design features are: Ught-welght construction, and wt Ct design, with effictent performance. These units are available with clockwise and counterclockwise rotation for top horizontal, bottom horizontal or up-blast discharge. Rotors are of weldea construction and balanced before shipment, A complete tabulation of principal dimensions, Sizes and capacities ts found on drawing §-4317 of this report, All units are to be V-belt connected, . SERVICE PIPE & AIR FLOW REGULATOR : _— ae grid to the service pipe, the service pipe itself, and the air flow regulator, . VIL,” GENERAL PLANT LAYour The'recommended general.arrangements for this system are shown on drawings No, 41005 and No. 41021 in the Appendix. ‘These tre drawings contain the Lmpereany dimensions for the layout of a complete system, ‘There are several Important detalls that warrant epectal comment, as follows: A. TANK WIDTH ane fecommended tank width ts 18 feet inside wall to wall with a ‘maximum allowable width of 20 feet. WATER DEPTH ‘ Maximum water depth 1s shown as 14 feet, with increments of one foot down to 10 feet, With the récommended width and a given wae, depth, the variable “lmension to accommodate a given tank volume becomes length, ~"+ Cc. : x THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM ‘TANK LENGTH “To allow even grid spacing and,a standard batfle support section, tank length should be established as'a number“divistble by seven (7). ‘The standard baffle support sections are 7 feet long, accommodating two grids which are spaced ‘on 3°6" centers. The maximum allowable single tank length is 196 feet, GRID SUBMERGENCE AND BAFFLE TO FLOOR SPACING. These are critical dimenstons and must not be deviated from for any reason. ‘The! "uneven" dimenstons are not an accident but have been found to be im- ) portant tn the design of the aeration system. These dimensions are shown ou drawing No. 41021. ‘TANK HEADER DUCT WORK : On drawing No, 41021, there are two arrangements shown, One incorporates the use of the upper tank concrete coping as the duct itself. ‘This design has bee used almost without exception in Europe. It definttely offers a potential cost saving In view of the low pressures inside the duct (1.25 psig) and utt- lizes a space normally occupted by a smaller pipe. If this construction 1s Hae used, consulting engineers must exercise great care In specifying concrete * detalls 60 as to assure "tight" concrete. . : ‘Thé alternate arrangement shows a steel tube layout to which the individual service pipes are welded, A cost estimate of these two alternates should be Investigated by the consultant. In some cases the reduction in piping costs by using the concrete duct design may well add considerably to the overall cost reduction, - I SERVICE PIPE AIR FLOW REGULATOR : i ‘The purpose of this damper arrangement in the service pipe Is twofold: | 1, {To allow in-service removal of grid for inspection. 2, /To adjust, if required, air flow to individual grids or a zone of aeration _ (tank, (tapered aeration) -19-THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM “AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT. Air flow measurement may be accomplished in this system by the use of the simple Pitot tube. The placement of these taps is left to the discretion of the engineer, -However, one such arrangement is shown, The Pitot taps are located in the tank header duct, Tubing for differential head transmission can easily be run to a conventent place inside the fan room for measurement. IX, SIZB CALCULATIONS AND DESIGN DATA SIZE CALCULATIONS AND DESIGN DATA This section deals with the method of sizing and selecting the equipment used in the D-O Inka Aeration System. The various design and sizing curves are con- tained in the back of thts section for easy reference. A. EXAMPLE OF DESIGN-ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT Aeration System Only. Given: Design Population : 30,000 Design Flow (Avg.): 3,0MGD , -B.O.D. per Capita: 0.17 Ib/day Primary treatment removes 30% of raw sewage B,O.D, Require 90% +B.0.D. removal. . 5 In this example, it will be assumed that our recommendations are requested and-no stated oxygen requirement and aeration tank-detention periods are ‘given: Calculations concern only the aeration system, . Step 1+ Establish Design Criteria Refer toTable I of recommended criteria for conventional treatment n Sec- ton V. ! Find: ay Aeration tank loading: - 35 Ib BO.D,/100 lb solids b. Oxygen requirements: - 0,88 1b Oxygen /Ib B,O.D, removed from aera- tion tank feed volume. ‘¢, Aeration tank detention: - 4.5 hts based on average flow 4, Aeration tank dissolved oxygen concentration equals 1.5 ppm -20-: THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM Step 2 - Calculate Aeration Tank Volume ‘The total volume required at 4,5 hrs detention, based on average flow, equals 25,000 cubic feet per MGD flow. In this example the total volume equals: : 3.0 x 25,000 = 75,000 cubic feet (total) Step:3 - Calculate Total Tank Length In this case, we will assume an aeration tank (water depth) of 14 feet. The recommended tank width is 18 feet, therefore, the total length |s: * 775,000 = 298 feet total : i4x 18 We Could Have: two (2) tanks 149 Peet Long i three (3) tanks pots eaaty Fa four (4) tanks 740" ™ (use) «To afford fextbiltry and thultiple operation, four tanks are recommended. ‘The length, however, must be such as to accommodate a standard grid and : thus: should be divisible by seven (7), In this example the’tank would be « selected to favor more yolume and thus be 77 feet tn length, Summarizing, a total of (4)-tanks would be recommended, each 18 feet wide, 14 feet af water baie and 7 feet.long, Total volume equals 77,700 cubic feet, aa 4- Calculate ‘Oxygen Requirements + Toldo this, the daily welght of B.0.D, removed by the aeration system must be calculated. a. Raw B.O.D. = 30,000 x 0,17= 5100 Ib/day ee iRaw B.0.D. ppm = $100 = 207 ppm 34d i * 0.1716 BOD/capttaTHE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTE AEE ECO INKA AERATION SYSTEM Assume 30% of B.O.D, removed in Primary Clarifier »B.O.D. to, Aeration System = 100 x 0.7 = 3570 Ib/da (Assumes 30% reduction in B.O.D. by primary clarifier's) PPM to Aeration System = __3570 = 145 ppm 8.34x 5.0 B.0.D. removed by Aeration System (90% reduction acroas second- ary system) ; Onygen required (0,88 Ib. oxygen/lb B.0.D, removed) = 3220 x 0.88 = 2840 Ib oxygen/day x Step 5 - Calculate Transfer Rate é Calculate Transfer Rate, ‘Transfer rate * (ppm/hr) = __2840 = 24 ppm/hr LS x 77.7 aes Step 6 - Determine Air Requirements Refer to-Fig. B which relates air required vs transfer rate for various sed ntratlons of dissolved oxygen tithe aeration tank. At 1.5 pm and 24 ppm/hr, read 100 scfm aix/1000 cu, ft, volume. ‘Air Required = 100 x 77.7 = 7770 sctm = say 7800 ~) | fank header supplying two tanks, As there are four tanks, twa main | Readers are required. Therefore, the avezage flow /header te 7 = 3885 scfm, say 3900.scfm If only two fans were installed, each would be 3900 scfm each, However, it ts recommended that an additional fan of the same size be installed to 1 5 Ib oxygen/day/1000 cu.ft.aeration tank volume,THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM ‘ act as standby and also provide 50 percent reserve capacity. The result of such an arrangement is the possibility of a $0 to,150 per cent varlatlon in capacity by adding or removing a fan from the line. Inter- thedlate adjustment 1s also possible by dampening at the service pipe through use of the flow control regulator located Just off the tank header supply duct. Summarizing, the air requiréments would be satisfied using three (3) 3900 scfm fans. Ductwork would, therefore, he sized for maximum flow conditions of 5850 scim (1.5 x 3900). ‘The specific fan ts selected from Table li, This would be a Type CB, Stze 35-5 installed with a 40. HP. motor." > Step 7 - Recommended Atr Duct Sizes - Aeration Grid Selection On the general arrangement drawing, a table of recommended duct ‘izes for various air flow ranges gives the required sizes. This table has been reproduced in Table Ill of this section for conventence. > For a maximum header flow of 5850 scim, the recommended sizes would b Ve i Scfm range: 5100-7599 / ! Intake channel: 84" x 36" | Header Supply duct: 60" x 30” 2 Tank header diameter: 24" 1." | oF . Gria Selection - This ie a simple matter since the tank < length has. been Metermined in view of grid size, A standard baffle section of 70" carries two (2) grids, Therefore, in this example, the tanks are 77 ft. jong requiring 11 sections of 2 grids per section. Each tank gets 22 oe Four tanks require a total of 88 grids. ‘Summary: + Aeration Tanks ~ Four (4) 18'w x 77'1 x 14" water depth. 3, “Aeration tank loading = 35 1b. B,O,D./100 Ib. solids. +o 4, Aeration tank loading = 46 Ib, B.O.D./1000 cu. ft. aeration | 2. Aeration Tank detention based on raw flow = 4.5 hours. i iz tank,‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM THE PAO INKA AERATION SYSTEM 5. Air required = 7800 sctm at approx. 35" water(1.25 psig). 6, Recommend three (3) fans, 3900 scfm each - requixing 40 HP, 17. The coniected HP/MG at design flow is 26.6 HP, 8. No. of grids required = 88 9. Lineal feet baffling required = 308 feet, There is one other detail which must be supplied to the consultant. ‘This is the estimated head loss through the grid at maximum and average flow conditions, This is obtained by reference to Fig. C. : en Average flow to all grids 7800 scfm, Number of grids (Total) = 88 ‘Average flow per grid 88.5 - say 90 scfm. Estimated head loss avg. flow 1.64 inches of water, Max. flow per grid (150% avg.) 135 seffn, Head loss at max. flow 3.14" B EXAMPLE OF DESIGN-ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT COMPLETE PLANT Given: Design population = 50,000, Design flow > 5.0 McD B.O,D. per capita/day > 0.17 Ibs, Sus, Solids/capita/day - 0.22 Ibs, In this example, done to illustrate to screening and grit removal equip- ‘ment or for the handling of sludge produced trom: the system, = 24-' THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM 1. Calculations for Rew Sewage | Raw B.O.D. = 50,000 x 0.17 = 8500 Ib/day Raw Sus. Sol. 90,000 x 0,21 = 10,500 Lb. /day I | Raw B.0.D. = 18500 2905 som B.34x5.0 PR s Raw Sus. Sol. 10,500 52 pi : 8.34% 5.0 . Primary Clarifiers |.» Designed for 1000 gal/sq. ft./day. | I oe | Designed for 2.0 hours detention. | Total Area Required: 5,000,000 =5,000 sq.ft. 1,000 ' I | ‘The recommendation tn this case would be two (2) 60 ft. dlameter :. clarlflers providing an area of 5650 sq.ft. The SWD required Is: (ee ee Gi000, 00022 eee ae 24 x 7.48 185 feet - say 10'0” oe . Estimated removals are: 50% Sus. Solids 30% B.0.D. 3. Aeration System a, Design for 35 Ib. B.0.D. /100 Ib. solids. b. Design for 4.5 hrs. (25000 cu.ft. /MGD). ¢. Design for dissolved oxygen level = 1.5 ppm 4. Oxygen supply = 0,88 Ibs per 1b, B.O.D, removed. fe. Return sludge = 50 per cent average flow. 1, Remove 90% B.O.D. and suspended solids across aeratton ‘system which includes the final clarifiers. . -25- | fo *INKA AERATION SYSTEM LINKA AERATION SYSTEM oy 4, Aeration Tank Volume @. 5.0 MGD x 25,000(CF/MGD) = 125,000 cu.ft. b. Tank Sizes total length = 125,000 ~ gos feet“ ~ . 1x14 Use four (4) tanks - 126 feet long* %. c.. Require 4 tanks: 18'w x 14'swd x 12611 Total volume = 127,000 cu.ft, * é 950,000 gallons. 5. Number of Grids Required @. Grids/tank = 126 x 2 = 36 grids (7' for 2 grids) 2867 b. Total = 36 x 4 = 144 grids 6, Air Requirements 5-0.D. to aeration system = 8500 x'0.7 = $950 Ib/day. (0.7 factor allows for B.0.D. removed by primary clarifiers),’ ; B.O.D. removed by aeration system = 5950:x 0,90.= 5355 Ib/day _ Oxygen Yequtred = 5355 x 0.88 = 4725 Ib/day, ‘Transfer rate =" 4725 we = 4725 _ = 25 ppm/hr. 1.5 x 127 ae (1 ppm/hr=1,5 Ib oxygen/day per 1000 cu.ft. aeration tank volume), Total scim required (from Fig. B): 105 scfm/1000 CF, Atr required = 105 x 127 = .13400 scfm total Ar ts split to supply two tanks per header duct or 6700 scfm, 2 tanks. Duct Design(at 150% average based on 6700 x°1.5 = 10,000 sefi : “Note this has been rounded off to the next largest number divisible by seven, = 26-ar | THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. i ; I 1. Aeration tank solids concentration ~ this may be obtained di- rectly from Fig. D by entering with the ppm’B.O.D, to aera- | tors and reading directly in ppm suspended solids in the mixed Mquot. In this instance the required mixed liquor solids con- centration is 1650 ppm. Calculation shows; = 5950. + 7 X 0.8 = 1650 pom -- 8.34 x .950 iG Final Clarifiers s ae Based on 800 gal/sq.ft. day. ” I b. | Based on 2 hour detention ay a 1 Area required: 5, oa, 000 = 6250 6a... oy . Nearest standard design would be two (2) 65'dlameter untts oe oY | (6636 sq.ft.) and a recommendation of the RSR or rapid sludge ‘* removal type unit would be made. Tank’depth 1s: a a ¢ is i ‘ fe i 5,000,000 x 2. Te Book, i = 6636 ? ‘ a 24x 7.48 neeeeaat Gea) I : D=8.5 feet. e oy > : 8! Sumidary of Removals (Ibs/day) : a : le i See , | Ibs. Im Ibs Out Ibs Removed ¥7i°4 Primary Clarifier(sus.sol.) 10,500” 5230 5250 fe I Aératton'System (sus.sol.) 5,250 825 4728 S eau Primary Clarifier (B.0.D.) 78,500 + 5950 2550 ae ‘ I Aeration System (B.0.D.) - 5,950,595 5355 . Sludge for thickening and digestion: : ‘ | i | Primary Sludge - $250 Ibs/day « : Secondary Sludge ~_4725 lbs/day : eee Total 9975 Ibs/day !THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. 9, Summary of Aeration System a. Air required - = 13400 scim @ 35" water, No fans recommended = three (3) (1 standby). Size fans recommended = 6700 Scfm (60 HP). Total connected HP/MGD = 24; 7 Total number grids required = 144, f. Lineal feet baffling required = 504 feet. g. Duct design as per Table IIL. C. EXAMPLE OF DESIGN: MODIFIED ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT (Aeration System Only) Given: Design population - 18,000 Design flow - 1.5 MGD Design load B,O.D./cap, ~- 0.17 lb./day Require 65% B.O.D. reduction Primary Clarifiers provide 30% B,0.D. removal. Preliminary test program indicates a transfer rate of 60 ppm/br. is required for satisfactory treatment. Provide 2 hrs. detention on average flow. Engineers indicate a design residual dissolved oxygen of 0.5 ppm is satisfactory, Step 1 - Calculate Areation Tank B.O.D. Load Raw B.O.D, = 18,000 x .17 = 3060 lb/day. = 28 -| Raw ppm =___ 3060 | 1,5 x 8,34 oc eee eee ee eae = 242 ppm Step 2 - Calculate Aeration Tank Volume I | The total volume required to provide two (2) hours detention Jon average flow ts: 7 1:500,000%.2 © 16,700 eu.te. | 24x 7.48 i Stepi3 - Calculate Total Tank Length : In a tank 18 feet wide and a liquid depth of 14 feet, the equivalent ‘total length ts: | | 16,700 = 66 feet I ia x 18 | fe ‘Two tanks would be 33 feet long each. Must have tank length divtetbie by 7. Therefore,’ the recommended length is 35 feet. Note: Varlattons In tank dimensions from that calculated i may be made if so desired, i.e. two tanks 18'w x 10" swd x 49" long, or two tanks 16'w x 11" swd x | 49" Jong. Tank Recommended: 2 - Tanks 18" wide x 14" liquid level x 35" long volume = 17,700 cu.ft. Step 4! - Calculate Air Requirements | The desired transfer rate has been determined (60 ppm/hr.). therefore, enter Fig, B and read alr requirements at 0.5 ppm dissolved ‘oxygen level of: 175 scfm/1000 cu.ft, or 175 x 17,7 = 3100 scfm i +29 -THE D-O INKA AERATION. THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM provide a second fan of equal capacity as standby. ‘Specific selection Pf ahe fan is made by reference to Table Il, ‘This would be Type CB, size 35-5 installed with a 30 HP motor. Recommerided duct sizes are determined from Table MIL, for 4650 scfm (3100 x 1.5). , Step § - Summary : a. 2-Aeration Tanks - 18'w x 14" liquid level x 35! long. b, Aeration tank volume ~ 17,700 cu.ft. cc, Air required’- 3100 scfm. : 4, Number and size fans recommended - 2 - 3100 scfm. e, Number of grids required - 10. : £, Lineal feet of baffle required ~ 70. g. Total HP/MG - 20.0. SIZING DATA Refer to following on next seven pages: Fig. A ~- Estimated oxygen requirements vs sludge loading, Fig. B - Air Requirements. Fig. C -+'Aetation grid head loss for various air flow per grid. Fig. D. ~ Mixed liquor concentration based on specified loading. Fig. G - Fan Data ‘Table Il - Fan selection data. ‘TablelIl - Recommended intake and discharge duct and pipe sizes« 3spoysquang oz spiend 3198-2 O9-£-0%7 ‘HEE CORI‘ p07 Joord-dy2p uado axe sx030N “1 s +aION ‘ ser 7 : 000z1/000' 11 rs9 ot oot 7 “ 000° 11/0006 89 st st 7 " 0006/0024 989 mt 09 : : 0024/0009 9-09 et see Tow 009/006" 09 a1 o” 7 a 069/008 : s-se w _ Soc 7 . ove /oote s-se or 7 sz oote/ooee. Sse 6 sz : : o0ez/o0zz es : 1 Pose 8 a oz . ‘ 022/002 "nse l i 4 seo 7 041/081 roe 9 é st “ : oos vost : 08 s ot 7 osoroce c-0 > : astee i‘ ee 008/009 : €-0¢ c s . 7 009/d0s z s ovse_. .00¢/000— eae oe ae wea aiuey Ton aox01t nau RaD : ued - VIVO NOTOSTaS RFE eo. oTABLE TOL acowskoen netace ai viscmnodpucr as 2 pia. seen DISCHARGE ~ "TANK RANGE pur HEADERS 300-899 16x12 8 900-1399 Btxlé aks 10 1400-2599 . 48420 33x18 *, 14 2600-3499 56x26 40x20 16 3500-4299 60x30 aDKes 18 4300-5099 68x30 46x27 20 5100-7599 84x36 60x30. 2 7600-10 ,000, BhxG8 60x40 28 (all dimensions in inches) Vélocity in intake duct at max. air flow = 350 ft/min Velocity in discharge duct at max, air flow = 600 ft/min Velocity in tank header at max. air flow = 2400 ft/minKola. [JF OlA, a clolélFi{[elalyle (Be als" 15" baz 5k 17"{10"| 70" 48 | 15" \V5e Wak Vs2 | 17" | ur" La" 7B s*| 1s" [2E 68 | 17 [738 [15F | 94/7873 42 vaZ| 21"| 16" | 76 log |1 7172 | “Lys \22z| /SZ| 26 |303): 34" | 18"| 42" 278 "| 3/"|s2R 35s igen 36"| 20°} 42") FAN Oo. USTOMER TO FURNISH TRANSFORMATION PIECE FEO WTLET TO THE MUNIMUM DIAMETER DISCHALCE 306. DUCT LISTED OL EQUIVALENT AREA. SIZES 30-2 THRU 35-5 @ 3500 BP. SIZES 60-4, 65-4 @/77O LPM. SF.3/7_THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM XI _ADVANTAGES OF THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM i ‘The major advantages of this system over conventional means of aeration are: | Lower initial cost. Simple, low maintenance, components resulting in less mainténance costs. Low power requirements ve ° ‘The underlying reason for all of the major benefits derived from this mode of aeration {s;simplicity. From the rugged, low maintenance type fan (bearings |are the only metal to metal contact) to the grid itself, all major. components offer the same advantage, simplicity. Simple vehtlating type fans supply atr to the system. “Filtering” ts accom- plished though louvered gratings or screens. Their primary object {s to keep out leaves, sticks, birds, etc. Gone from the scene 1s the complicated and expensive air filtering system required by porous media type diffusion devices. The fan replaces the positive displacene at blower, a precision made closé tolerance type compressor which requires frequent lubrication, oll changel etc. Air system piping, through larger in diameter than conventional pipe size, need not be more expensive. The word ‘piping’ may be a misnomer in that thin wall lightweight tubing {s used as pressures are low. By the use of con- crete chanbels or ducts considerable potential 1s available for reductng labor and maintenance costs tn connection with the alr distribution system. Air metering can be accomplished through the use of simple and reitable Pitot tubes. ‘Tne aeration grid 1s fabricated of 304 stainless steel material for long life. ‘The grid, being submerged less than 3 feet, can easily be Iifted by one person from its position in the tank for Inspection. Ali is discharged through 1/8 inch diameter holes, considerably more clog resistant than present day devices, ‘The flow control regulator servicing each grid allows adjustment of air flow per grid over a wide range, This 1s possible because fans, not unlike centrifugal pumps, may be throttled with correspondingly reduced power requirements. As far as operating power {a concerned, the D-O Inka Aeration System will be comparable and possibly lower than conventional systems, This is particularly! 5 true where loxygen transfer rates exceed 50 ppm/hr. Except on a case basis, mm Ee aE eS Fe = ‘231THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. it ts practically impossible to accurately compare power costs and require- ments. ‘This system will undoubtedly be compared to the D-O Aerator, There will be cases where a totally diffused type of system will be preferred by the consultant to that of a combination of mechanical and dispersed air systems, such as the D-O Aerator, Eacti of the two systems has certain advantages and the choleé is determined on individual merit for a specific job. To assist in the comparison, . ‘a table has been prepared offering a “check Hst" including the more essential features in a system to system evaluation, : COMMENTS ON SUGGESTED ITEMS FOR COMPARISON OF AERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS Item Conventional D-O Aerator D-0 Inka Aeration Tank —-Requires coping at top Straight wall Only partial Design and floor for "spiral design, no coping req'd. flow". coping, : ‘Air Compressors Rotary positive disp. Same as conv. Ventilating type of centrifugal except usually type fans used compressors(6-8 psig). about 1/2 size. (1.25 psig). Air Filters Requirements directly _ Only moderate None required. dependent upon porosity filtering re~ of diffuser typer. quired, Usually schedule 40 Same as for ‘Thin wall with suitable corrosion conventional,’ tubing & con- protection, crete ducts. Air Meters Orifice meters and Same as for Pitot tube flow nozzles conventional; Of significant importance is the equipment costs in any system comparison. .» In the preliminary estimation stage, care must be made to compare each sys- temon an equal basis, For diffuser systems, the cost of replacement diffusers to be iised during cleaning of clogged tubes 1s usually NOT included in an esti- mate of equipment costs.. These "spare tubes are necessary, however, for-un- interrupted service and should be charged against it as necessary cost. |For swing diffuser systems the lifting device is often left out or found under general equipment specifications.XIL ‘The alr filtration equipment cost {s high and completely eltminated {n the Inka system. Malntenance and time spent for cleaning clogged tubes Is a valid Comparison and some equitable "deduct" for reduced costs should be considered. Where |expanston of existing activated sludge facilities 1s considered, the D-O Aerator generally proves the best method, Often the addition of mixers 18 sufflctent with no additional air required. Even if additional alr requtre- ments are found necessary, existing alr plping is usually adequate. For the D-O. Inka system, new piping as well as air supply means would be required. For ala flexibility of design to meet a wide range of oxygen requirements, the D- Aerator 1s again a good choice. Vartable air rate with varlable-mixer speed tb possible over a wide range and, if initially anticipated, result in much flexibility. : For large plants of medium to weak sewage strength, the number of separate mixer drive units required will show as a disadvantage for the D-O Areator. ‘The opposite is true for the Inka system. All of the above factors should be considered in making a selection. It 1s hoped that in the Initial sales promotion of this new system, some actual and valid cost comparisons will be obtained. As soon as available, they will be distribu- ted, DESIGNIOF THE AIR SUPPLY AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM T A AIRISUPPLY In this system, alr 1s supplied by centrifuged fans, not unlike those found tn alr conditioning practice. Scme useful charts and tables for stzing on distributing systems are given in the back of this section. The A.S.M.E. Test Code limits a’"fan" to one in which the fluid density change does not excded seven (7) pe¥ cent, (this {s approximately one (1) pst) and classt~ fies|those in excess of this as blowers or compressors. Conventional activated sludge air supply devices fall into the latter category. Where pressures do not far exceed one (1) psi, very little error ts intro- duced when formulae are applied to the flow of air,as if incompressible fluid conditions existed. A brlef review of the vafious pressures (head) encountered in a system of this type may be helpful. -33-‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM Static Pressure (or head) is the compressive pressure existing in a medium and is a measure of its potential energy. It may exist either at rest or in motion and is the means of producing flow and maintaining it against a re~ sistance. Velocity Pressure 1s that pressure corresponding to the velocity of flow and is a measure of the kinetic energy of the flowing medium. Assuming frictionless flow, it is equivalent to the pressure producing flow or stated in another way, itis the pressure that may be produced by stoppage of flow. . Total Pressure is the stim of the static and velocity pressure, and is sum ‘of the static and velocity pressure, and is a measure of the total energy in the fluld, - Static pressure may be transformed to velocity pressure and vice versa, though always with an accompanying loss in magnitude. The static pressure in a pipe is partially converted into velocity pressure when gradually entering’a duct of smaller cross section. Again, if the pipe sec- tion gradually enlarges, the velocity pressure 1s reduced and the static * pressure increased. It must be remembered, however, that the total pressure suffers a loss in any event, except where energy is imparted to the air (as in flow through a fan.) Pressure drop in air transmission systems 1s due to friction and dynamic “pressure (velocity pressure) losses, Fricton losses are due to the fric- tion of air against'the sides of the duct and to internal friction between the air molecules, The dynamic losses are caused by changes in the direction .. ‘or velocity of air flow and may also be caused by changes in size and shape of the cross section of-the duct, by bends, and by obstructions to the. normal path of-flow. + In recommending the varlotis sizes of ducts, velocitites, etc. for this sys- tem; reference is made to commonly employed haiidbooks for heating and ventilating engineers, ‘Two such examples are: : "Heating Ventilating Air Conditioning Guide" published by the American Society of Heating & Ventilating Engineers “Fan Engineertag” published by the Buffalo Forge Company= ‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM Further, the expertence gained by the engineers at Industrikemiska on 45 full-scale installations has verified the use of certain design criteria. B, AIR TRANSMISSION To attempt a discusston of air duct design practice which would cover all pdssible applications 1s impractical’tn a report of thts nature. Informa- tion will be presented to guide the engineer in selection and sizing of | major duct stzes and dimensions, : ‘The ultimate total pressure {s an extremely important factor, The lehgth of runs, number of bends, etc must be selected so that the total pressure(including 31" of grid submergence) DOES NOT EXCEED 1,25 sig or 35 inches of water. This 1s a direct consideration in the deter- mination of the power requirements of this system. nae a a @ C. AIR PIPING AND DUCT DESIGN 1, General . This text has been prepared to set forth the recommended design criteria for the alr transmission system. The underlying theme of all design criteria is to minimize head losses which In turn de- | termine air supply power values. In the design of the fan system it should be remembered that a lower static pressure than calcu- . lated (equal to the calculated resistance) results in larger air flow ,_ | and higher power consumption than necessary. For this reason, a higher than calculated static pressure Is never used, If "safety factor" 1s to be used, fans are selected for larger air flows than calculated at a given static pressure. 2. Atr Ducts - General Considerations High velocities result in high losses. Although specific velocities __} are recommended from experience, the fundamental consideration is loss of head and not velocity itself. Most of the ducts are in effect "channels", and as such are generally less costly than pipe. ‘The low pressures favor channels whereas commercial pipe Is | often more expensive in that {t is designed for higher pressure. Further, to maintain low velocities, channel costs are relatively little increased by increased cross sectional area when compared to round pipe, @ factor minimizing the need to sacrifice design : | standards for cost considerations -35-THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM ‘The losses in the fan system can be classified and occur in two general categories: a, Losses due to friction in ducts b. Losses due to the change in direction or magnitude of the aix velocity. In deterniination of the magnitude of these losses,,"accepted design criteria and curves have been used. Some of these have been repro- duced, for convehlence, from the "heating Ventilating andAir Con- ditioning Guide", published by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, (A.S.H.V.E.) as well as‘from the’handbook “Fan Engineering", published by the Buffalo Forge Company. See Pages 44Ato443incl.. » Frictidn Loss in Ducts or Pipes Pressure drop in straight ducts 1s most readily calculated by means of air friction charts, Figures 1 and 2 are charts developed by the A.S.H.V.E, research laboratory. The air friction chart is based on standard air (70 F and 14.7 psia) with a density. of 0,075 1b/cu.tt. flowing through average, clean, round metal ducts, having approxi mately 40 joints per 100 feet, Figures 1 and 2 should.not-be ex- trapolated. For the average application, values from the charts should have sufficient precision, without corrections, for any alr -temperaturésfrom 50-90 degrees F, for any rélative hunitdlty, and for-any normal variation in barometric pressure. For ordinary'work, friction may be assumed to vary directly as the density without serious error, therefore: Where: hg = friction loss under actual conditions h, = friction loss under standard conditions ‘dg "= density under actual conditions dg = density under standard conditions‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM 4.) Concrete Channels . For ducts of other than metal construction, correction factors are obtained from Fig, 3, The values for ptpe roughness are shown in Table 1. The friction losses for concrete channels are classified as “medium rough" and an estimate of friction loss is obtained by multiplying the loss obtained in Fig. 1 or 2 by an appropriate factor: 5. | Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts Air handling systems are usually stzed and calculated using round ducts, Conversion for equivalent areas of rectangular ducts and equal friction per foot is simplified by reference to Table 2. 6, | Dynamic Pressure (Velocity Pressure) Losses te Whenever eddys are caused, brought about by sudden changes in the *:;. direction or magnitude of the air velocity, a greater loss in pressure takes place than would occur under constant flow through a straight duct of untform cross section. These type of losses generally fall into two categories: S a. Loss due to change in direction (branches, ells, bends, etc.) b, Loss due to change in cross sectional area (Inlets to branches, headers, outlets, etc.) : ‘The dynamic loss varies substantially, as the square of mean ve- locity of the air and the loss is usually expressed as a fraction of the ‘velocity head: : . ay ny =e [_y? 2a = 1 velocity head loss in feet of liquid ° 8 an experimentally determined constant ~ which is called the dynamic loss"co- efficient. velocity of fluid, In feet per second. < 4 32.2 ft. per. sec. per sec, 7 -37- :2 ‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM For standard air , the velocity head loss may be written: Q) ef _v'\a iy 4005, Where: velocity head loss, in inches of-water c= loss coefficient < © mean air velocity, feet per minute In equation 2 above, the dynamic loss coefficient "C" 1s nearly Indepen- dent of alr velocity and the roughness of the duct.walls. For this reason, dynamic losses cannot theoretically be computed as friction losses. However, in elbows and bends, etc. or proper design where eddying is not appreciable, It is customary to include the dynamic loss with the friction loss as a means of simplifyitig calculations, <' ‘ Pressure Loss in Elbows and Bends It Is often convenient to express the combined friction and dynamic loss due to an elbow in terms of equivalent length of similar straight duct. Fig. 4 gives the additional equtvalent length in terms of pipe diameters for different radius ratios. The use of elbows of radius ratio*, R/D = 1.5 18 constdered good practice, with respect to both lristaliation and operation, ‘ Where angles other than 90 degrees bend are encountered; the loss may be considered to be directly proportional to the angle of the bend, ‘Turn- ing vanes may be advantageously employed in elbows, particularly where mitered elbows are used. It has been indicated that proper use of tiurn- ing vanes and spittters may effect as much as 5% power’ saving due to de- creased friction losses. : * Radius ratio 1s a factor significant in pressure loss in an elbow. [tig defined as the center line radius of the elbow divided by the elbow width, in the plane of the bend for rectangular ducts, or diametér of the duct in case of round pipe, R/W or R/D. - 38 -THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM - Pressure loss Due to Area Changes | It is almost impossible to design fan systems without some instances where change in duct cross section occurs: Experimentation to de~ termine pressure changes and losses, at changes of the area of duct cross section, indicates that the excess pressure loss over that of normal friction loss is a dynamic loss. This loss 1s due to a faster stream expanding Into a slower stream as determtned-by the actual areas occupied by the flow rather than the specific area of the duct itself. For abrupt contractions, the flow contracts due to the sharp edge and then expands again to fill the pipe. ‘The loss in pressure may be ex- | pressed by the formula: © + c(_y . 4005 ! Where: H, = pressure loss due to sudden contraction, Inches of water y, velocity of standard air in the inlet duct, ft/min, © = toss coetficient = (1 _,)* oe ! Values of o¢ and C for sharp corners and increasing ratios of area of large duct (Az) to area small duct (Ay) are listed belove on Ag/Ay 0.01 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8. 1.0 ; oc 0,60 0.61 0.62 0.65 0.7 0.77 1.0 c 0.44 0.41 0.37 0.29 0.19 0,09 0.0 | = 39 ae : aedTHE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. ‘The loss for an abrupt enlargement occurs when the stream enters the larger pipe with no contraction, the "shock" loss-being due en- tirely to the widening jet. The loss in pressure may be expressed by the following formula: 2 Nie 4005) = pressure loss diie to sudden enlargement, based on standard air, in inches of water = velocity of standard air in inlet duct, ft/min, V,__ = velocity of standard air in outlet duct, ft/min. Summarizing briefly, a few general rules found to be good design practice are listed: a. Air should be conveyed as directly as possible from source to use. b. Sharp elbows and bends should be avoided. c. Diverging transformation pieces should be made as long as ~~ practicable, “As’previcusly shown, losses in sudden enlargements are high and should be avoided where possible. _ The.” included angle of divergence for enlargements should not exceed 20 degrees. 4, Special care should be taken to avoid restriction of flow in elbows or transformation pleces. e, Ducts should be constructed of smooth material or,if from masonry, proper allowance for friction co-effictents should be made.‘THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM Entrance Losses to Pipes Some of the more common entrance losses are shown below: a, Sharp Entrance ‘This will have a pressure loss of .47 times the velocity pressure {nthe pipe. ~ This corresponds to the pressure loss of a short length of pipe discharging from a plenum chamber. Ordinarily this loss is taken as 0.5 times the velocity pressure in the pipe. b, Round Entrance ‘This will exhibit a loss equal to a round edged orifice or approxt- mately 0.05 times the velocity pressure, Ordinarily this loss is neglected. c. Re-entrant Pipe ‘This exhibits a large loss, normally 0.85 to 0,95 times the ve- locity pressure. This coristruction should be avolded where possible. -41-D CONSIDERATIONS IN THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM 4. Converging Entrance ‘This type entrance is frequently used to reduce entrance loss, ‘The two components of losses are: (1) around the outer edge + of the hood and (2)-due:to contraction of the air stream where * "the hood. joins the pipe. The former loss is quite’small while the latter varies with the included angle and is not so small. Fig. 5; when read to the left, gives the coefficient of entry and when read to the right, gives the entrance loss as a percent of the Velocity pressure in the pipe, e. Diverging Entrance “This type of entrance has a wide application in fan systems and offers a means of greatly reducing unnecessary discharge losses. "The diverging entrance is used to reduce the velocity. Any change from a higher velocity to a lower velocity is accompanied by a conversion of yelocity head to static head, However, inasmuch as sthere is always loss in making this conversion, the total head is always less after velocity reduction. The "efficiency" of conver- sion Is influenced by the area ratios as well as the slope of the hood, the more gradual the slope, the less the head loss. Approxi- mately 3 to 6 diameters of duct should follow the diverging con- nection. Fig. 6 shows a graphical solution for the degree of ve- 4 locity head ‘regain for’ various hood angles and area ratio, © Intake Channels . ® ‘These channels are designed under maximum flow conditions for a velocity of 350 feet per minute. The recommended layout.is to have all fans take suction from a common-channel located in the fan build- ing. Intake is through louvered panels or gratings, ‘It is recommend- ed that the open area of the intake louvers be at least 50% in excess of the cross sectional area of the intake duct. In some instances, fans can take suction directly from the fan room if sufficient ventilation exists during winter months, Damage to instruments or similar equipment should be considered {f windows and doors are to be closed tightly. = 42 -ne on a on a on | ‘THE_D-O INKA AERATION SYSTE! | Discharge Ducts and Channels "The design considerations for the pressure side of the fan system Is to accellerate the air in its passage through the system from intake to discharge through the grid tubes holes, The highest velocity 1s through the holes in the areation grid itself. Velocities of 600 feet ‘per minute in distribution headers off the fans and tank header ve- Hoctties of 2400 feet per minute are recommended, It should be pointed out that wherever possible, multiple fan installa tions should be of the same size. Varlous engineers have cited in- stances of disproportionate and cyclic capacity varlation where un- equal fan sizes are used in parallel operation System Capacity Variation - Fan Characteristics Where this change 1s made infrequently, pulley or sheave speed may be changed to alter fan volume, Dampers may be placed in the sys- tem to vary volume, From a power consumption basis, a reduction |in fan speed Is the most efficierit means of control. Inlet vanes on |fan suction being next, while dampening is the least economical from a power consumption standpoint, In selecting the size of motors for operating a fan, it 1s considered good practice to Select a standard size larger than the power require- |ments of the fan, This has been done in the fan selection tables of this report, It must be remembered that the system resistance varles ‘as the square of the volume, while the fan static pressure varies almost Inversely as the volume . This relationship would tend to offset the effect of increased air delivery and motor load in systems where lower than calculated system resistance actually extsted. |The dimenstons of the system duct work and piping, and thelr vartous sizes, are the main determinants in the magnitude of the system static pressure. The velocities for the various capacity ranges have been selected for mintmum resistance and for reducing noise. Minimtzing resistance 1s always good insurance against excessive nolse. : The fan itself should rest level on a concrete foundation. To miniinize vibration, itis suggested that rubber pads be placed between the fan and {ts foundation. All ducts should be connected to the fan outlet and 7THE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM. . inlet by means of unpainted canvas or other flexible material. ‘Condults, ” pipes-and other rigid members should not be attached to fans. 4, Effect of Altitude In some instances it may be necessary to apply a correction for altitude in the fan rating. The relationship between the density at any elevation (at the temperature corresponding to that elevation) is given by the for- mula: \ 4.256 @) 4a += (288 - 0.00198 4 288 1 Where: dj = density of alr at new elevation = density at sea level h elevation in feet As an example, if'1000 cubic feet of air required at sea level, 1160 cubic feet of air would be necessary at an elevation of 5000 feet. (Ratio of Density) 9.0750 x 1000 = 1160 cust, 0.0648, E, USEFUL CHARTS AND TABLES* Fig, 1 Friction of Air in Straight Ducts - 10-2000 cf, - Fig, 2: Friction of Air in Straight Ducts - 1000-100, 000 cfm. Fig. 3 Correction Factors for Pipe Roughness. Table I - Values of Roughness for Atr Draft Pipes. ‘Table II - Cixcular Equivalent of Rectangular Ducts for Equal Friction and Capacity. Fig. 4" Loss in 90 - deg. Elbows of Round Cross-section. Fig, 5 Coeffictent of Entry into Hoods Fig, 6 Static Pressure Regain in Diverging Nozzle in Duct, * From "Fan Engineering", Published by Buffalo Forge Company - 44 -ne ee ee } W990 BaD TOULGS 1050 Foce Fa. 8. Comers Pacgons roi Pare Rovai Lo Stfgtiernie nsession imi Yan! 3hy cette Barnet jointn er 100 Te, 1 duct in xara 1 in wary rough, inatead of galvanized with 40 thee Uta Feta jaution. On Wig 3 tn hy intiepoleaion Jaueracetiny if tha a. new songl pre ie Yond at the left argv eeail 9 eorreetin actor 2 Hct in thoretune 2 98 = Fn rin. an $0 i. 0 fan etn CIRCULAR EQUIVALENTS OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS ws syslom Js usually sized Nast for round duets. ‘Chen, if re selacted Lo provide air carry 1s originally selected. An air handlin lar ducts are dosived, their size jen equivalent to those of the round di pes 1 Tubing Very sooth oceans sew Sel or Ween Pie Mean woth | cord Kateaiz eon | Average a. bese Pore Medium 63 hua Riveted Ste Very rh oot‘io Cacnerry (Cowrinv ts) Dimensions én Inehee ‘ypu 2 Cinootan Eqorvaumcre of Reoraxaotan Dyers yon Bavat Paicrion Suid iaas ead Seay vod hag EOL S002 228 Seay waa S2da aa sad Sach 9989 2222 Ca yoed digs Stee aaa Sas Sina auas #288 G0 Raa ie as Sond ae Sa ee e055 S83; 4485 S82 322 eine G09 582 gaa: S] HE 9s a BERS 488% S228 -44D-- (Coxewvons), a 38 asad aeae ces Seen ese * gece Gene Seer seee-Sasy Ser uss csad ioge sez eee See aaa4 sa53 Sao coda dads god ‘Dimensions tn Tnches f Baad das S93 Tante 2. Cmovian Eourvausurs or Recraxoutan Ducrs ron Eavat Faicrion ano Caractr, yo a ‘S83 San3 g9%5 aus . a Screg Wa ei Su Sos fan a i if itn i | : i : oi rn i i VP i;é | : I -44B- Hl‘Loss 1%-90-Duo Eunows oF Roux Ondse-Snowos FIGURE 4 4 i 4 I 1 { I I I I I t 7 4 1 ql A q qlFIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 =44G- $on e * xu, THE D-OINKA AERATION SYSTEM LIST OF INSTALLATIONS AND OPERATING DATA A list of installations ranging in size from .02 to 20.0 MGD is presented. The English unit equivalents have been calculated and are shown in paren- theses adjacent to the Metric Values, Slightly over a year of (monthly average) data for the system at Orebro, Sweden is also presented. “The design data for this installation 1s found on the third page ‘under installation number.2803. . Photographs of the installation at Orebro show the control building and aeration tanks. 4 -Reference list . INKA Aeration Process for treatment, of sewage and . industrial wastes,.° 993 Kroppefjul1,, Sweden, Tuberculous Sanat: Activated sludge plant for Average flow (.02 Nop) 84 Max, flow 9 (.09 Mop) - 15 Required BOD-reduction “90-95 Detention time at max, flow ; hg Total aeration tank volune (19,300 gal.) . 73 Number of tanks 2 Tank, width (6.2) 169 Water. depth * (8.1!) 25 Start: January 1953 2710 Bnképing, Sweden Activated sludge plant “for 30,000 Average flow (1.9 Hep) 300 Max, flow (2.35 nan) 320 au debeea Sa 90235 BOD-load: kg/m? tank volume +a (39 1b/1000 cE) 0,63 Detention time at average flow 8.0 Total aeration tank volume (84,500 CF) 2,400 Number of tanks 6 Tank width (9,.85") 3.0 Water depth (8.58") 2.6 Start: June 1952 * BOD cone. values have heen caleulated from Average flow and! Aeration tank BOD Loading.= 2770 Kurla, Sweden Activated sludge plant for Average flow Max. flow * cs D to heration, tantly BOD-reduction Detention tine at average flow Total aeration tank volune Number of tanks Tank width Water depth Start: March 1954 Mariestad, Sweden Presaeraticn of domestic sewage Average flow -4- Max. flow Detention time at average flow Total aeration’ tank volume Number of tanks Tank, width Water depth Start: | November 1954 : Térebeda, Sweden Activated sludge plant for Average flow few BB es nerazion eanks Required ASDSPEMT én BOD-load . Detention tine at average How Total aeration tank volume Number of tanks Tank width Water depth Start: December 1954 a 26,000 (1.5 HD) 234 (2.6 1160) 400 Toe 90-95 f (24 16/1000 cF) 0,38 10 (84,500 CF) 2,400 é 6 a2.) Be? 9.8") 3.0 : 12,000 (2.0 GD) 310 (2.55 GD) 414 a8 965 (1730 cr) 4g 2 . (8.2") 25 1 (sty) Bs 5,000 (6 mep) 95 (4 HED) 245, 90-95 (39 16/1000 cP) 0,63 4a (14,100 cry 800 2 o.L') Bea 10,2") 3.15, ae P mfr nye kg/w * é h ~ nm a P w/h w/p minutes a a a P 2/n on x kg/m? * a ae 3 i ” n2813 b Toreboda, Sweden * Pre-aeration according to plant 2813 a, Total aeration tank volume (4070 CF) | 145 Number of tanks” a ‘Tank width as") 4 Water depth 3 d.1") 3.35 The plant includes an aerated grit chamber, . : Start: December 1954, . orebro, Sweden a Activated sludge plant-for 100,000 Average flow (8.5 GD)” 1,540 Oke, B80" co! eration tanker Scat ise: Required BOD-reduction Peeeeeeee BOD-load : : “(42 Lb/1000 cr) 0.67 Detention time at average flow . Aad Total acfation tank’ volume (263,000 cr): 7,520 Number of tanks 8 Tank width i (3.6) A Water depth > * Gay ko Start: February 1957 a Norrképing, Sweden Activated sludge plant for 190,000 Average flow (20.6 cD) 3,250. Max, flow 41.2 MED) 6, 50. Reguared Soosreductica ae l e BOD-1ead : (58'1b/1000 CF) 0,93 Detention time at average flow - 3.2 Total aeration. tank volume (363,000 cF) 10,300 Number of tanks « 6 Tank width a3") 4.0m Water depth i (16.4) 5.0m + Start: ~ December 1957 : :i 2814 »|- Notrképing, Sweden : I Pre-aciation according to plant 2814 a, ‘ . | Total aeratién tank volume (27,000 cry": 940 n> ‘ ; ae 1 Number of tanks co 2 * | tank width (5') 2,65 m . I . | water cepth 9.8") 3.0 m Thé plant includes two aerated grit chambers, L Start: October 1957. . 1 2832 | Vaxjd, Sweden i | : i : Activated sludge plant for ee 40,000. p i Average flow ~ G7 MCD) 576 n/n @ Max. flow (6.2 MD) . 954 m°/h Gone, BOD to Aeration cankt : 144 ppm ss Required BOD-reduction - 90-95, ¥ I BOD-load ‘i 7 (63 18/1000 cP) 1.0 kg/m? * 4 Detention‘time at average flow 3.5 i Total:aeration tank volume \°: | * (70,600 CF) 2,000 m> [Number of tanks ee ae 4 I Tank width as) om : Water depth gee a3") 4.0 m ] Start: November 1954., fi 7 i - A 2850 Uppsala, Sweden lactavated sludge plant for 2 140,000 p id hverage flow ‘ (10.1 HG) 1,590 2?/n 5 Max. flow ‘i (18.7 won) 2,969 82/m : eykaree ASS PeSe SA 80-90 2" : BOD-1oad: ‘ (52 18/1000 CF) 0,82 kg/m? * a : I : : Detention time at average flow : 5.3 _ Total aeration. tank volume {300,000 CF) 8,500 m? Humber of tanks : qo . i $ : : . Tank width . Ee eae 2.9 me 5 Hater depth : a as 4,0 m ie I Start: July 1957. " . al f fe _ ee : ” : | cae ; a ge poe , : aeeae2872 sstarte: a Activated sludge plant for Average flow Max. flow Cone , BO) Require BOD-load to Aeration’ tank BOD-reauetion Detention time at average flow Total aeration tank volume Number of tanks Teak widen Watér depth Start: December 1957. Saltsjébaden, Sweden, The plant is blasted in rock, Activated sludge plant’ for Average flow Max,. flow” onc, BOD te Aeration: tank* quired BoD-reduction BOD-load Detention time at average flow “Motal‘acration tank volume, Number’ of tanks : fank width * Water depth July 1957+ 2903 « Trolibacken, Sweden Activated sludge plant for Average flow Max. flow ‘ Cone. BOD’ to Aeration tank* Required DoD-reduction BOD-load . Detention time at average flow Total aoration tank volume Kumber of tanks ankwath Water depth Start: December 1957+ 2S0 - 6,500 p (.2°¥60) 180 0?/h (1-8.M60) 270 n/n 90-55 {21 Wb/1000 CFD, 33 kg/m? * “ty 5.8 h (37,000 §F)", 1,050 m? ieee a3") 4.0m 210.4") 3.2 m £6 ,000"p* “amon © 150-0°/n 2 160) 1g an . 9 __ {23 1b/1000 cF) 0,34 kg/m 4 6.0b 900 n? (31,800 CF), + dey. + a6.2) 7,000 p (1.25 neo), 180 #7 /n G9 Neo) 299 nya 50 8 ae 1b/1000 CF) (51,400 ¢F) (928") aayen 2925 %. |) 2932 Hotkyrka, Sweden - iia Activated sludge plant for 10,000 Pp ~' Average flow : 6 160238 93 /n Max, flow" Se (3.4 Mab) 540 9?/n ABU ARP BoDeEathn See = oe Bod-load | (37 16/1000 CF) 0,6 kg/m? * a Detention ‘tine at average flow ,, * : 42h Total aeration tank volume (35,300 cr) 1, 00037 Number-of tanks : canis e Tank width." * ae “a3 ~hom ‘Water depth Hi aay ‘ Keo m Start: January 1958, Sédertiaje, Sieden : ‘ Activated sludge plant .for eau 52,000 p No primary sedimentation, Average flow (6.4 MCD) 1,010 m?/h Maxetiowicay tee : <=" (4.6 Mcp) 2,340 m?/n SERS pa Sbbaton Zener che BOD-Load (590 1871000 cF) 6,3 ke/a? "a" Detention time at average flow "3h mine Total,aeration tank volume 6. 9,100 .6F): 570 n> ce Number of tanks =. aU siaanes ete “mank width aaaes ety 2,65'm. . Water depth 7 (92/9 ee aeO meee This aeration plant inciudes an aerated grit chanber.,” Start: October 1958, 7 ‘ : : Tenhult, Sweden : Activated sludge plant for 1,250 p Average flow + : (0.1 MoD) 16 i) ‘ E3rC, BB" co Aerarton Tanke eige (OP MOD BP Beh ® Required BOD-reduction seit 1 90-95 % : BOD-load "1°" Gr "te/1000 CFF 0.75. Ke/m? * a Detention time at average flow, Pease seg 3 ne a Total aeration tank‘volune * (3530 cF) © 100 Number of. tanks, : . 2 Tank width . #0.8") 3.0 m Water depth 9.8") 3.0m a Start: during 1959. er “si 3 be dened.en Activated Sludge plant for treatment of. slaughter-house wastes Average flow “1407 wap), $08 n?/a SB om reese? Gone. bop t0"Aeration tank BOD-load (40 1b/1000-CF) 0.65 Detention time at average flow _ 22,0' Total aeration tank.volume (8500 ‘cr) 240 Number of tanks ; 1 Tank width . qil') 3.4 m Water “aépth Guay 345 a Start: June 1957. Sean IL Second plant for the samé, industry. Technical datas principally the same as for plant 2943, Start: September 1958. Vanersborg, Sweden Pre-aeration of domestic sewage . 30,500 Average flow." (1.9 MGD) 290 Max, flow > (3213 tcp) 455-2100 Total aeration tank volume (2380, CF) 67 Number of tanks 1 Tank width (84) 4 26m Water depth ay 2.2m Start: during 1959, Lidképing, Sweden Pre-aeration plant of domestic sewage ” 34,000 Average flow (2 Mcp) 300 Max. flow © (h.5-9 MoD) 710-1450 Total aeration tank volume (2380 CF) 67 Nuaber of tanks a Tank wiath (8.4) 2.6 Water depth eee ee ecaigeaeeiese during 1959, :2951 Degerfors, Sweden 7 : .* Activated sludge plant for. ” aa, hoo P No primary sedimentation, 7 Average flow ‘ (1.5 N60) * 254 8?/n ‘ "Max. flow eo J Geo! * 462 yn | : S2qhared soteeauceae™ ae 60-75 & I BOD-load "(220 16/1000 CF) 3.5 e/a? a = . Detention time at average flow HE “ahs 1 Total aeration tank volume ) (9000 cr) 228 Number of tanks : es 2 a ‘Tank width saerteecaeenesee (Pe 94 23 m i Water depth ‘ (9.8") 3.0m This deration plant includes an aerated grit chamber. le Start: during 1959 : A 4123 a Lerum, Sweden : Activated sludge plant fob : 5,000 p § Average flow © .6 GD) 80 w/a i .- Max. ‘flow (1.3 6D) 290 n/n I : RGD Aa : 85-50%" BOD-load + (110 16/1000 CF) 1,76 kg/m? * a 1 Detention time at average flow . 2b : Total aeration tank volume (6000 cE)? 170 n> Number of tanks 4 i Tank width 86) 26m Water depth Hee CGra), 2.00 po Start: during 1959, Heine ereenes ea eat Pre-aeration according to plant 4123-a, i Total aeration tank volume (aio cry 40 a? F , Number of tanks ty Tank width , 7.8") ‘ k Water depth * : as) 23m 1 Start: | during 1959. 4 ie at ‘| 1 | i . : feedHall, Sueden ‘Activated sludge plant for ~ 4,000 p Domestic and laundry waste, : : Average flow : dep) 30 w/t res BB es sweatin tank 6M BR Bt Required BoD-reduction a 80-90 % BoD-Load (56 1/1000 Gi) 0.9 ke/a? Detention timo at average load : 10h Potai aeration tank volume (10,600 CF) 300 Humber of tanks 2 Tank ‘width (9.8") 3.0 m Water depth 12.3"), 3.75 Start: during 1959+ 3 Naini, Sweden Activated eludge plant for 180,000 p ' Toteraadiate’ teatnent EH Average flow (44 Wop) 2, 200-m2/n, | BRE. TU" co Aeration Tank “cer wan) Magn ae | BOD-Lead . (196 1b/1000 CF) =” 3415 RBe/m? tid Detention time at average flow 16h i Total aeration tank volume (121,060 ory. 34430 a7 axe Nunber of tanks 4 vank width aay Ow Water: depth CC Start: during 1959-1960. Z : Malmd, Sweden : Precaeration according to-H15. Total aeration tank volute (2700 cr) Number of tanks ‘ Tank width (9.8') Water depth 13.5") Start: during 1959-1960." 1 “yr. 4153-5; Maimd, Sweden 5 iy ce erated grit chamber according to plant 4145, 1 ~ gotal aeration tank volume : + (25,400 CF) 720 m? Number of tanks 2 g Tank width 7 10.5") 1 Water depth "13.8") 1 Start: during 1959-1960, 4153 ¢ Malm. Swoden . | Special plant for aerobic treatment ; of sludge according to plant 4145, : i Total aeration tank volune (7900 oF) 225»? Number of tanks ct t : Tank width : (9.8) 5.08 @ Water depth : 3.8!) +) 42m 1 Start: during 1959-1960. . 4169 Eolshill, Stockholm, Sweden : i Activated sludge plant for 100,000 p Average flow (18.5 MCD) 2,940 m?/n I onG POP $BOMRERLPA TES to See BOD-load +2 (50 1b/1000 cF) 0.8 kg/m d 1 Detention time at average flow 2,15 b Total aeration tank volume (222,000 cF) 6,300 a? i Number of tanks 2 3 ri Tank width (16.5) 5.0m Water depth 15.5") 4.75 He Start: during 1961. ae 2903 _Linképing, Sweden oe i Activated sludge plant for, 126,000 p Average flow fa QL.7 Mop) 1,860 m?/n Max. flow + 7 (20.8 map) 3,320 n/n Bobcioaa °° M*¥etion Tanks (152 1b/1000 cr) 2nd Baym? © a Required BOD-reduction «_ : 90 % Detention time at average flow . Le? h Total aeration tank volume (110,000 cF) 3,100 m? Number of tanks 6 Tank width | i 6.8) 45m ae Water depth G13) 3.5 0 4 Start: during 1959-1960. ss - eeTrands, Sweden Activated sludge plant for Average flow : + (3.8 MED) Hi ow, Ux, BB" co Aeration Tank Required’ OD-reduction 32,000 590 (6.5 MGD) 1,050 "136 BOD-load (70 1b/1000 cFyL.13 Detention time at average flow Total aeration tank volume (70,760 cr) Number of tanks Tank width ast) Water depth a3 Start: during 1959-1960. 4119 b Trands, Sweden ” Precaeration according to plant 4119 a Total tank volume (8400 CF) Number of tanks Tank width 9.8") “Water depth 0.0") Start: during 1959-1960, Teivaala, Finland Activated sludge plant. for about 34 2,000 4 4.00 4,0 m 6 ,000 Average flow (2,9 Mcp) 290 nc, BOD to Aeration Tank* : poaeae : (56 1b/1000 GF) Detention time at average, flow Total aeration tank volume (11,700 ¢F) Wumber of tanks Tank width @ Water dépth” a Start: during 1959. a o Lee 330 Fane 2.5 0 2204137 4129 2947 . Liineburg, Gersis Activated sludge plant for Average flon Cone. OD to Aeration Tank: ie Detention time at average flow BOD-load ‘@ Total aeration tank volume Number of tanks Tank width Water depth Start: during 1959, x ca (4.5 ca 16 1b/1000 CF) (39,000,,cF) 10.8") (La!) Union Allunettiére, Brussels, Belgium Activated sludge plant for wallboard waste water treatment, Population equivalent Average flow Gone. BOD to Aeration Tank* BOD=icad Total aeration tank volume Number of tanks Tank width Water depth Start: during 1959. Horgen-Oberrieden, Switzerland Activated sludge plant for Average flow Max. flow Cone, BON to Aeration Tauk* BOD-load eaters Required BOD-reduction Detention time at average flow Total aeration tank volume, Number of tanks 2 Tank width Water depth during 1959, Start: about (.04 Neo) (300 1b/1000 cF) (26,800 cF) 9.5") (s.8") (2.8 MoD) (4.6 MoD) (47 1b/1000 cr) (65,500 CF) wy 5.5") cs.s) 20,000 ‘oe we 3.49 kg/m? * a 1,0 2 4 3.5m 3.5 m 72,000 p 24,188 fod 4.75 kg/m 760 m+ 6 2.83 m 4.85 m Beg 27,000 p 430 9 /h 720 ayn one Wave? + a 90-93 % Kah 1,860 m? i 4475 m 4,75“ie: Wetzikon, Switzerland Activated sludge plant for * 20,000 p Average flow (2.5 Hep) 400 07/b Max, flow (6.4 GD) 685 m/r Cone, BOD to Aeration Tank* : 1g ye_? * BOD=Load (87 ‘1b/1090' CF) 1138 Ueya? * a Required BOD-reduction i: 85% Detention time at average flow 7h otal aeration tank volume (24,200 2). 685 w? Number of tanks 7 4 * Tank width Qu2!) 358 Water depth GLa) 55m Start: during 1959. Bekkelaget, Oslo, Norway ‘Activated sludge plant for 150,000 P. Average flow” (19.8 GD) 3,230 w?/n Max, flow (Ho wep) 6,300 m?/n. gene BOP sSoMatuction nin. ou" BOD-1oad (195 16/1000 Gr) 3625 e/a? * 4 Detention time at average load 15h : Total aeration tank volume (169,000 cy. #4800 n? Number of tanks v4 Tank width (4.8) AS a Water depth ") 4,85 m Start: during 1960. Bekkelaget, Oslo, Norway Pre-aeration and grit chamber according to plant #161 a. Total tank volume (29,100-cF) © 540 9 Number of tanks , 4 Tank’ width (Ot) 2675 Water depth (7,5), 2045 m Start: during 1960. 3 c Bekkelaget, Oslo, Norway ‘Aeration of mixed liquor according to plant 4161.8. Total aeration volume (3300-5300 CF) 95-150 Nunber of tanks l Tank width 134) 4,0 @ Water depth 265-440 0 Start: during 1960.waBAxQ peatossid- Od puvurad] ua8kxQ feoruayoo1g-COg spitos papuadsng - ss + SPHOS [FIL - SL dOW9"Z1 “xeACMOTT UBISE 4, GOWS'S “BAy:MOLy OBISeq ° ae : Pasay 000‘001 uopemdog us}saq waishg Arepuosag sory (z) woponpay TeeAQ (1) sud UT passezdxa, S18 0°06 Ser tt 9z0t UT 02 = LOT._—«seTZ «OFS «=O: seLE eGL TET OS vady oro oss St He 1601 eT 8% «£6 CST «Teh OT. «FEL TST OOS “20K OIL SSR OIE He SLIT ge = @Z1 L6 SHOTS LT 6H 6S “a2 09g 006 «Tee ee 06st St TST £9 FD Sh OT £46 OT 6S “Uf Se O° «He OE 806T Satsiee scene arseee 1 COn eee eaigee 42 Fc ae: @ 11 eC) “39g SLB 86 S*ez ae sett feteeesPLeseseietisesemb Ouse sige 1608/1 9ce 711616717 86) “AON : $78 0°06 8tez ze ori Ol @—sRTL HIS: = EZRT BOL SS 1196 Ores 0°06 = T'9% ES zit = St0sK_SCART.CST MHS UZ SOE «994 BY 8S MageSny i Sue $'%6 02 O°% eszt 80 ft COT EIT OOS STZ BGS. Trf-mnf og St6 SOL Zz 98z1 Ort GT TT 06 sHIS eee: est StL eT 8S AeWeady TT 0°68 S'%6 | SUZ SZ - - BT OT 68 BER OST TEE LOL © 0" =— BS TeW-qag-uef @_ Z aow SS. 30d 008 «Od 45S sSL 608 58S SL GOW 39K (s)muow Bwonsnpey cog spas ey “Sr Iwona Tes —_sHemas pamag BEMIS REY C087 TequUMN WORE TMSUy ETT a Nadams “OwsTyO . . VIVd ONILVUSIO - SHOVUAAV XTHINOW vPhoto of aeration tanks at Orebro, Sweden(looking from fan building). Note Step- Aeration gates, grid spacing and service pipes. Tanks at top of picture are the final clarifiers. ager SererCe eee - HANS Photo of fan bullding at Orebro, Sweden and Aeration Tanks. Walkway on left and in foreground covers distribution channel for settled sewage as this plant {s arranged to operate by Step- Aeration if desired. Tank has concrete partition baffle and note use of concrete walkway as air duct. -61- YtHE D-O INKA AERATION SYSTEM : . XIV APPENDIX : fie " Drawing No. 41005 2 Concrete and General Drawing Gee » \ Dorr-Oliver Inka Aerator. , a ‘Type 100 Z ‘ Drawing No. 41021 : H Arrangement of Air Duct and Grid Dorr-Oliver Inka Aerator Type 100 Z Dorr-Oliver Bulletin : Dori-Oliver Inka Aeration Process i te Reprint, Journal of Sanitary Engineering. Division of A.S.C.E. 1 Sept.,1960 i “Aeration of Water By Compressed Air A: Low Head'And Its Application q * For The Purification of Sewage" , by W. C,H. Fischerstrom.3-7-7: REPRINT, JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING DIVISION DIVISION, ASCE, i SEPTEMBER, 1960 Note to Reades This reprint of article by W..C. H. Fischerstrom of ‘was not available when this report was published. Coples of this reprint will be slot-punched for in- sertion here and forwarded in October to all hold~ " . 7 eré of this report. . een Sept. 15, 1960 Technical Data Diviston Stamford.’Pes OLOGICAL TREATMENT OF SEWAGE 7 AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY THE D-0 INKA AERATION SYSTEM = = = DORR-OLIVER INCORPORATED STAMFORD, CONNECTICUTThe economics of such 2 system, regarding power consumed per unit weight of, oxygen lssolved, is directly celited to the magnitude of the transfer rata, the setuation ‘value of iced level of dissolved oxygen inthe dissolved oxygen for the particular liquid, and the de 4 7 4 rT ee mixed liquor. Power values can be as low 3s 0.20 Kwh per pound of oxygen dissobed ‘at, * } high transfer roles nd low vahes of reds! dislved onyges 2 O45 Kwh per pound of". | guy oxygen dissolved where « low transfer rate and high residuals of solved oxygen is reauiced.” | Esch speciic case must be exemined to determine how best the DO INKA Aeration System oe can maet the specie process requirement bana The outstanding features of the D-O INKA aeration system are: High oxyoe ion capacities at low power consumption, Fg, 35 Gomi sen sn Low maintenance cots Constructive and operative simplicity —rellable in running. sy to teke up for Inspection even ‘The seraton gratings (he difsers) ore uring operation Ordinery high pressure fans replace comprestors Air titers prope Acration gratings of corrosion reistant material guarantee 2 lng ie The general process at well at diferent detailed designs are patented in most counties {OD vat La senaron |e ae 7 7 Hevanayar tons ineaopoli 6, Mion, 2703 Eat tak Dorr-Oliver Borneo tna BD Manond hvense Kentr Ci, Mo “V7 toadwey ‘ena, Go Denes, Calo #6, bor 18 frsewoos) Seago $i Es nerchonde mon Bonar 2, to “its senaie tone Cloetand Ob Ne be Avene {on Angele, Calf aN west 7 Soot Winer Ped, Fonds eh rowel lop. Seklnd Cait 20 Clorcck Seat Vegeta, hie Sauyychemer bree Seat Woon «Fe arose Wet IncorporatedSumming up The outstanding features of the O-O INKA well 3 diferent detciled designs a orr-Oliver Incorporated Fe patented in most co BY THE D-0 INKA AERATION SYSTEM DORR.OLIVER INCORPORATED STAMFORD, CONNECTICUTBiological treatment of sewage and industrial wastes by the D-O INKA Aeration System A great number of processes ave in ute forthe biological treatment of sewage by submerged aeration. However, most of the common aeration systems cann sotialy the ever increasing demands ol oxygen absorption required by new biol processes. This paper presents 2 new aeration system epecilly developed for high losded plants. butts advantages can be exploited ali in low or intermediate plants Basic principte The effectiveness of on aeration system is vtually bated on the oxygen transler liciency, measured as per cent oxygen abtocbed kom the aie blown in Several svthors, moreover, have slated that the difusers should be placed on the Hloor for most elicient operation. The D-O INKA Aeration System ix based on exactly th opposite principle. Most of the theories and hypotheses which ar ble conventional aerators cannattherelore be applied to the D-O INKA Aeration System The fundamental idea of ths process i that the sir itll costs nothing, 10 that there ‘on the volume of air vied provided thet the unt ol oxygen abrorbed are ss ne nt within. peactieal 1 energy costs and the 3 constant. Furthermore, is well known that the absorption 1 oF formation ofthe bubbles but, within fraction te 0.2 very lowe but larly constant value Fig 1) The 0:0 INKA aerator makes use of theve 1 very high at the moment fe second di theory thus permitting on dionide and carried oll in the air stream. Owing to the high turbulence in the bubble zone shearing forces necessory to laciitae the oxygen penetration of the floc 2% stained. Fig 2shows the Basie principle of the 0:0 INKA aerator. The aris wopked through, 2 great number of perforated tubes, generally placed sbout 33 inches below the water level in the aeration tank The task i divided into. wo communicsting chambers by 4 wall in the middle of the task. The aeration tubes are placed va one of these two chambers Thi arrangement, acting at a mammoth pums, causes ‘an upward water cureant in that chamber and a downwaed current in the ther, The evculating velocity it gteat enough to prevent sludge accumulation on the tank bottom Ove to the fact that the aeration tubes are placed st a comparatively smell depth below the water level, ordinary high oressure fans can be used for blowing the a into the tanks Design and construction The total presiuve ofthe fans it generally about 3 inches water prettvre. The number cof fans and their character viually chosen in such a way thatthe quantity of oxygen absorbed can be varied according to need by vavying the number ol fans ither through common or separate channels not necessary but 9 close-meshed wie neting it usally tanks through head: chan From the head channels the inthe vpper pat al the male wall ofthe bes st drt tothe arto ube by serie pet The aeration bes we combined info un ngs. The 9 Dav cevcraty so te serve pines, are made enraly of cvenion esto orally sales steel For thet rent the Meet the Consdeed pracy wanted caled aeration ngratings must be The 0-0 INKA aerator i £0 designed that the 261 from the basis for inspection during tll ope (on gratings an be removed Won. Contrary to practice with most other aeration systems, it not necessary to empty the basins, No special liking eavioment 6 mecessary: on the contrary liting can be done simply with 3 hooked implement Research work The work underlying the development of the 0:0 INKA aeration system is too ‘evtensve to be ceported in this paper The most modern test methods ha ‘been ured The oxygen tarsler characteristics have been mestured however, full seale tanks using both the slahite ox ion and the nan-seady sate method. The upper -apacity of this sytem, to meet oxygen requirements of the activated sludge proces s practically uolimited Trarsler cates as low as 10 pom per hour and o high #5 190 ppm per hour are feasible Even higher this system, fee rates ace pore with