Chapter 2 5 Signal Analysis and Mixing 19 40 PDF

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND MIXING
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Electrical signals of which amplitude changes

1) continuously with respect to time with no breaks or Analog Signals
discontinuities.
Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their

amplitude maintains constant level for a prescribed
2) Digital Signals
period of time and then it changes to another level
with respect to time with no breaks or discontinuities.
3) Digital signal with only two levels possible. Binary Signal
4) Digital signal with four levels possible. Quaternary Signal
Is the mathematical analysis of the frequency,

5) Signal Analysis
bandwidth, and voltage level of a signal.
6) A signal that repeats at a uniform rate. Periodic Wave
Time-domain
7) A description of signal with respect to time.
Representation
A time-domain instrument that shows signal

8) Oscilloscope
waveforms.
The display on the cathode ray tube (CRT) that shows

9) Signal Waveform
the shape and instantaneous magnitude of the signal
with respect to time.
A description of signal with respect to its frequency. Frequency Domain

10)
Representation
Prepared By : APRIL A. BALDOVINO 19

A frequency-domain instrument that shows

11) Spectrum Analyzer
amplitude-versus-frequency plot.
Any repetitive wave that is comprised of more than Nonsinusoidal /

12)
one harmonically related sine or cosine wave. Complex Wave
A mathematical series developed in 1826 by French

13) physicist and mathematician Baron Jean Fourier used Fourier Series
to analyze complex periodic wave.
A mathematical tool that allows us to move back

and forth between the time and frequency domains.
14) Fourier Series
It is used in signal analysis to represent the sinusoidal
components of nonsinusoidal periodic waveforms.
Waveform comprised of an average dc component

15) and a series of harmonically related sine or cosine Periodic Waveform
wave.
16) Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic
Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency

17) Fundamental Frequency
(repetition rate) of the waveform.
If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about

18) the vertical axis, it is said to have axes, or even function
mirror, symmetry and is called an ________.
If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about a

line midway between the vertical axis and the
negative horizontal axis and passing through the
coordinate origin, it is said to have point, or skew,
19) odd function
symmetry is called an ______.

If a periodic voltage waveform is such that the

waveform for the first half cycle repeats itself except
20) half-wave symmetry
with the opposite sign for the second half cycle, it is
said to have ________.
The ________ of a waveform consists of all the

frequencies contained in the waveform and their
21) frequency spectrum
respective amplitudes plotted in the frequency
domain.
The difference between the highest and lowest

frequencies contained in the information. It is also
Bandwidth of an
22) the difference between the highest and lowest
information signal
frequencies that the channel will allow to pass
through it.
The ratio of the active time of the pulse to the period

23) Duty Cycle
of the waveform.
The rate at which energy is dissipated, delivered, or

24) used, and is a function of the square of the voltage Electrical Power
or current
A fourier transform where a time-domain signal is

25) Discrete Fourier Transform
sampled at discrete times.
A new algorithm of fourier transform developed by

26) Cooley and Tukey in 1965 where the computing time Fast Fourier Transform
is proportional to n log 2n rather than n2 .
27) The process of combining two or more signals Mixing
Occurs when two or more signals combine in a linear

28) device, such as a passive network or a small-signal Linear Summing
amplifier. Also called linear mixing.
29) An amplifier where the output is simply the original Linear Amplifier
input signal amplified by its gain.

Occurs when two or more signals are combined in a

30) nonlinear device such as a diode or large-signal Nonlinear Mixing
amplifier.
Undesired generation of multiples or harmonics of

31) Harmonic Distortion
that frequency.
Desired generation of multiples or harmonics of that

32) Frequency Multiplication
frequency.
The sum and difference of the two original

33) Cross Products
frequencies.
The generation of any unwanted cross-product

34) frequency when two or more frequencies are mixed Intermodulation Distortion
in a nonlinear device.
Desired cross products produced by mixing in a

35) Modulation
nonlinear device.

OSCILLATORS, PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS, AND

CHAPTER 3 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
This word means to fluctuate between two states or

1) Oscillate
conditions.
A device that produces oscillations or generates

2) repetitive waveform. Converts a dc input voltage to Oscillator
an ac output voltage.
A self-sustaining oscillator where the changes in the

3) waveform are continuous and repetitive; they occur Free-running Oscillator
at a periodic rate.
Are oscillators that are not self-sustaining require an

Triggered or One-shot
4) external input signal or trigger to produce a change
Oscillators
in the output waveform.
An amplifier with a feedback loop or path for energy

5) Feedback
to propagate from the output back to the input.
According to this criterion, for a feedback circuit to

sustain oscillations, the net voltage gain around the
6) feedback loop must be unity or greater, and the net Barkhausen Criterion
phase shift around the loop must be a positive
integer multiple of 360 .
Is a positive feedback where the positive means that

7) its phase aids the oscillation process and does not Regenerative Feedback
necessarily indicate a positive or negative polarity.
Is a negative feedback and supplies a feedback

signal that inhibits oscillations from occurring.
8) Degenerative Feedback

Is an untuned RC phase shift oscillator that uses both

positive and negative feedback. The oscillator that
9) Wien-bridge Oscillator
Hewlett and Packard used in their original signal
generator design.
Added to the circuit to compensate for imbalances

Automatic Gain Control
10) in the bridge and variations in component values
( AGC )
due to heat.
Are oscillator circuits that utilize LC tank circuits for the

11) LC Oscillators
frequency determining components.
12) An LC oscillator that uses a tapped coil. Hartley Oscillator
The operation of this oscillator is very similar to that of

13) Hartley except that a capacitive divider is used Colpitts Oscillator
instead of a tapped coil.
An oscillator circuit identical to the Colpitts except

14) Clapp Oscillator
with the addition of a small capacitor Cs placed in
series with L1.
The ability of an oscillator to remain at a fixed

15) Frequency Stability
frequency.
Frequency stability affected predominantly by

16) Short-term Stability
fluctuations in dc operating voltages.
Frequency stability which is a function of component

17) aging and changes in the ambient temperature and Long-term Stability
humidity.
Feedback oscillator circuits where a crystal is used for

the frequency determining component.
18) Crystal Oscillator

The study of the form, structure, properties, and

classifications of crystals. It deals with lattices,
19) bonding, and behavior of slices of crystal material Crystallography
that have been cut at various angles with respect to
the crystals axes.
The _______ occurs when oscillating mechanical

20) stresses applied across a crystal lattice structure Piezoelectric Effect
generate electrical oscillations and vice versa.
In this mode the oscillator is tuned at the third, fifth,

21) seventh, or even the ninth harmonic of the crystals Overtone
fundamental frequency.
The direction of frequency change is the same as the Positive Temperature

22)
temperature change. Coefficient
The change in frequency is in the direction opposite Negative Temperature

23)
to the temperature change. Coeffiecient
Is almost a perfect zero-coefficient crystal from

24) freezing to boiling but is useful only at frequencies GT-cut Crystal
below a few hundred kilohertz.
A crystal oscillator circuit that has very good

25) Discrete Pierce Oscillator
frequency stability and reasonably simple circuitry.
A crystal oscillator circuit that has low cost and simple

26) IC-based Pierce Oscillator
digital interfacing capabilities.
A crystal oscillator circuit that has best frequency

27) RLC Half-bridge
stability.
Consists of a crystal-controlled oscillator and a

28) Crystal Oscillator Module
voltage-variable component such as a varactor
diode.

A specially constructed diode whose internal

Varactor Diode
capacitance is enhanced when reversed biased,
29) or
and by varying the reverse-bias voltage, the
Varicap
capacitance of the diode can be adjusted.
An oscillator circuit that generates well-defined,

30) stable waveforms that can be externally modulated Waveform Generator
or swept over a given frequency range.
A monolithic function generator integrated circuit

manufactured by EXAR Corporation capable of
31) producing high quality sine, square, triangle, rap, and XR-2206
pulse waveforms with both a high degree of stability
and accuracy.
A free-running oscillator with a stable frequency of

Voltage Controlled
32) oscillation that depends on an external timing
Oscillator
capacitance, timing resistance, and control voltage.
A monolithic voltage controlled oscillator

(VCO) integrated circuit featuring excellent
frequency stability and a wide tuning range. The
33) XR-2207
circuit provides simultaneous triangle- and square-
wave outputs over a frequency range of from 0.01 Hz
to 1 MHz.
A monolithic variable-frequency oscillator circuit

34) featuring excellent temperature stability and a wide XR-2209
linear sweep range.
A closed-loop feedback control system in which

either the frequency or the phase of the feedback Phase Locked Loop
35)
signal is the parameter of interest rather than the ( PLL )
magnitude of the signals voltage or current.
The VCOs output frequency when the PLL is not Preset/Natural Free-
36)
locked. Running Frequency

The voltage produced by the phase comparator that

37) is proportional to the difference in frequency Error Voltage
between the two signals.
The PLL state when there is no external input

38) Free-Running State
frequency or the feedback loop is open.
The state when the PLL is in the process of acquiring

39) Capture State
frequency lock.
The state when the VCO output frequency is locked

40) onto (equal to) the frequency of the external input Lock State
signal.
41) The time required to achieve lock. Acquisition Time
The band of frequencies centered around the VCO

natural frequency where the PLL can initially establish
42) Capture Range
or acquire frequency lock with an external input
signal from an unlocked condition. Also known as
acquisition range.
43) The capture range expressed as a peak value. Pull-in Range
The band of frequencies centered around the VCO

natural frequency over which a PLL can maintain
44) Lock Range
frequency lock with an external input signal. Also
known as tracking range.
45) The lock range expressed as a peak value. Hold-in Range
An oscillator with a stable frequency of oscillation

that depends on an external bias voltage.
Voltage-Controlled
46)
Oscillator

Sometimes called a phase detector which is a

47) nonlinear device with two input signals: an external Phase Comparator
input frequency and the VCO output signal.
The difference in phase between an external input

48) Phase Error
frequency and the VCO output signal.
The product of the individual gains or transfer

49) Loop Gain
functions around the loop for the PLL.
An ultra stable monolithic phase-locked-loop system

designed by EXAR Corporation for a wide variety of
applications in both analog and digital
50) XR-215
communications systems. Can operate over a
relatively wide frequency range from 0.5 Hz to 35
MHz.
51) PLL that are used to track digital pulses rather than Digital PLL
analog signals, such as in clock recovery circuits.
This word means to form an entity by combining parts

52) Synthesize
or elements.
Are used to generate many output frequencies

through the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
53) Frequency Synthesizer
division, of a smaller number of fixed frequency
sources.
A method of frequency synthesis where multiple

output frequencies are generated by mixing the
Direct Frequency
54) outputs from two or more crystal-controlled
Synthesis
frequency sources or by dividing or multiplying the
output frequency from a single-crystal oscillator.
A method of frequency synthesis where a feedback-

Indirect Frequency
55) controlled divider/multiplier such as PLL is used to
Synthesis
generate multiple output frequencies.

The minimum frequency separation between output

56) Resolution
frequencies for a synthesizer.
An advanced dual-modulus low-power, ECL

prescaler manufactured by Signetics Company. The
57) NE/SA701
maximum input signal frequency is 1.2 GHz for cellular
and other land mobile applications.
A bipolar, single-chip frequency synthesizer

manufactured in SUBILO-N technology (components
58) laterally separated by oxide). It performs all the TSA6057/T
tuning functions of a PLL radio-tuning system. Also
manufactured by Signetics.

CHAPTER 4 AMPLITUDE MODULATION TRANSMISSION
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
The process of impressing low-frequency information

1) Modulation
signals onto a high-frequency carrier signal.
The reverse process of modulation where the

2) received signals are transformed back to their Demodulation
original form.
The process of changing the amplitude of a relatively

3) high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the Amplitude Modulation
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
Frequencies that are high enough to be efficiently

4) radiated by the antenna and propagated through Radio Frequencies
free space.
The modulated output waveform from an AM

5) AM Envelope
modulator is?
6) Sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM. AM DSBFC
The band of frequencies between fc fm(max)

7) Lower Sideband
and fc
Any frequency within the lower sideband is called.

8) Lower Side Frequency
The band of frequencies between fc and

9) Upper Sideband
fc + fm(max)
10) Any frequency within the upper sideband is called? Upper Side Frequency

The term used to describe the amount of amplitude

11) change (modulation) present in an AM waveform Coefficient of Modulation
signal.
The coefficient of modulation stated as a

12) Percent Modulation
percentage.
The maximum percent modulation that can be

13) 100%
imposed without causing excessive distortion.
The _______ in a transmitter where modulation occurs

14) determines whether the circuit is a low or a high-level Location
transmitter
The modulation takes place prior to the output

15) Low-Level Modulation
element of the final stage of the transmitter.
The modulation takes place in the final element of

16) the final stage where the carrier signal is at its High-Level Modulation
maximum amplitude.
The amplitude of the output signal depends on the

17) amplitude of the input carrier and the voltage gain Emitter Modulation
of the amplifier.
A class C modulator capable of nonlinear mixing and

18) the modulating signal is applied directly to the Collector Modulator
collector.
Used to translate the low-frequency intelligence

signals to radio-frequency signals that can be
19) Up-converter
efficiently radiated from an antenna and
propagated through free space.
20) Are used for observing the modulation characteristics Trapezoidal Pattern
of AM transmitters.

A form of amplitude distortion introduced when the

positive and negative alternations in the AM
21) Carrier Shift
modulated signal are not equal (nonsymmetrical
modulation).
Complex waveforms comprised of two or more

22) Nonsinusoidal Signals
frequencies.
Are complex waves made up of two or more

Complex Repetitive
23) harmonically related sine waves and include square,
Waveforms
rectangular, and triangular waves.
A form of AM where signals from two separate

information sources modulate the same carrier
frequency at the same time without interfering with Quadrature Amplitude
24) each other. The information sources modulate the Modulation
same carrier after it has been separated into two ( QAM )
carrier signals that are 90 out of phase with each
other.

CHAPTER 5 AMPLITUDE MODULATION RECEPTION
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1) The reverse process of AM modulation. AM Demodulation
The first stage of the receiver of which primary

2) functions are detecting, band limiting, and RF Section
amplifying the received.
This section down-converts the received RF Mixer /

3)
frequencies to intermediate frequencies (IFs). Converter
This section primary functions are amplification and

4) IF Section
selectivity.
This section demodulates the AM wave and converts

5) AM Detector
it to the original information signal.
This section amplifies the recovered information.

6) Comprises several cascaded audio amplifiers and Audio Section
one or more speakers.
A receiver parameter that is used to measure the

7) ability of the receiver to accept a given band of Selectivity
frequencies and reject all others.
The ratio of the bandwidth 60dB below maximum

8) signal level and bandwidth 3dB below maximum Shape Factor
signal level.
9) The most prevalent form of noise and is directly Thermal Noise

proportional to bandwidth.
10) Noise reduction ratio achieved by reducing the Bandwidth Improvement

Bandwidth.

The corresponding reduction in the noise figure due

Noise Figure
11) to the reduction in bandwidth expressed
Improvement
mathematically in dB.
The ________ of a receiver is the minimum RF signal

level that can be detected at the input to the
12) receiver and still produce a usable demodulated Sensitivity
information signal.
Also known as receiver threshold.
Defined as the difference in decibels between the

minimum input level necessary to discern a signal
13) Dynamic Range
and the input level that will overdrive the receiver
and produce distortion.
Defined as the output power when the RF amplifier

14) response is 1 dB less than the ideal linear-gain 1-dB Compression Point
response.
A measure of the ability of a communication system

15) to produce, at the output of the receiver, an exact Fidelity
replica of the original source information.
Any frequency, phase, or amplitude variations that

16) are present in the demodulated waveform that were Distortion
not in the original information signal.
The total phase shift encountered by a signal and

17) can generally be tolerated as long as all frequencies Absolute Phase Shift
undergo the same amount of phase delay.
Occurs when different frequencies undergo different

phase shifts and ay have a detrimental effect on a
complex waveform.
18) Differential Phase Shift

Defined as the ratio of the power transferred to a

Insertion Loss
19) load with a filter in the circuit to the power transferred
( IL )
to a load without the filter.
A hypothetical value that cannot be directly

Equivalent Noise
20) measured. A parameter that is used in low-noise,
Temperature
sophisticated radio receivers rather than noise figure.
The frequencies generated in the receiver and used

Coherent /
21) for demodulation are synchronized to oscillator
Synchronous Receiver
frequencies generated in the transmitter.
Either no frequencies are generated in the receiver or

the frequencies used for demodulation are Noncoherent /
22)
completely independent from the transmitters carrier Asynchronous Receiver
frequency.
One of the earliest types of AM receivers and are

23) probably the simplest designed radio receivers Tuned Radio Frequency
available today.
A phenomenon at radio frequencies where current

24) Skin Effect
flow is limited to the outermost area of a conductor.
A technique where TRF receivers instability can be

reduced somewhat by tuning each amplifier to a
25) Stagger Tuning
slightly different frequency, slightly above or below
the desired center frequency.
Means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear

26) device or to translate one frequency to another using Heterodyne
nonlinear mixing.
A broad tuned bandpass filter with an adjustable

27) center frequency that is tuned to desired carrier Preselector
frequency.

The most common intermediate frequency used in

28) 455 kHz
AM broadcast-band receivers is ________.
Consists of a series of IF amplifiers and bandpass filters

29) IF Section
and is often called IF strip.
Refer to frequencies that are used within a transmitter

or receiver that fall somewhere between the radio
30) Intermediate Frequency
frequencies and the original source information
frequencies.
Means that the two adjustments are mechanically

tied together so that a single adjustment will change
31) Gang Tuning
the center frequency of the preselector and, at the
same time, change the local oscillator frequency.
When the local oscillator is tuned above High-side Injection /

32)
the RF it is? High-beat Injection
When the local oscillator is tuned below Low-side Injection /

33)
the RF it is? Low-beat Injection
The side frequencies undergo a sideband reversal

34) Sideband Inversion
during the heterodyning process called?
The ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to

oscillate above or below the selected radio
35) frequency carrier by an amount equal to the Tracking
intermediate frequency throughout the entire radio
frequency band.
The difference between the actual oscillator

frequency and the desired frequency.
36) Tracking Error

Any frequency other than the selected radio

frequency carrier that, if allowed to enter a receiver
37) and mix with the local oscillator, will produce a cross- Image Frequency
product frequency that is equal to the intermediate
frequency.
A numerical measure of the ability of a preselector to Image-frequency

38)
reject the image frequency. Rejection Ratio
Occurs when a receiver picks up the same station at

39) Double Spotting
two nearby points on the receiver tuning dial.
A high-gain, low-noise, tuned amplifier that, when

40) used, is the first active stage encountered by the RF Amplifier
received signal.
High-performance microwave receivers require a

Low-noise Amplifier
41) ________ as the input stage of the RF section to
( LNA )
optimize their noise figure.
MEsa Semiconductor FET

A FET with a metal-semiconductor junction at the
42) Semiconductor FET
gate of the device, called a Schottky barrier.
( MESFET )
A wideband, unconditionally stable, low-power, dual-

43) gain linear integrated-circuit RF amplifier NE / SA5200
manufactured by Signetics Corporation.
This section purpose is to down-convert the incoming

Mixer /
44) radio frequencies to intermediate frequencies
Converter Stage
proportional to bandwidth.
The difference between the level of the IF output with

an RF input signal to the level of the IF output with an
45) Conversion Gain
IF input signal.
46) Self-excited Mixer

A configuration where the mixer excites itself by

feeding energy back to the local oscillator tank
circuit to sustain oscillations noise figure.
A low-power VHF monolithic double-balanced mixer

47) with input amplifier, on-board oscillator, and voltage NE / SA602A
regulator.
Are relatively high-gain amplifiers that are very similar

Intermediate Frequency
48) to RF amplifiers, except that IF amplifiers operate over
( IF ) Amplifier
a relatively narrow, fixed frequency band.
The most common technique used for coupling

where the voltage that is applied to the primary Inductive or Transformer
49)
windings of a transformer is transferred to the Coupling
secondary windings.
Ability of a coil to induce a voltage within its

50) Inductance
windings.
51) Ability of one coil to induce a voltage in another coil. Mutual Inductance
52) The ratio of the secondary flux to the primary flux. Coefficient of Coupling
The transfer of flux from the primary to the secondary

53) windings and is directly proportional to the Flux Linkage
coefficient of coupling.
The point where the reflected resistance is equal to

54) the primary resistance an d the Q of the primary tank Critical Coupling
circuit is halved and the bandwidth doubled.
Is caused by the reactive element of the reflected

55) impedance being significant enough to change the Double Peaking
resonant frequency of the primary tuned circuit.
56) Optimum Coupling

The coefficient of coupling approximately 50%

greater than the critical value yields a good
compromise between flat response and steep skirts.
IF transformers come as specially designed tuned

57) circuits in groundable metal packages IF Cans
called _______.
A differential cascoded amplifier designed for use in

58) communications and industrial equipment as an IF or CA3028A
RF amplifier at frequencies from dc to 120 MHz.
The function of this circuit is to demodulate the AM

59) signal and recover or reproduce the original source AM Detector
information.
A simple noncoherent AM demodulator using a

60) diode. Also called as diode, shape, or envelope Peak Detector
detector.
A distortion in the detection process where the RC

61) time constant is too short, the output waveform Rectifier Distortion
resembles a half-wave rectified signal.
A distortion in the detection process where the RC

time constant is too long, the slope of the output
62) Diagonal Clipping
waveform cannot follow the trailing slope of the
envelope.
A circuit that compensates for minor variations in the Automatic Gain Control
63)
received RF signal. ( AGC )
It prevents the AGC feedback voltage from reaching

64) the RF or IF amplifiers until the RF level exceeds a Delayed AGC
predetermined magnitude.

Is similar to conventional AGC except that the

receive signal is monitored closer to the front end of
65) Forward AGC
the receiver and the correction voltage is fed
forward to the IF amplifiers.
Its purpose is to quiet a receiver in the absence of a

66) Squelch Circuit
received signal.
Are used to remove sporadic, high-amplitude noise

Limiters /
67) transients of short duration, such as impulse noise in
Clippers
the audio section of a receiver.
A method of measuring signal strength relative to

Signal-to-Notched Noise
68) noise strength where an RF carrier modulated 30% by
Ratio
a 1-kHz tone is applied to the input of the receiver.
A National Semiconductor Corporation linear

integrated circuit AM radio chip that has an onboard
RF amplifier, mixer, local oscillator, and IF amplifier
69) LM1820
stages. An LIC audio amplifier, such as the LM386,
and a speaker are necessary to complete a
functional receiver.
This receivers would need only two external

70) components: a volume control and a station tuning PLL Receivers
control.
The ratio of the demodulated signal level at the

output of the receiver (audio) to the RF signal level at
71) the input to the receiver, or the difference between Net Receiver Gain
the audio signal level in dBm and the RF signal level in
dBm.
Includes all the gains and losses incurred by a signal

as it propagates from the transmitter output stage to
72) System Gain
the output of the detector in the receiver and
includes antenna gain and transmission line and
propagation losses.

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

CHAPTER 2 SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND MIXING

Electrical signals of which amplitude changes

Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their

3) Digital signal with only two levels possible. Binary Signal

4) Digital signal with four levels possible. Quaternary Signal

Is the mathematical analysis of the frequency,

6) A signal that repeats at a uniform rate. Periodic Wave

A time-domain instrument that shows signal

The display on the cathode ray tube (CRT) that shows

A description of signal with respect to its frequency. Frequency Domain

Prepared By : APRIL A. BALDOVINO 19

A frequency-domain instrument that shows

Any repetitive wave that is comprised of more than Nonsinusoidal /

A mathematical series developed in 1826 by French

A mathematical tool that allows us to move back

Waveform comprised of an average dc component

16) Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. Harmonic

Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency

If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about

If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about a

Prepared By : APRIL A. BALDOVINO 20

If a periodic voltage waveform is such that the

The ________ of a waveform consists of all the

The difference between the highest and lowest

The ratio of the active time of the pulse to the period

The rate at which energy is dissipated, delivered, or

A fourier transform where a time-domain signal is

A new algorithm of fourier transform developed by

27) The process of combining two or more signals Mixing

Occurs when two or more signals combine in a linear

Prepared By : APRIL A. BALDOVINO 21

Occurs when two or more signals are combined in a

Undesired generation of multiples or harmonics of

Desired generation of multiples or harmonics of that

The sum and difference of the two original

The generation of any unwanted cross-product

Desired cross products produced by mixing in a

Prepared By : APRIL A. BALDOVINO 22

OSCILLATORS, PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS, AND

This word means to fluctuate between two states or

A device that produces oscillations or generates

A self-sustaining oscillator where the changes in the

Are oscillators that are not self-sustaining require an

An amplifier with a feedback loop or path for energy

According to this criterion, for a feedback circuit to

Is a positive feedback where the positive means that

Is a negative feedback and supplies a feedback

Prepared By : APRIL A. BALDOVINO 23

Is an untuned RC phase shift oscillator that uses both

Added to the circuit to compensate for imbalances

Are oscillator circuits that utilize LC tank circuits for the

12) An LC oscillator that uses a tapped coil. Hartley Oscillator

The operation of this oscillator is very similar to that of

An oscillator circuit identical to the Colpitts except

The ability of an oscillator to remain at a fixed

Frequency stability affected predominantly by

Frequency stability which is a function of component

Feedback oscillator circuits where a crystal is used for

Prepared By : APRIL A. BALDOVINO 24

The study of the form, structure, properties, and

The _______ occurs when oscillating mechanical

In this mode the oscillator is tuned at the third, fifth,