12/15/2022

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Stability of equilibrium: Buckling (Chapter 9)

Lecture-1
Dr J S Rathore

Design of a structure/system
Ability of a structure to support a given load

1. Strength criterion: (Ch 1 to 7) without experiencing excessive stresses

2. Stiffness criterion: (Ch 8) Without undergoing unacceptable deflections

3. Stability of the structure

 Buckling : without experiencing a sudden
change in its configuration
 Column

Stable Neutral Unstable

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Design of a structure/system
a z
Fwind
A
O y
F
W Mb
W
W

Mt
1. Strength criterion
2. Stiffness criterion F B

3. Stability: Buckling
 d 2v 
  EI 2   M b
 dx 
If equilibrium is disturbed whether
d2  d 2v 
system will return to its original   EI 2   q3x 
position or not B dx2  BITS  Pilani Campus
dxPilani,

Columns/Struts:

Structural members
1. used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or
ceilings rest
2. design to carry compressive loads
3. are relatively long compared to their lateral dimensions
4. Generally, the term column is used to denote vertical members and
the term strut denotes inclined members

Short column
ratio of length to its least lateral
Column dimension (l/d)
Long column
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Learning objectives of chapter: Pcritical

1. Column (Short/long column)
2. Critical load Or Maximum load carrying capacity
3. Parameters that influence the buckling of a column

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Buckling :

The lateral deflection of the long column is RB Pcritical

called buckling.
1. The long column fails when there is B
excessive buckling OR when the load on
δQ
the column exceeds critical load.
2. The load carrying capacity of long
column depends upon several factors:

C
 E
 l/d
 Area of cross-section
 nature of its support
 I (Area moment of inertia)
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Home assignment:

Which cross-section shape is the optimum shape for a column?

Varying I
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Columns:
As per end conditions, 4 different cases possible:

Both ends hinged One end fixed, other end free

Fundamental case
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Columns: modeling
As per end conditions, 4 different cases possible:

One end fixed, other hinged Both ends fixed

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Governing equation:
With I constant

dV
 V  V   V  qx  0  q 0
dx
x x
 M b  M b   M b  V  V  V   Pv  0
2 2
dM b dv
 V  P 0
dx dx 10
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Governing equation:

dV
 q 0 --- (1)
dx
dM b dv
 V  P 0 --- (2)
dx dx
Assumption: effect of shear on deformation is negligible and bending
moment is responsible for deformation

d 2v
 EI  Mb --- (3) Equation 8.4, Page 514
dx2
d 2 M b dV d 2v d2  d 2v  d 2v
   P  0   EI   P  qx 
dx2 dx dx2 dx2  dx2  dx2
--- (4)
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Basic case: Both ends hinged

d2  d 2v  d 2v
  EI 2   P 2  q x 
dx2  dx 
 dx

 d 2v 
  EI 2   M b   Pv
 dx 

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Ex 9.8: Both ends hinged

 d 2v 
  EI 2   M b   Pv
 dx 

d 2v P
  v0
dx2 EI

 v  C1 cos kx  C2 sin kx
P
k
EI
d2  d 2v  d 2v
  EI 2   P 2  q x 
dx2  dx 
 dx

 v x   C1  C2 x  C3 sin
P P
x  C4 cos 13 x
EI BITS Pilani, Pilani EI
Campus

Ex 9.8: Both ends hinged

P
 v  C1 cos kx  C2 sin kx k
EI
At x = 0 and x = L  v  0

P
 C2 sin kL  0  kL  n  L  n
EI
EI
 Pcr   2
L2
Euler’s formula
Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler

Pcr EAr 2 E
  cr   2
 2
A AL L
14 
Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani
r

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Columns with one end fixed, other free:

One end fixed, other end free d2  d 2v  d 2v

  EI 2   P 2  q x 
dx2  dx 
 dx

d 4v d 2v
 EI  P  0 --- (a)
dx4 dx2
At x = 0 At x = L

v  0,
dv
0 M b  0, V  0
dx
 d 2v 
  EI 2   M b  0

 dx  L
dM b dv  d 3v dv 
 V  P  0  V   EI 3  P   0
dx dx  dx dx  L
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Columns with one end fixed, other free:

d 4v d 2v
One end fixed, other end free  EI  P 2  0 --- (a)
dx4 dx

 v x   C1  C2 x  C3 sin
P P
x  C4 cos x
EI EI
 C1  C4  0
At x = 0 At x = L
P M b  0, V  0
 C 2  C3 0 v  0,
dv
0
EI dx
P P P P
 C3 sin L  C4 cos L0
EI EI EI EI
 C2 P  0
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Columns with one end fixed, other free:

 C2  0, C3  0, C1  C4

P P
 C1 cos L0
EI EI

P P  3  2 EI
 cos L0 L , .....  Pcr 
EI EI 2 2 4L2

 v x   C1  C2 x  C3 sin
P P
x  C4 cos x
EI EI

  x
 vx   C1 1  cos 
 2 L
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Critical load: in all 4 cases

EI
 Pcr  c
L2

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Columns with one end fixed, other free:

 v x   C1  C2 x  C3 sin
P P
x  C4 cos x
EI EI

v x0  0 V L  0
 v 
  0 M b L  M o
 x  x 0
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Ex 9.10:

 v x   C1  C2 x  C3 sin
P P
x  C4 cos x
EI EI

v x0  0 V L  F
 v 
  0 M b L  0
 x  x 0
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Ex : 1
A horizontal beam AB is pin supported at end A and carries a load Q = 200 kN
at end B as shown in Fig. The beam AB is supported at C by a pinned-end
column. The column is a solid aluminum bar (E = 72 GPa) of square cross-
section (with side dimension b) having length L = 2 m.
Based upon the critical load of the column, determine the minimum width
(bmin) of the cross-section.

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BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Stability of equilibrium: Buckling (Chapter 9)

Lecture-2

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Critical load: in all 4 cases Fig 9.15, Page 590

 Critical load of a column is proportional to the flexural

rigidity EI and inversely proportional to the square of the
length L.
 Strength of material does not appear in the equation,
EI
 Pcr  c 2 therefore increasing a strength property does not raise the
L critical load of a slender member.
 It can only be raised by increasing EI, reducing length OR
providing additional support
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Critical load: in all 4 cases Fig 9.15, Page 590

If the column is supported only at

EI
 Pcr  c 2 its ends and is free to buckle in
L any direction, then bending will
occur about the principal
centroidal axis having the smaller
moment of inertia. 24
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Columns/Struts:

Short column
ratio of length to its least lateral
Column dimension (l/d)
Long column

Short columns fail by crushing

Local Buckling of thin

Long columns fail by buckling 25
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a channel
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Ideal and real column:

We define an ideal column to be one that
1. remains elastic
2. is perfectly straight
3. is subjected to a compressive load that lies exactly
along its central longitudinal axis
4. is not subjected to a bending moment or lateral force
5. and is weightless and free of residual stresses.

Ideal column does not undergo buckling by just axial load, lateral load is
needed

If the column deviates from any above mentioned condition, it is

considered as real column.
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Behavior of ideal column:

Behaviour of an ideal column compressed by an axial load P can be summarised
as below :

Of course, a real column does not behave in this idealized manner because
imperfections are always present. For instance, the column is not
perfectly straight, and the load is not exactly at the centroid.
Nevertheless, we begin by studying ideal columns because they provide
insight into the behavior of real columns. 27
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Real column means a beam column

Buckling of a real column is not

only because of compressive
load.

Of course, a real column does not behave in this idealized manner because
imperfections are always present. For instance, the column is not
perfectly straight, and the load is not exactly at the centroid.
Nevertheless, we begin by studying ideal columns because they provide
insight into the behavior of real columns. 28
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P EI
 L  n  Pcr   2
EI L2

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Ex :

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Ex : 3

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Ex : 3

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Ex : 4

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In Fig, member OA can be considered rigid and weightless. Column BC is pin-

ended and column DF is pin-ended at A and fixed at F. Both the columns are of
solid circular cross-sections of diameter 10mm. Column BC is made of structural
steel (E = 200 GPa) and column DF is made of an Aluminum alloy (E = 72GPa).
Determine the magnitude of Q that will first cause one of the columns to buckle.

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