Structure IV: Bachelor of Architecture Cosmos College of Management and Technology

Bachelor of Architecture
Cosmos College of Management and

Technology
Structure IV
Course Coordinator:
Dr Bharat Pradhan (B.Eng., M.Sc., P.hD.)

Chairman (Pro Eth. Pvt. Ltd.)
Technical Advisor (Avtech Company Pvt. Ltd.)
Scientific Committee Member (ReLUIS, Italy)
1
Structural Systems and their
Behaviour under Load
2
3
Load transfer mechanism
4
Elements/Members of Structural systems
• Beams
• Columns
• Slabs/plates/shells
• Walls
• Footings
• Trusses
Typical elements of a RC Building

Image: Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, USA
5
Footings
Courtesy: N. Subramanian
a) Wall Footing b)Isolated Spread footing c) Sloped footing c) Combined Footing

e) Mat/Raft foundation f) Pile foundation
6
Columns
a) Circular b) Rectangular c) L-Shaped c) T- Shaped e) Cross Shaped

7
Columns
8
Column Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and axial loads
F
L V
F d
3
M V E,I,A M d1,Q1 d2,Q2
Elastic Properties:
ka = EA/L (axial) sa = F/A (normal stress)
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) sb = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
db = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal)
9
Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear loads
A beam is a structural
element that is primarily
subjected to
bending.
Beams support the slabs and

transfer the load applied
on slabs to columns
10
Beam Elements
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear loads
L V
M M
V E,I,A d1,Q1 d2,Q2
Elastic Properties:
kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending) s = My/I (normal stress)
ks = GA/L (shear) v = VQ/Ib (shear stress)
db = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending)
11
Walls
Defn: Members subject to shear
y
Vx and Vy
x
dx and dy
Walls are vertical elements and are of masonry or RC construction
Load-bearing walls – support gravity load

Shear Wall – support lateral load 12
Walls
13
Trusses
For covering long-span industrial buildings, precast RC trusses with prestressed
tie member are often used
Fig: Typical configuration of precast RC trusses with prestressed tie member (a)
Bowstring configuration (b) Trapezoidal truss (c) Polygonal truss configuration with
typical member sizes 14
Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear
z
y
Mx, My, and Vz
x
Qx, Qy, and dz
15
Floor/Slab System
Slabs are classified as One-

Way slab and Two-Way slab
(a) One-Way Slab

(b) Two-Way Slab
16
One-Way Joist Floor System (Ribbed Slab)
Ribbed (joist) slab : (One-way bending)
2D gravity or
lateral frames
2D lateral frames Lateral space frame
Floor joists Floor joists
17
One-Way Joist Floor System
Advantages:
• Longer spans with heavy loads
• Reduced dead load due to voids
• Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed between voids
• Good vibration resistance
Typical Applications:
• Medium-to-long spans with heavy loading
• For 30” modules, 35’ – 40’ spans
• For 53” & 66” modules, 35’ – 50’ spans
18
Two-Way Joist Floor System(Waffle slab)
Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)
2D lateral frames
Waffle pans,
type
19
Two-Way Joist Floor System(Waffle slab)
Advantages:
• Longer spans with heavy loads
• Reduced dead load due to voids
• Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed in voids
• Good vibration resistance
• Attractive Ceiling
Typical Applications:
• Long spans with heavy loading
• For 3’, 4’, and 5’ modules, 40’ – 50’ spans and beyond
20
Two Way Flat plate
Flat plate floors are uniformly thick two-way reinforced

slabs, supported by columns or masonry walls.
- Spans up to 8 m using RC
- Spans up to 11 m when post-tensioned
21
Two Way Flat slab
Two-way flat slabs are similar to flat plates, but have

column capitals or drop panels, or both, at the top of the
columns
The capitals increase the shear capacity

of slabs, and the drop panels increase
both the shear and negative moment
capacities at the supports.
Flat slabs are used for heavier loading and
longer spans and require less concrete
and reinforcement than flat plate
- Spans up to 10 m using RC
22
Waffle Flat slab
Waffle flat slabs have a square

grid of closely spaced joists with
filler panels over the columns .
23
Grid Floors
Grid floor consists of beams spaced

at regular intervals in perpendicular
directions, cast monolithically with
the concrete slab.
Grid floors are suitable for large

panels with spans greater than
10 m.
They are used as floor or roof

Fig: Types of grid floors (a) Rectangular grid,
systems for large assembly halls and
(b) Diagrid, (c) Continuous grid
auditorium.
24
Structural Systems for lateral load resistance
in buildings
1. Rigid (Moment Resisting) frame system

(Beams and columns with flat plate/slab, solid slabs or waffle slab)
2. Shear wall systems
3. Dual systems (frames and shear walls)
5. Outrigger and Belt Truss systems
5. Tube system
25
in buildings
Rigid (Moment Resisting) Frame System
Flat plate/ Flat slab system Solid slab Wafle Slab
26
in buildings
Shear Wall System
27
in buildings
Shear Wall System
Shear wall Edge column Shear deformations

generally govern
Elevation
Interior gravity
frames
28
in buildings
Shear Wall System
Elevator shaft configuration
Gravity frames
Shear walls
Hole
Coupling
beams
29
in buildings
Dual System (Shear Wall +Frames)
Wall-Frame Dual System:
Lateral frames
– 25% of lateral
load, minimum
Hole
Shear walls
30
in buildings
Outrigger and Belt Truss System
The outrigger system

comprises a central core,
including either braced frames
or shear walls, with horizontal
‘outrigger’ trusses or girders
connecting the core to the
external columns.
In most cases, the external

columns are interconnected by
exterior belt girder.
Courtesy: N. Subramanian 31
in buildings
508.2m tall, 101 storey tall Taipei 101, Tapei, Taiwan

(Taipei World Financial Center)
32
in buildings
The 420.5m tall, 88-storey Jin Mao

Building, Shanghai, China
33
in buildings
Tube System Framed-tube Systems
Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan

- Father of tubular Structure
A framed tube consists of closely
spaced perimeter columns
interconnected by deep spandrels.
The whole building works as a huge

vertical cantilever tube to resist First frame tube building
- 43-storey DeWitt-Chestnut apartment building,
overturning moments.
Chicago, 1965
34
in buildings
Tube System Braced tube System

(trussed tube system)
when diagonal bracings is added

to the face of the tube structure,
the resulting system called
braced-tube system,
or trussed-tube system.
First Braced tube building, 1985

50 storey, 780 Third Avenue Building,
New York
35
in buildings
Tube System Braced tube System

(trussed tube system)
when diagonal bracings is added

to the face of the tube structure,
the resulting system called
braced-tube system,
or trussed-tube system.
First Braced tube building, 1985

50 storey, 780 Third Avenue Building,
New York
36
in buildings
Tube System Tube in Tube, and

Bundled Tube systems
Tube in Tube system

When a tube is built within a
tube
Bundled Tube system

A cluster of tubes
Tube in Tube Bundled Tube
interconnected
with common interior panels 50-story, 218 m tall One Shell 57-storey, 205 m tall
to generate a perforated Plaza (OSP), Houston, Texas One Magnificent
(1971) Mile building, (1983)
multicell tube
37
in buildings
Mixed system
38
in buildings
Mixed system
39
in buildings
Mixed system
40
Frame System
41
in buildings
Frame: Coplanar system of beam (or slab) and column elements
dominated by flexural deformation
Planar (2D) Space (3D)
42
in buildings
Basic Behavior of frames
Gravity Load
Lateral Loading
43
in buildings
Collapse Mechanism
Storey Sway Mechanism
This is possible when the bending

Building Sway Mechanism moment capacity of Columns is higher
than that of Beams.
The ideal situation is when damage
occurs at the ends of the beams and This is known as strong column – weak
that too distributed throughout the beam philosophy.
building height. 44
in buildings
strong column – weak beam design
45
in buildings
Advantages of Frame System
• Optimum use of floor space, i.e. optimal for office buildings,

retail, parking structures where open space is required.
• Relatively simple and experienced construction process
• Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction (less than
about 20 stories)
46
in buildings
Frame Disadvantages
• Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral deflections

generally control the design process for buildings with greater
than about 4 stories. Note that concrete frames are about 8
times stiffer than steel frames of the same strength.
• Span lengths are limited when using normal reinforced concrete
(generally less than about 40 ft, but up to about 50 ft). Span
lengths can be increased by using pre-stressed concrete.
47
in buildings
Beam-column frame:
Elevation
48
in buildings
Diaphragm (shear) element: Carries lateral loading to the lateral load resisting system
Lateral load
frame, type.
Plate element
Deformed shape -
Lateral load distributes
to frames proportional
to tributary area
49
in buildings
For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally considered rigid
Space frame
with square plan
Deformed shape has constant

lateral displacement - No
diaphragm flexibility, ie. lateral
load distributes to frame
proportional to frame stiffness
50
Shear Wall System
51
Reinforced concrete wall (Shear Wall)
52
53
54
55
Important points to be considered while locating shear walls
56
57
58
59
Very good earthquake performance, if properly designed.
In past earthquakes
Large number of RC frame buildings damaged or collapsed.
Shear wall buildings performed very well.
Easy to construct
Straight forward reinforcement detailing
Easily implemented at site
Effective in
Reducing the cost construction
Minimizing earthquake damage to
Structural elements.
Non-structural elements like glass windows, building contents etc.
61
62
63
PLACEMENT OF SHEAR WALLS
64
PLACEMENT OF SHEAR WALLS
Located symmetrically to reduce ill effects of twist
Symmetry can be along one or both the directions
Can be located at exterior or interior
More effective when located along exterior perimeter of building
65
Reinforced concrete shear wall (Murthy C.V.R. ,2005)
66
CODES FOR DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS
• American Concrete Institute method (ACI 318)
• Indian Standard (IS 456: 2000)
• IS 13920:1993 - Indian Standard Ductile Detailing of RC members
Code recommends a ductile design for adequate strength and ductility
to resist severe earthquakes.
67
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Thickness 150 – 400 mm
Minimum reinforcement 0.25% of gross area in each direction
Diameter shall not exceed 1/10 thickness of section
Reinforcement provided in two curtains when:
Factored shear stress exceeds 0.25 f ck or
Wall thickness exceeds 200 mm
68
Load Bearing Wall System
69
Masonry Buildings
Brittle masonry
• Masonry is brittle and strength is very severe under cyclic loads.
Large mass of masonry structures
• Heavy weight attracts large amounts of seismic forces
Seismic forces larger than design values
• Seismic forces can be significantly higher than given by seismic
coefficients of various design codes.
Large variability in masonry properties
• Variability in strength depends heavily on the quality of
construction.
70
Masonry Buildings
AAC Aerated Autoclave concrete
In-Plane Shear Strength Deficiencies

Stone Masonry Clay Brick Masonry
In-plane failures due to shear overstress & flexure instabilities

• Shear failure are brittle and catastrophic than flexure failures.
• Solid walls are generally strong enough to resist earthquake loads.
• Openings for doors and windows significantly reduce in-plane resistance.
• Many shear failure of R/R masonry is due to loss of integrity.
71
Masonry Buildings
Out-of-plane Wall Weaknesses
Gable & Cross Walls Separation of Wythes
Out-of-plane failures due to inadequate wall-diaphragm anchorage & dynamic

instability of slender walls
• Dynamic instability of long unsupported walls such as gable end walls.
• Separation of wythes in R/R masonry due to lack of through stones.
• Most common cause of observed damage especially in R/R stone masonry.
72
Masonry Buildings
Roof Failures
Collapse of wall supporting roof structure Partial collapse of truss
Causes of roof failures

• Loss of support for roof trusses and joists
• Collapse of roof truss due to failure of joints and/or truss members
• Flat RC slabs are relatively rigid and have sufficient strength and stiffness.
No failure of such diaphragms.
73
Masonry Buildings
Lack of Structural Integrity
Lack of proper connections capable of withstanding compression

and tension forces between various building components
74
Masonry Buildings
Failure Mechanisms of Masonry Walls
Rocking Failure Shear sliding Failure Diagonal shear cracking
75
Masonry Buildings
Failure Mechanisms of Masonry Walls
Possible Shear Failure Modes
• Failure through masonry Units :

In case of Strong Mortar and Weak Units
• Sliding along bed joints :

In case of Low vertical compressive stress
• Stair-steeping through bed and head joints :

In case of Weak Mortar and Strong Units
76
Masonry Buildings
UnReinforced Masonry structures constructed with earthquake resistant

features (design & detailing) have suffers little damage in earthquake.
Ductile behaviour of masonry can be achieved by combining masonry with
steel and using suitable detailing.
Cracking of masonry cannot be prevented and is not against the
philosophy of earthquake resistant design construction
Cracking causes softening of the system, thus increasing the period of the
structure. As a result, the structures moves out of phase with the
earthquake shaking reducing the amount of seismic energy input.
Additionally, Cracking adds damping to the system without serious risk to
the structure’s load carrying capacity
77
Masonry Buildings
Concepts for Earthquake Resistant Masonry Buildings
Effect of openings (Windows door)

• Reduce lateral strength of URM walls and
Therefore,
• Openings should be small & centrally
located.
• Total length of opening in the façade should
be less than half for one-storey and one-third
for two- storey dwellings.
78
Masonry Buildings
A case of Dhulikhel
79
Masonry Buildings
Connections between wythes
• Proper masonry bonds to ensure
connection between wythes
• Bond stones for stone masonry
Connecting perpendicular walls
• Toothed joints in corners
• T’s alternatively in lifts of about
0.45 m
80
Masonry Buildings
Connecting peripheral walls for structural

robustness and integrity
• Plinth band
• Lintel band
• Roof band
• Gable band
81
Masonry Buildings
• Light and strong roof is desirable.

• Secure tiles/slates or use GI sheets
• Good Jointing in trusses
• Concrete floors in 1:2:4 concrete
with reinforcement in both
directions and bend up near
supports
82
Masonry Buildings
Energy Dissipation techniques by slight movement
Pasargadae, Tomb of Cyrus Walls
A case of Persia
83
Masonry Buildings
Energy Dissipation techniques by slight movement
Foundations
A case of Persia
84
Masonry Buildings
A case of Nepal
85
Masonry Buildings
A case of Nepal
86

Structure IV: Bachelor of Architecture Cosmos College of Management and Technology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Structure IV: Bachelor of Architecture Cosmos College of Management and Technology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bachelor of Architecture

Cosmos College of Management and

Dr Bharat Pradhan (B.Eng., M.Sc., P.hD.)

Typical elements of a RC Building

a) Wall Footing b)Isolated Spread footing c) Sloped footing c) Combined Footing

a) Circular b) Rectangular c) L-Shaped c) T- Shaped e) Cross Shaped

Beams support the slabs and

Defn: Members subject to bending and shear loads

Defn: Members subject to shear

Walls are vertical elements and are of masonry or RC construction

Load-bearing walls – support gravity load

Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear

Slabs are classified as One-

(a) One-Way Slab

Ribbed (joist) slab : (One-way bending)

2D lateral frames Lateral space frame

Floor joists Floor joists

Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)

Flat plate floors are uniformly thick two-way reinforced

Two-way flat slabs are similar to flat plates, but have

The capitals increase the shear capacity

Waffle flat slabs have a square

Grid floor consists of beams spaced

Grid floors are suitable for large

They are used as floor or roof

1. Rigid (Moment Resisting) frame system

Rigid (Moment Resisting) Frame System

Flat plate/ Flat slab system Solid slab Wafle Slab

Shear Wall System

Shear Wall System

Shear wall Edge column Shear deformations

Shear Wall System

Elevator shaft configuration

Dual System (Shear Wall +Frames)

Wall-Frame Dual System:

Outrigger and Belt Truss System

The outrigger system

In most cases, the external

Outrigger and Belt Truss System

508.2m tall, 101 storey tall Taipei 101, Tapei, Taiwan

Outrigger and Belt Truss System

The 420.5m tall, 88-storey Jin Mao

Tube System Framed-tube Systems

Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan

The whole building works as a huge

Tube System Braced tube System

when diagonal bracings is added

First Braced tube building, 1985

Tube System Braced tube System

when diagonal bracings is added

First Braced tube building, 1985

Tube System Tube in Tube, and

Tube in Tube system

Bundled Tube system

Planar (2D) Space (3D)

Storey Sway Mechanism

This is possible when the bending

strong column – weak beam design

Advantages of Frame System

• Optimum use of floor space, i.e. optimal for office buildings,

• Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral deflections

For relatively square plans, diaphragms are generally considered rigid

Deformed shape has constant