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Reinforced Concrete Structures II

Chapter Two

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF

FLAT SLABS

Jonathan K.

Wolaita Sodo University

Department of Civil Engineering

April 7, 2024
 Outline
2  Types of Slabs
 Flat Slab Definition
 Design Considerations
 Behavior of Flat Slabs
 Methods of Design
 Moment Division - Example
 Detail of Reinforcements
 Types of Slabs
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One way Slab Two way slab

Ribbed slab Waffle Type

 Two-Way Slabs
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 The most frequently used.
 Ratio of longer to shorter span
is b/n 1&2.
 Transfers loads in two
orthogonal directions.
 Flexibility in terms of bay sizes.
 Beams can be placed on an
irregular column grid.
 Slab is rectangular with main
rebar's in the short direction,
and temperature and shrinkage
reinforcement in the long
direction.
 Con.. The load at A may be thought of as
being carried from A to B and C by one
5 strip of slab, and from B to D and E, and
so on, by other slab strips.
Because the slab must transmit loads in
two directions it is referred to as two
way slab.

Let wx and wy be load in the

x and y direction in which,

kx and ky are load distributing factors in

the short and long directions
 Con..
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The coefficients kx & ky as obtained

using the previous discussion are
approximate because the actual
behavior of a slab is more complex
than the two intersecting strips.
 Waffle Slab Floor System
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 High gravity loads (e.g., industrial buildings)
 Wider open space free of column obstructions
 High stiffness leads to small displacements
 Expensive because formwork costs are high
 Flat Slab
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What is a flat slab?
 A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by
concrete columns without the use of beams
 These slabs may be of uniform thickness
throughout or a portion of it, symmetrical about
the column, may be thicker than the rest of the
slab (called “drop panel”) and the supporting
column may be increased in size near the top
to form a “column head” or “column capital”
 Flat slab
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 Types of Slab System
10 Flat plate floor system
 Simplest deck system
 Effective for short spans and
light loads (e.g., apartment
buildings)
 Flexibility for partition
placement and mechanical
system layout
 Economical because formwork
costs are low
Problems: punching shear.
 Flat Slab Floor System
In difference to the flat
11

plate, a shearhead (capital or
drop panel) is added for
punching shear
 Higher gravity loads than
flat plates (e.g., office
buildings)
 Most effective with square
or nearly square column
grid.
  Uses of column Capital
 Increase shear strength of slab
 Reduce the moment in the slab by reducing
the clear or effective span
 Uses of drop panels
 Increase shear strength of slab
 Stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection
 Increase negative moment capacity of slab

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 The advantages of flat slab floor over the beam slab floor
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 Simplified form work

 Increased clear story height
 Windows can extend up to the underside of the slab.
 No obstruction of light and circulation of air due to beams.
 Flexible for construction of partition walls than slabs with
beams
 Design Considerations
 Wall and Column Position
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 Locate (position) walls to maximize the structural

stiffness for lateral loads
 Deflection Check
 In general, under full service load, δ < L/250 or
40mm whichever is smaller
 Punching Shear
 Behavior of Flat Slabs
15  A probable width of slab acting as “beam” between columns
 Slab bands: are beams having the same depth as slabs but with
greater reinforcement.
 The slab have been divided into Column Strip and Middle Strips
 A column strip
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 is a design strip which serves the purpose of a beam spanning between
columns and deflects as continuous beam and it has a width on each
side of a column centerline equal to 0.25Lx or if drops with dimensions
not less than LX/3 are used, a width equal to the drop dimension
Middle strip
 is a design strip bounded by two column strips
Drop panels
 are rectangular (may be square) or circular (based on the column’s
cross-section) and influence the distribution of moments with in the slab
 The smaller dimension of the drop is LX/3
 The drop may be 25 to 50% more thicker than the rest of the slab i.e. (t d
=1.25 ts to 1.5 ts )
 Slab Without Drops
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 Slab With Drops
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 Statical Moment Mo
19  Based on static principle of analysis, the total statical moment M 0
obtained as the sum of the maximum positive design moment and
the average of the negative design moments in any one span on
the slab is given by:
wL2 2hc 2
Mo  [ L1  ]
Where,
8 3
w - distributed load on slab (Design load)
L1 - length of slab in the direction of moment measured b/n centers of columns.
L2 – width of slab measured between centers of columns.
hc – effective diameter of column or column head.

It is the diameter of a circle whose area equals the x-sectional area of the column,
or if column heads are used, effective diameter of column head given as

hc < Lx/4 ,

where Lx - shorter span of slab

 The effective dimension of a head Lh
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 Lh shall be taken as the lesser of the actual dimension L ho or
Lh,max
Lh,max = Lc + 2dh
 Methods of Design
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 Finite element analysis and Design

 Simplified Direct Design method
 Equivalent frame method
 Finite element analysis and Design
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 Based upon the division of complicated structures into smaller
and simpler pieces (elements) whose behavior can be
formulated
 E.g of software includes SAFE, ADAPT, etc
 Result includes
 Moment and Shear envelopes
 Contour of structural deformation
 Finite element analysis
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 Finite element analysis
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 The Simplified Direct Method
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 There should be a minimum of three continuous spans in each
direction.
 Panels should be rectangular and the ratio of the longer span to shorter
span should not be greater than 2.0
 Successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more than
one - third of the longer span.
 Maximum offsets of columns from either axis between centerlines of
successive columns should not exceed 10% of the span in the direction
of the offset.
 All loads should be vertical and uniformly distributed over the entire
area. The design live load should not exceed two times the design dead
load.
 Design is based on single load case of all spans loaded with maximum
design ultimate load.
 The Simplified Direct Method
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 The simplified direct method is applied to non-sway structures
and the design moments and shear forces are obtained from
coefficients given in the tables
 The Equivalent Frame Method
27 - The bending moments and shear forces may be determined by
dividing the structure longitudinally and transversely into
frames consisting of column and strips of slabs.
- The frames of slab used to define the effective stiffness of the
slab. The following provisions may be applied in the absence
of more accurate method
 For vertical loading assume full width of panel between columns for frame
analysis.
 For lateral loading, as a frame of half width of panel

Loading:
- Ratio of LL/DL < 1.25
- LL ≤ 5 kN/m2
 The Equivalent Frame Method
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Plan of floor slab Step 1 : define line of

support in X & Y directions
 The Equivalent Frame Method
9 10 10 9.2 0.8

DESIGN STRIP IN PROTOTYPE

9 10 10.6 10.5 0.8

STRAIGHTENED DESIGN STRIP

Step 2 : define design strips in

X & Y directions
DESIGN STRIP IN ELEVATION

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Analysis of flat slab

MOMENT DIVISION - EXAMPLE

6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

5000

Layout of building
7000

5000

A floor slab in a building where stability is provided by shear walls

in one direction (N-S). The slab is without drops and is supported
internally and on the external long sides by square columns . The
imposed loading on the floor is 5 KN/m2 and an allowance of
2.5KN/m2 for finishes, etc. fcu = 40 KN/m2, fy = 460KN/m2
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Analysis of flat slab

MOMENT DIVISION - EXAMPLE

6000 6000 6000 6000

1250
5000 2500 3500 2500

2750

7000 4000
3
000
3000
1500
3500 2500

32 Division of panels into strips in x and y direction

Analysis of flat slab

MOMENT DIVISION - EXAMPLE

6000 6000
200 200
35 35

3500 2500
200 200
369

Column strip
exterior support = 0.75*35 on 2.5m strip = 10.5Knm
3000 3000 centre of 1st span = 0.55*200 on 2.5 strip = 44KNm
1st interior support = 0.75*200 on 3m strip = 50KNm
centre of interior span = 0.55 *369 on 3m strip = 67.7KNm
3500 2500 Middle strip
exterior support = 0.25*35 on 2.5m strip = 3.5KNm
centre of 1st span = 0.45*200 on 2.5 strip = 36KNm
1st interior support = 0.25*200 on 3m strip = 16.7KNm

33 centre of interior span = 0.45 *369 on 3m strip = 55.4KNm

 Shear in Flat Slab
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 In flat slab it is not convenient to provide stirrups for flat slabs, thus the
thickness of the concrete section must be adequate to resist the shear
force.

Two types of shear actions are considered:

1. Beam type shear (Wide-Beam Shear):
 Critical section is considered at a distance ‘d’ from the face of the
column or capital
2. Punching shear:
 Is characterized by the formation of a truncated punching cone or
pyramid around a concentrated loads or reactions such as columns -
critical section is considered perpendicular to the plane of the slab at a
distance of 1.5d from the periphery of the support.
 3.8 Shear in Flat Slabs, as per EBCS 2

The concrete section (thickness of the slab) must be adequate to sustain the shear force, since
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stirrups are not convenient.

Two types of shear are considered

i) Beam type Shear: Diagonal tension Failure and critical section is considered at d distance
from the face of the column or capital and Vc is the same expression given earlier for beams
or solid slabs.
i.e. Vc = 0.25fctd k1 k2 bw d
ii) Punching Shear: perimeter shear which occurs in slabs with out beams around columns. It is
characterized by formation of a truncated punching cone or pyramid around concentrated
loads or reactions. The outline of the critical section is shown in Fig. below.
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 Flat slab reinforcement under construction
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 Flat slab reinforcement under construction
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 Detail of Reinforcements
39  (2/3) rd of the amount of
reinforcement required to
resist the negative design Column Strip

moment in the column Half Column strip

strip. 1/6 Ast 2/3 Ast 1/6 Ast

 This concentration of
reinforcement over the
column will increase the
capacity of the slab for
transfer of moment to the
column for flexure Center line of column
40
 Thank
You!
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42 Quiz
Q. Differentiate two way solid and flat slab