FLAT SLAB

Presentation By : Priyam Andharia

Guided By : Prof. Abhi Shah

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 WHAT IS A FLAT SLAB?
A Flat Slab System consists of a reinforced concrete slab
but supported only on columns without any beams.
Flat Slab systems are subset of two-way slab systems
which means load transfer and deformation mechanism
are in two directions.

Flat Slab Flat Slab System with drop

System panel & column head.
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 HISTORY OF FLAT SLABS
Claud A.P. Turner, an American Structural Engineer
constructed Flat Slab System which is known as Turner
System or Spiral Mushroom System for the very first time
in 1906 using conceptual ideas.
Most of the buildings in 1906 used wood- and steel-
framed floors, which made construction more expensive
and tedious, but Turner’s system used flat-slab concrete
floors that were supported by mushroom-headed
columns and reinforced with steel rebar which resulted in
well-built and strong building alongwith less construction
cost.
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 HISTORY OF FLAT SLABS
Later in 1914, Nicholas proposed a method of analysis of
Flat Slabs considering simple statics which is known as
Direct Design Method.
In consecutive years many other methods for analysis of
Flat Slabs were proposed :
Equivalent Frame Method by Jacob S. Grossman
Simplified Coefficient Method
Yield Line Method
Hillerborg Method
Analysis by Finite Element Method

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 COMPONENTS OF FLAT SLAB
Column Strip Middle Strip Column Strip
Panel
Column
Strips
Middle
Middle Strip

Strips PANEL
Column Strip

Column Strip
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 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM
The load transfer mechanism in Flat Slab is similar to
Two-Way Slab.
The load is carried in both directions.
The main reinforcement is provided in both directions.
Bending is in both directions.

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 LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISM
The deflected shape of the flat slab is similar to two-way
slab that is a dish or saucer-like shape.

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 TYPES OF FLAT SLAB
1. Typical Flat Slab
2. Slab without drop and column with column head
3. Slab with drop and column without column head
4. Slab with drop and column with column head

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 DROP & COLUMN HEAD
o Drop Panel: It is a thickened portion of flat slab around
column to resist punching shear at flat slab and column
junction. It is part of flat slab. It doesn't support any other
structural member.
o Column Head: Column head is a bracket on top of column
or an enlarged cross section of column at its top on which
other structural member can rest. It provide additional
base area (more than that of column cross sectional area)
which serves as a base to other structural members.

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 TYPES OF FLAT SLAB
1. Typical Flat Slab
• This is the simplest from in which slab is directly placed
on columns.

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 TYPES OF FLAT SLAB
2. Slab without drop and column with column head
• The column heads may be provided at any angle for
architecture consideration but for the design, 45° from
the vertical is considered as effective.

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 TYPES OF FLAT SLAB
3. Slab with drop and column without column head
• Moments near the column are more in slab, thus the
portion near the column is thickened by providing drops.

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 TYPES OF FLAT SLAB
4. Slab with drop and column with column head

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Limitations: (As per IS 456:2000)
Minimum of three continuous span in each direction.
Rectangular Panels and ratio of longer span to shorter
span should be < 2.
Successive Span lengths (c/c support) in each direction
shall not differ by more than one-third of the longer
span. End spans may be shorter but not longer than
interior spans

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Limitations: (As per IS 456:2000)
The design live load shall not exceed 3 times the
design dead load.
Columns shall be offset to a maximum 10 percent of
the span in direction of the offset.

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
I. Draw the layout of the flat slab and identify the
longer span and the shorter span.
II. Calculation of Effective Depth:
1. As per Cl 31.2.1, the thickness of the flat slabs shall be
calculated by considering the span to effective depth
ratio as per Cl 23.2
2. Later subtracting the minimum cover and half
diameter of reinforcement we will have the effective
depth.

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
III. Load Calculations
1. Self weight of slab = Density x Depth of Slab
2. Live load
3. Floor Finishes
4. Find the LL/DL ratio
If the ratio LL/DL exceeds 0.5, pattern loading calculations
are necessary according to Cl 31.4.6.

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
IV. Pattern Loading (Cl 31.4.6)
1. Sum of the flexural stiffness of columns above and
below the slab ∑Kc shall be such that αc is not less than
the appropriate minimum value αc min specified in Table
17.
2. Find the stiffness of columns and slab along longer as
well as shorter span.
Kc & Ks are the
flexural stiffness
of columns and
slab 18
 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
V. Column and Middle Strips (Cl 31.1.1)
1. Width will be 0.25l2, but not greater than 0.25l1 on each
side of the column centre-line, where l1 is the span in
considered direction and l2 will be span transverse to l1.
2. The width of middle strip can be calculated by
subtracting the width of column strips from total span.

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
VI. Bending Moment Calculations (Cl 31.4.2)
1. The bending moments in each direction shall be taken
as:

2. Calculating +ve and –ve moment in each direction for

both column and middle strip as per Cl 31.4.3 and then
distribution of moments is carried out as per Cl 31.5.5

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
3. As per Cl 31.4.3.2 the total design moments for interior
span shall be distributed as:
Negative Moment - 0.65
Positive Moment - 0.35
4. As per Cl 31.5.5.1 the column strip shall be designed to
resist 75 percent of the total negative moment.
5. As per Cl 31.5.5.3 the column strip shall be designed to
resist 60 percent of the total positive moment.

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)

-ve -ve -ve -ve

+ve +ve +ve

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
VII. Check for Shear (Cl 31.6.1)
1. Critical section for shear shall be at a distance d/2 from
the periphery of the column/capital/drop panel.

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 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD
Design Steps: (As per IS 456:2000)
2. As per Cl 31.6.2 the nominal shear stress in flat slabs
shall be taken as V/bod where V is the shear force due
to design load, bo is the periphery of the critical section
and d is the effective depth.
3. As per Cl 31.6.3 the shear reinforcements are not
necessary when the calculated shear stress at the
critical section does not exceed ksƮc.

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REINFORCEMENT DETAILING

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 PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE
It occurs when slab fails at the intersection of the column
due to concentrated loads.
When the total shear force exceeds the shear resistance
of slab, the slab will be pushed down around the column
or we can say column being punched through the slab.
This results in the column breaking through the portion of
the surrounding slab.
This type of failure is catastrophic because no visible
signs are shown prior to failure.

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PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE

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 ADVANTAGES
Floor to floor height reduction.
Faster construction.
Saving in materials.
Greater column free areas
Reinforcement placing is easier.
Reduced construction costs

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 DISADVANTAGES
Span length is medium.
Higher Slab thickness than two-way slabs.
Use of drop panels may interfere with mechanical
ducting.
Vulnerable to Punching Shear Failure if proper
reinforcement not provided.
Not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions.

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EXAMPLE OF FLAT SLABS

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EXAMPLE OF FLAT SLABS

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EXAMPLE OF FLAT SLABS

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THANK YOU

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