Reinforced Concrete Designs II

According to ACI 318M-08

2019-2020
 Syllabus
1-Deflection Control of Two way slabs.

2-Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slab Systems by Direct

Design Method(D.D.M).

3-Shear in Two Way Slab Systems.

4-Analysis and Design of Two Way Slabs by Yield Line Method.

5-Analysis and Design of Two-Way Slab Systems by Equivalent

Frame Method (E.F.M)

6-Pre-stressed Concrete Beams.

7-Design of R.C. Bridges.

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References:-

Textbooks:
1-Design of Concrete Structures, A.H. Nilson et. al., 13th Ed.,
McGraw Hill, 2004.
2-ACI Committee 318, 2008, Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete Institute, USA.

Suggested references:
1-Nawy, E., "Reinforced Concrete ", 6th Edition, (2009).
2-Reinforced Concrete a Fundamental Approach, 4th ED.,
2000, by Edward G. Nawy, Prentice- Hall. Inc. USA.
3-Fundamental of Reinforced Concrete, 5th Ed., 2012, by
N.C. Sinha and S.K. Roy, INDIA.
4-Fundamental of Prestressed Concrete, 3th Ed., 2011, by
N.C. Sinha and S.K. Roy, INDIA.

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 Introduction
The slabs are presented in two groups:
One-Way Slabs and Two-Way Slabs

One-Way Slabs:
Rectangular slabs can be divided into two groups based on
the support conditions and length-to-width ratios. The
one-way slabs are identified as follows:

1) When a rectangular slab is supported only on two opposite

edges, it is a one-way slab spanning in the direction
perpendicular to the edges.

2) When a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges

and the length-to-width (L/B) ratio is equal or greater
than 2, the slab is considered to be a one-way slab. The
slab spans predominantly in the direction parallel to the
shorter edge. the loads being carried by the slab in the
direction perpendicular to the supporting beams.

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 The following figure shows the two cases of one-way slabs.

(a) (b)
(a) Supported on two opposite edges (b) Supported on all edges (L/B ≥ 2)
Figure(1)
Plans of one-way slabs
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Two-Way Slabs:
When a rectangular slab is supported on all the sides and
the length-to-width ratio is less than 2, it is considered to be a
two-way slab. The slab spans in both the orthogonal directions
and carries the load in the two directions. Figure (2) shows the
two way system.
L

Figure (2)
(a) (b)
two way slab (L/B < 2) Loading transmission (L/B < 2)
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Approximate Analysis Methods of ACI
A- Two-Way Slab on Stiff Supports: Stiff support (brick
walls, reinforced concrete walls or stiff beams with hbeam >
3hslab) on all four sides may be used for slab supports, so
that Two-Way Slab action is obtained. Method 3 has been
proposed for analysis and design of Two-Way Slab that
supported on stiff supports. Direct design method and
equivalent frame method can provide alternative
approaches for analysis and design of Two-Way Slab
system on stiff supports.

B-Two-Way Slabs on Flexible Supports: Two-Way Slab may

be supported on flexible beams (hbeam < 3hslab) on four sides.
Method 3 cannot be used for analysis or design of these
slab systems. Then the direct design method or equivalent
frame method can be considered as the main design
approaches for these systems.

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 Types of RC Two Way Slabs

1-Flat Plate:
Slab carried directly by columns without the use of
beams or girders and is commonly used where spans are not
large and load not heavy, (for relatively light loads as in
apartments or offices) suitable span 4.5m to 6.0m with LL= 3-
5KN/m2 , Figure (3)

Figure (3)
Flat Plate

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2-Flat slab:
The slab may be strengthened by increase the thickness
around the columns with drop panel with or without
expanding the columns with column capital. Drop panel and
column capital are devices to reduce stresses due to shear and
negative bending moments around the columns, (for heavy
industrial loads) suitable span 6 to 9m with LL= 5-
7.5KN/m2. figure (4)

Figure (4)
Flat Slab
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3-Slab with Beams:
slab is supported from four sides by beams

Figure (5)
Slab with beams

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4- waffle Slab (Two Way Ribbed Slab)
To reduce the dead load of the solid slab, voids are
formed rectilinear pattern through use of metal or fiber glass
form inserts to result a two way ribbed construction. The
thickness of waffle slab system is usually 50mm to 100mm
and is supported by ribs in two directions. The ribs are
arranged in each direction at spacing of about 500mm to
750mm. suitable span 7.5m to 12m with LL= 4-7.5KN/m2.

Figure (6)
Waffle Slab

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Drop Panel Dimensions : ACI 13.2.5
When used to reduce the amount of negative reinforcement
over a column or minimum required slab thickness, a drop panel
shall project below the slab at least (1/4) of the slab thickness
(h) beyond the drop and extend in each direction from the
centerline of support at distance not less than (1/6) the span
length measured from center to center of supports.

h
≥h/4

≥L/6 ≥L/6

L
Figure (7)
Drop Panel Dimensions
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 Drop panel with dimensions less than those specified in
13.2.5 may be used to increase shear strength. In computing
required slab reinforcement, the thickness of drop panel below
the slab shall not assumed greater than (1/4) the distance
from edge of column or column capital (ACI 13.3.7)

h D
S

Dmax=h+s

s ≤ e/4

Column C.L
Figure (8)

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Beam Section According to ACI 13.2.4
Beams are defined to include that portion of slab on each
side of the beam extending a distance equal to the projection
of the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but
not greater than four times the slab thickness (≤ 4hf).

Figure (9)

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Exercise:
Find effective b
0.55m

0.3m

0.3m 0.5m
<4hf =0.2x4=0.8

Sol:
b= 0.5+0.3+0.4=1.2m

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Ratio of Flexure Stiffness of Longitudinal Beams and Slabs (αf) :
When beams are used along the column lines in a two
way floor system then the relative size of the beam to the
thickness of slab can be considered as an important
parameter that affecting the behavior and design of the floor
system. This parameter (αf) can be best measured by the ratio
of the flexural stiffness of the beam to the flexural stiffness of
the slab whose width equals the distance between the
centerline of panels on each side of the beam.

4 Ecb I b / l ,
f  Ec  4700 f c
4 Ecs I s / l

When f cbeam  f cslab then f 

Ib
, where Ib
Is
And Is are the moments of inertia of the effective beam and slab

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Approximation Method for finding (I ) :

The moment of inertia of the beam about its own

centroidal axis can be computed as follows:

I b  (bwh3 / 12)  2 for interior beam

I b  (bwh3 / 12) 1.5 for edge beam

The effective length of the slab used in computing the

moment of inertia is the distance between the centerlines of
the adjacent panels for the slab above the interior beams,
while the length of slab above the edge beam is the distance
from the centerline of the panel to the end edge.

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 Cols.=300x300mm
Exercise: find l s for the figure shown
For B1 (edge beam): B1

Sol. 5m
C.L of panel
ls  2.5  0.15  2.65m
For B2 (interior beam): B2
Sol. 5m

ls  2.5  2.5  5m

Cantilever 1.15m

Exercise: find l s for the figure shown B1

Sol.
5m
ls  2.5  1.15  3.65m

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 Minimum Slab Thickness for Deflection Control of
Two-Way Slabs (ACI 9.5.3)
Definition of ln :
ln is the length of clear span in the long direction, measured
face-to-face of supports in slabs without beams and face-to-face
of beams or other support in other cases.

ln ln ln ln ln
l1 l1 l1 l1 l1

Where l1 :length of span in direction of analysis measured

center-to-center of supports, mm.

Note : ln  0.65l1

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A-Slabs without Interior Beams:
Slabs without Interior Beams are flat plates and flat slabs
with or without edge beams. The minimum thickness must
not be less than provided by table 9.5(c)

 125mm  100mm

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 For fy between the values given in the table 9.5(c), linear
interpolation by the equation below can be used to find the
minimum thickness of slab
 t 
hmin  

 
f y  f y1  t1   ln
 y
f 
Where t: minimum thickness of slab
f y1,t1 : the lower values of f y and slab thickness

B- Slab with Beams:

• Compute ( m) for each panel where ( m) is the average
value of (  f ) for all beams on edges of a panel.

clear span in long direction

• find  = clear span in short direction

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 Three Cases of m :
a)  m  0.2 Use table 9.5 (c)

ln 0.8  f y / 1400
b) 0.2   m  2 Use h   125mm Eq. (9-12)
36  5  m  0.2

ln 0.8  f y / 1400
c) m  2 Use h  90mm Eq. (9-13)
36  9

Note: At discontinuous edge, if  f of the edge beam < 0.8 then

increase (h) by at least (10%) in the panel with the discontinuous
edge.

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 ACI 13.6.2.5: circular or regular polygon shaped support shall
be treated as square support with the same area

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Example (1)
Flat plate , t=140mm, fy=350MPa, check slab thickness for
deflection control. 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m
Sol.
4m
Flat plate without edge beams,
use table 9.5(c) Linear interpolation for fy Cols.=300x300mm 4m
 t 
hmin  

 
f y  f y1  t1   ln 4m
 y
f 

 1 1 
 
1
hmin   30 33 350  280    4500  300  133.63  125mm
 420  280 33 
 

t=140mm>hmin O.K

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Example (2)
Flat plate with edge beams ,fy=280 MPa, fʹc=25 MPa check
slab thickness for deflection control.
6m 5m
Sol. 5m

Check  f for edge beam

4m
350  6003 Cols.=350x350mm
Ib  1.5  9.45 109 mm4
12
 350  3 4m
 2500   160
Is  
2 
 9.13 108 mm4
12 Beams=350x600mm 4m
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9.45 10
f  10.35  0.8 Slab with edge beam
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9.13 10
1. Exterior panels: h  ln  6000  350  157mm  125mm 2500mm
36 36

160mm
ln 6000  350
2. Interior panel: h    157mm  125mm 600mm
36 36

Use h=160mm C.L

350mm
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