JUNIOR DESIGN ENGINEER

Presentation by :
SatyaVani Projects and Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
A- 203, Kushal Towers, Khairatabad, Hyderabad – 500 004.
DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB
 Definition

 A reinforced concrete slab with or

without drops, supported generally
without beams, by columns with or
without flared column heads.

 It can be a solid slab or may have

recesses formed on the soffit so
that the soffit comprises a series of
ribs in two directions.
FLAT SLAB or FLAT PLATE
FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANEL
FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANEL & COLUMN HEAD
FLAT SLAB:
BENEFITS:

 Flexibility in room layout

 Saving in building height

 Shorter construction time

 Ease of installation of MEP services

 Prefabricated welded mesh

 Buildability score
Important Terms in Flat Slab
As per Cl 31.1.1 of IS: 456 -2000,

 The slab panel is defined as the part of the slab bounded on each of
its four sides by the column centerlines.
 Each slab panel is divided into column strips and middle strips.
 A ‘column strip’ is defined as a design strip having a width equal to
the lesser of 0.25l1 or 0.25l2 on each side of the column centerline and
includes within this width any drop panel along the column line. Here,
l1 and l2 are the two spans of the rectangular panel, measured center-
to-center of the column supports.
 The ‘middle strip’ is defined as a design strip bound on each of its
sides by the column strip.
Proportioning of Slab Thickness
 The thickness of the flat slab will be controlled by considerations of
span to effective depth ratios given in cl 23.2 of IS 456.
 For flat slabs with drops, span to effective depth ratios shall be
applied directly.
 When drop panels are not provided for the flat slabs, the calculated
l/d ratios should be further reduced by a factor of 0.9;
 The longer span should be considered (unlike the case of regular
slabs where the shorter span is considered)
 For the purpose of calculating the modification factor kt [Table 5.2]
for tension reinforcement, an average percentage of steel across the
whole width of panel should be considered.
 The minimum thickness of the flat slab should be 125 mm.
Proportioning of Drop Panel

 Drops around column supports should be rectangular in plan and

shall be at least one-third of the panel length in each direction.
 For exterior panels, the length, measured perpendicular to the
discontinuous edge from the column centerline should be taken as
one-half of the corresponding width of drop for the interior panel.
 The minimum thickness of drop panel should not be less than one-
fourth the slab thickness.
 However, it is recommended that min. thickness of drop shall be
not less than 100mm.
 Proportioning of column capital
 Proportioning of column capital is based on the assumption of a
45 degree failure plane, outside of which enlargements of the
support are considered ineffective in transferring shear to the
column.

 Code restricts the structurally useful portion of the column

capital to that portion which lies within the largest (inverted)
pyramid or right circular cone which has a vertex angle of 90
degrees, and can be included entirely within the outlines of the
column and the column head.
Determination of Bending Moment

The following two methods are recommended by the Code

(Cl. 31.3) for determining the bending moments in the flat
slab panel
 Direct Design Method
 Equivalent Frame Method

Both methods are based on the ‘equivalent frame concept’.

Transfer of Shear and Moments
Transfer of Shear and Moments

Moment transferred by flexure

Transfer of Shear and Moments
 The width of the slab considered effective in resisting the moment Mub is
taken as the width between lines a distance 1.5 times slab/drop thickness
on either side of the column or column capital.
 Hence, this strip should have adequate reinforcement to resist this
moment Mub .
 The critical section considered for moment transfer by eccentricity of
shear is at a distance d/2 from the periphery of the column or column
capital.
 The shear stresses introduced because of the moment transfer, (assumed
to vary linearly about the centroid of the critical section), should be
added to the shear stresses due to the vertical support reaction.
Direct Design Method
Limitations
 There must be at least three continuous spans in each direction.
 Each panel must be rectangular, with the long to short span ratio not
exceeding 2.0.
 The columns must not be offset by more than 10 percent of the span (in
the direction of offset) from either axis between centre lines of
successive columns.
 The successive span lengths (centre-to-centre of supports), in each
direction, must not differ by more than one-third of the longer span.
 The factored live load must not exceed three times the factored dead
load (otherwise, moments produced by pattern loading would be more
severe than those calculated by DDM).
Design moment for a span
Longitudinal distribution of total design
moment
Distribution of moments to Middle Strips,
Column strip
Equivalent frame method
 This concept simplifies the analysis of a three-dimensional
reinforced concrete building by subdividing it into a series of two-
dimensional (plane) frames (‘equivalent frames’) centered on
column lines in longitudinal as well as transverse directions
 The bending moments and shear forces may be determined by
an analysis of the structure as a continuous frame.
 The ‘equivalent frame method’ differs from DDM in the
determination of the total ‘negative’ and ‘positive’ design
moments in the slab panels for the condition of gravity loading.
 However, the apportioning of the moments to ‘column strips’ and
‘middle strips’ (or to beam and slab) across a panel is common to
both methods.
Equivalent frame method

The load transfer system in EFM consists of three distinct

interconnected elements
 The slab-beam members (along span l1)
 The columns (or walls)
 The torsional members, transverse to the frame (along span l2)
and along the column lines.
Loading Patterns
Loads on edge beam
Distribution of Bending Moment Across
the Panel Width
Column strip: Negative moment at supports
At an interior support, the column strip shall be designed to resist 7S
percent of the total negative moment in the panel at that support.
At an exterior support. the column strip shall be designed to resist the
total negative moment in the panel at that support.

Column strip: Positive moment for each span

For each span. the column strip shall be designed to resist 60 percent
of the total positive moment in the panel.
Distribution of Bending Moment Across
the Panel Width
Moments in the middle strip
That portion of the design moment not resisted by the
column strip shall be assigned to the adjacent middle strips.
Each middle strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of
the moments assigned to its two half middle strips.
The middle strip adjacent and parallel to an edge supported
by a wall shall be proportioned to resist twice the moment
assigned to half the middle strip corresponding to the first
row of interior columns.
Shear in Flat Slab
The critical section for shear
shall be at a distance d/2
from the periphery of the
column/capital/drop panel,
perpendicular to the plane
of the slab where d is the
effective depth of the
section.
Shear in Flat Slab
 The shape of critical
section in plan is
geometrically similar to
the support immediately
below the slab.

 For column sections with

re-entrant angles. the
critical section shall be
taken as indicated in Fig.
 Shear in Flat Slab
When openings in flat slabs are
located at a distance less than
ten times the thickness of the
slab from a concentrated
reaction or when the openings
are located within the column
strips. the critical sections shall
be considered as shown in Fig.
One-way shear
Two-way shear
Check for Shear in Flat Slab
 The nominal shear stress in flat slabs shall be taken as V I b d
where V is the shear force due to design load,
bo is the periphery of the critical section and
d is the effective depth.
 The calculated shear stress at the critical section shall not exceed ko Ʈc.
where k0 =(0.5 + ẞc) but not greater than 1,
ẞc is ratio of short side to long side of the column/capital
Ʈc =0.25 fck in limit state method of design,
 When Ʈv < Ʈc, flat slab is SAFE IN SHEAR.
Slab Reinforcement
 Spacing
The spacing of bars in a flat slab shall not exceed 2 times the slab
thickness.

 Area of reinforcement
When drop panels are used, the thickness of drop panel for
determination of area of reinforcement shall be the lesser of
a) Thickness of drop
b) Thickness of slab plus one quarter the distance between
edge of drop and edge of capital
Min. Length of Reinforcement
REINF. DETAIL OF FLAT SLAB
ASSIGNMENT
Design the interior panel of a flat slab floor with and without drop.
Size of the panel 8m x 8m, live load of 5kN/m2, M25, Fe500. Sketch
the reinforcement details showing C/S at column strip and middle
strip.

The assignment should be sent by mail in the following format,

Subject: SIE Online Training Course Junior Design Engineer
Your Registered Mobile No. 98******24-YOUR NAME-SIEJDE-XX
(XX – Assignment No.)
Email : sieoc.jde@gmail.com