NATIONAL FORENSIC SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
COMPARATIVE STUDY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
FORENSIC STRUCTURAL OF CODAL
ENGINEERING
PROVISIONS OF DIFFERENT
COUNTRY FOR DURABILITY OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES.
SUBJECT : CONSTRUCTION FAILURES ( RDMCE05 )
Prepared By : Priyam Andharia
Guided By : Prof. R.J.Shah
1
WHAT IS DURABILITY?
 In general, durability is the ability to last long without
deterioration.
 Durability of concrete can be defined as the ability of concrete
to resist against weathering action, chemical attacks and
abrasion without compromising its properties.

2
TYPES OF DURABILITY
 Mainly there are 3 types of Durability:
1. Physical Durability
• Freezing and Thawing
• Permeability
• Temperature Stresses
2. Chemical Durability
 Alkali – Aggregate reaction
 Sulphate Attack
 Chloride Attack
 Corrosion of Reinforcement
3. Mechanical Durability
 Abrasion Effect

3
FACTORS INFLUENCING
DURABILITY:
 Environmental Conditions
 Water/Cement Ratio
 Permeability
 Cracks in Concrete
 Chloride Content

4
CODES STUDIED:
1. British / Euro codes – (BS EN 206-2013)
2. American Standard – (ACI 318-2014)
3. Australian Standard – (AS 3600-2001)
4. New Zealand Standard – (NZS 3101 -1,2)
5. Japanese Standard – (JGC 15, JGC 16)
6. Indian Standard – (IS 456-2000)

5
 ENVIRONMENT
EXPOSURE
CLASSES
6
 EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013
 European/British Code has categorized exposure classes based on different
degradation mechanisms.
 They are divided in the following six major categories:
 No risk of corrosion or attack
 Corrosion induced by carbonation
 Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from sea water
 Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water
 Freeze/thaw attack with or without de-icing salts
 Chemical attack.

 These categories are further sub-divided into sub-classes, totaling 18, thus
widening their definitions.
7
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013
Class/ Description of environment Informative example where exposure classes may
designation occur
1 No risk of corrosion or attack
X0 For concrete without reinforcement or
embedded metal: all exposures except
where there is freeze/ thaw, abrasion or  
chemical attack Concrete inside buildings with very low air humidity
  For concrete with reinforcement or
embedded metal: very dry
2 Corrosion induced by carbonation
(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is exposed to air and moisture)
XC1 Dry or permanently wet Concrete inside buildings with low humidity. Concrete
permanently submerged in water
XC2 Wet, rarely dry Concrete subjected to long-term water contact. Many
foundations
XC3 Moderate humidity Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air
humidity. External concrete sheltered from rain.
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within
exposure class XC2

8
 EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013
Class/ Description of environment Informative example where exposure classes
designatio may occur
n

3 Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from sea water

(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact with water
containing chlorides, including de- icing salts from sources other than sea water)

XD1 Moderate humidity Concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides

XD2 Wet, rarely dry Swimming pools. Concrete exposed to industrial
waters containing chlorides
XD3 Cyclic wet and dry Parts of bridges exposed to spray containing
chlorides. Pavements. Car park slabs

9
 EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013
Class/ Description of environment Informative example where exposure classes
designati may occur
on

4 Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water

(Where concrete containing reinforcement or other embedded metal is subject to contact with
chlorides from sea water or air carrying salt originating from sea water)

XS1 Exposed to airborne salt but not in Structures near to on the coast
direct contact with sea water
XS2 Permanently submerged Parts of marine structures
XS3 Tidal, splash and spray zones Parts of marine structures

10
 EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013
Class/ Description of environment Informative example where exposure classes
designatio may occur
n
5 Freeze/thaw attack with or without de-icing salts
(Where concrete is exposed to significant attack from freeze-thaw cycles whilst wet)
XF1 Moderate water saturation, without de- Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and
icing agents freezing
XF2 Moderate water saturation, with de- Vertical concrete surfaces of road structures
icing agents exposed to freezing and airborne de-icing agents

XF3 High water saturation, without de-icing Horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to rain and
agents freezing
XF4 High water saturation, with de-icing Road and bridge decks exposed to de-icing agents.
agent or sea water Concrete surfaces exposed to direct spray
containing de-icing agents and freezing. Splash
zones of marine structures exposed to freezing

11
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013
Class/ Description of environment Informative example where exposure
designati classes may occur
on

6 Chemical attack

XA1 Slightly aggressive chemical environment according to Table 2*

 
XA2 Moderately aggressive chemical environment according to Table 2*
 
XA3 Highly aggressive environment according to Table 2*
 

12
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013
 It is likely that concrete may be subjected to more than one degradation
mechanisms. In such case, the standard states that “environmental
conditions to which it is subjected may thus need to be expressed as a
combination of exposure classes”.
 It further states that “for a given structural component, it is likely that
different concrete surfaces may be subjected to different environmental
actions”.

13
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600: 2001
 The Australian Standard AS 3600:2001 categories exposure environment
into the following six main classes and 17 sub-classes 15:

Exposure environment Sub-classification

In contact with ground 4(A1, A2, U)
In interior environment 2 (A1, B1)
Above ground 6 (A1, A2, B1, B2)
In water 4 (A1, B1, B2, U)
Other environment 1(U)

14
 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600: 2001
Surface and exposure environment Exposure classification
Reinforced or Plain
prestressed concrete
concrete members
members (Note 1)
( Note 1)
1. Surface of members in contact with the ground    
(a) Members protected by a damp-proof membrane A1 A1
(b) Residential footings in a non-aggressive soils A1 A1
(c) Other members in non-aggressive soils A2 A1
(d) Members in aggressive soils (Note 2) U U
2. Surfaces of members in interior environments    
(a) Fully enclosed within a building except for a brief period of A1 A1
weather exposure during construction
(b) In industrial buildings, the member being subject to repeated B1 A1
wetting and drying
15
 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600: 2001
Surface and exposure environment Exposure classification
Reinforced or Plain
prestressed concrete
concrete members
members (Note 1)
( Note 1)
3. Surfaces of members in above-ground exterior environments    
in areas that are :
(a) Inland (>50 km from coastline) environment being -    
(i) non-industrial and arid climatic zone ( Notes 3 and 4) A1 A1
(ii) non-industrial and temperate climatic zone. A2 A1
(iii) non-industrial and tropical cimatic zone B1 A1
(iv) industrial and any climatic zone B1 A1
(b) Near-coastal ( 1 km to 50 km from coastline) any climatic B1 A1
zone.
(c ) Coastal ( up to 1km from coastline but excluding tidal and B2 A1
splash zones)( Note 5), any climatic zone
16
 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600: 2001
Surface and exposure environment Exposure classification
Reinforced or Plain
prestressed concrete concrete
members members
( Note 1) (Note 1)
4. Surfaces of members in water    
(a) In fresh water B1 A1
(b) In sea water    
( i ) permanently submerged B2 U
(ii) in tidal or splash zones C U
(c) In soft or running water U U
5. Surfaces of members in other environments U U
Any exposure environment not otherwise described in
Items 1 to 4
17
 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600: 2001
Notes:
1. In this context, reinforced concrete includes any concrete containing metals that rely on the concrete
for protection against environmental degradation. Plain concrete members containing
reinforcement or other metallic embedment should, therefore, be treated as reinforced members,
when considering durability.
2. Permeable soils with a pH < 4.0, or with ground water containing more than 1 g per litre of sulphate
ions, would be considered aggressive.Salt-rich soils in arid areas should be considered as exposure
classification C.
3. The climatic zones referred to are those given in Fig 4.3 (AS 3600-2001), which is a simplified
version of Plate 8 of the Bureau of Meteorology publication ‘Climate of Australia’ 1982 Edition.
4. Industrial refers to areas that are within 3 km of industries that discharge atmospheric pollutants.
5. For the propose of this Table, the coastal zone includes locations within 1 km of large expanses of
salt water ( e.g. Port Phillips Bay, Sydney Harbour east of Spit ands Harbour Bridges, Swan River
west of the Narrows Bridge). Where there are strong prevailing winds or vigorous surf, the distance
should be increased beyond 1 km and higher levels of protection should be considered. Proximity to
small salt water bays, estuaries and rivers may be disregarded.

18
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600: 2001

CLIMATIC ZONES IN AUSTRALIA

19
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014
 The Code addresses four exposure categories that affect the requirements for concrete
to ensure adequate durability:
 Exposure Category F applies to exterior concrete that is exposed to moisture and cycles of freezing and
thawing with or without deicing chemicals.
 Exposure Category S applies to concrete in contact with soil or water containing deleterious amounts
of water soluble sulphate ions.
 Exposure Category W applies to concrete in contact with water but not exposed to freezing and
thawing, chlorides, or sulphates.
 Exposure Category C applies to non prestressed and prestressed concrete exposed to conditions that
require additional protection against corrosion of reinforcement.
 Severity of exposure within each category is defined by classes with increasing
numerical values representing increasingly severe exposure conditions. A classification
of 0 is assigned if the exposure severity has negligible effect or the exposure category
does not apply to the member.

20
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014
Exposure Class Sub-Class

  F0 (Not applicable): For concrete not exposed to cycles of freezing

F and thawing
Freezing and
thawing F1 (Moderate): Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing occasional
exposure to moisture (no deicing salts)

F2 (Severe) : Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing and in

continuous contact with moisture
F3 (Very severe): Concrete exposed to freezing and thawing and in
continuous contact with water and exposed to de-icing salts

21
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014
Exposure Class Sub-Class

  SO SO4 < 0.10 % (soil)

  (Not applicable ): SO4 < 150 ppm (water)
S
Sulfate S1 (Moderate) 0.10 ≤ SO4 < 0.20 % (soil)
150 ≤ SO4 < 1500 ppm ( and sea
water)

S2 ( Severe) 0.20 ≤ SO4 ≤ 2.00 % (soil)

1500 ≤ SO4 ≤ 10,000 ppm (water)

S3 ( Very severe) SO4 > 2.00 % (soil)

SO4 > 10,000 ppm (water)

22
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014
Exposure Class Sub-Class

  C0 ( Not applicable): Concrete that will be dry and protected in service

 
C
Corrosion C1 (Moderate): Concrete exposed to moisture but not to external source
of chlorides in service
C2( Severe): Concrete exposed to moisture and an external source of
chlorides
P P0: (Not applicable): Concrete where low permeability to water is
Permeability not required
P1 : Concrete required to have low permeability to water

23
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
16:2007
 Japanese country code have not divided different environmental exposures rather they
have directly given different limiting values for different durability factors such as
Chloride Attack, Carbonation, Freezing and Thawing ,etc. Those values will be discussed
in the further slides.
 The environment conditions they considered are:
Durability Factors Exposure Environment
Carbonation Dry Environment
Humid Environment
Chloride Attack Coastal Area with different distance
Freezing and Thawing Continuously or Frequently in water
Environment in which below Zero
temperature is rare
Normal State of Exposures (cases other than mentioned above)
24
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
16:2007
 The code has 3 classification of environment condition for reinforcement corrosion:

25
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006
 The exposure classification for a surface of a steel reinforced or
prestressed member shall be determined from Table in next slide.
 Except for categories 4(b) and 5, this table need not apply to unreinforced
members, members with non-metallic reinforcement, or steel fiber
concrete provided that such concrete does not contain metals that rely on
the concrete for protection against environmental degradation. (Plain
Cement Concrete)

26
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

27
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

28
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

(In the direction of wind)

29
 INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000
Environmen Exposure conditions
t
Mild Concrete surfaces protected against weather or aggressive conditions, except
those situated in coastal areas
Moderate Concrete surface sheltered from severe rain or freezing whilst wet; concrete
exposed to condensation and rain concrete continuously under water;
concrete in contact or buried under non-aggressive soil/ground water;
concrete surfaces sheltered from saturated salt air in coastal area
Severe Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate wetting and drying or
occasional freezing whilst wet or severe condensation; concrete completely
immersed in sea water; concrete exposed to coastal environment
Very severe Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray, corrosive fumes or severe
freezing conditions whilst wet; concrete in contact with or buried under
aggressive sub-soil/ground water
Extreme Surface of members in tidal zone; members in direct contact with liquid/solid
aggressive chemicals

30
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000
 The prescriptive provisions on concrete durability
made in the 1978 revision were thoroughly revised in
2000.
 The revision added two new exposure classes, namely
“very severe” and “extreme” to the existing three
classes, “mild”, “moderate”, “severe”.

31
32
WATER/CEMENT
RATIO
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
206:2013

33
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014
 The code gives limits for water/cement ratio and minimum compressive
strength of concrete.
 Conditions:
1. The maximum w/cm limits in Table do not apply to lightweight
aggregate concrete.
2. For plain concrete, the maximum w/c ratio shall be 0.45 and the
minimum fc′ shall be 4500 psi.

34
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014

1 inch = 2.54mm

35
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
16:2007
FOR MARINE STRUCTURES

36
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
16:2007
FOR MARINE STRUCTURES

37
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006
 Water – Cement Ratio for chemical Exposure classification was given by
the code:

38
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000

39
 CONCRETE
40
GRADE
REQUIREMENT
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
206:2013

41
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992.1-1:2013

42
 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600 - 2001
For Exposure Class A1 and A2:
o Concrete shall be cured initially for 3 days continuously so that least
compressive strength is not less than 15MPa.
o 20MPa for A
1
o 25MPa for A
2

 For Exposure Class B1, B2, and C:

o Concrete shall be cured continuously for at least 7 days.
o 32MPa for B
1
o 40MPa for B
2
o 50MPa for C

43
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014

(pound force per square inch)

1psi = 0.00689 MPa
44
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
16:2007
FOR MARINE STRUCTURES

45
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000

46
47
MINIMUM COVER
REQUIREMENTS
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992-1-1:2004
 The code states that the nominal cover should be Cmin plus allowance of deviation ▲Cdev.
Cnom= Cmin + ▲Cdev
 The recommended value for ▲Cdev is 10mm.
 The recommended values are:
 where fabrication is subjected to a quality assurance system, in which the monitoring includes
measurements of the concrete cover, the allowance in design for deviation may be reduced by 10 mm >
▲Cdev > 5 mm
 where it can be assured that a very accurate measurement device is used for monitoring and non
conforming members are rejected (e.g. precast elements), the allowance in design for deviation ▲Cdev
may be reduced by 20 mm > ▲Cdev > 10 mm.
 The code has given Cover requirements for different environment exposures given
previously.

48
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992-1-1:2004
 The recommended Structural Class (design working life of 50 years) is S4 for the
indicative concrete strengths given in Annex E. The recommended minimum Structural
Class is S1.

49
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
1992-1-1:2004

 For uneven surfaces (e.g. exposed aggregate) the minimum cover should be increased by
at least 5 mm

50
 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600 - 2001
 The code has divided the provisions into 4 categories depending on the
method of standard formwork and compaction
1. Standard Formwork and Compaction

51
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600 - 2001
 Cl 4.3.2 states that if there is only one surface which is exposed
to exterior environment then one lower grade of concrete than
the mentioned earlier can be used.
 Cl 4.10.3.3 states that if the concrete structure is cast against
the ground than there has to be increase in concrete cover by,
 10mm if damp proof course is given
 20mm otherwise.

52
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600 - 2001
2. Rigid Formwork and Intense Compaction

53
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600 - 2001
3. Structural member manufactured by spinning and rolling

54
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600 - 2001
5. When the surface exposure includes exposure to saline soils,
minimum cover requirements are :

55
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014
 The standard has categorized the cover requirements in 3 ways:
1. Specified concrete cover for cast-in-place non-prestressed
concrete members
2. Specified concrete cover for cast-in-place prestressed
concrete members
3. Specified concrete cover for precast non-prestressed or
prestressed concrete members manufactured under plant
conditions

56
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014

57
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318:2014
Specified concrete cover for precast nonprestressed or prestressed concrete
members manufactured under plant conditions

58
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
16:2007
 For determination of minimum concrete cover, the larger diameter of the
reinforcing steel and the cover that meets the durability requirements plus
a margin of construction error is to be considered.

59
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
15:2007

60
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006
 The cover shall be equal to or greater than either:
1. The maximum nominal aggregate size for Exposure
Classifications A1 and A2 and 1.25 times the maximum
nominal aggregates size for other exposure zones; or
2. The nominal size of bar or tendon to which the cover is
measured; whichever is the greater

61
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

62
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

63
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

64
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000

65
 REQUIREMENTS
66
FOR FREEZING
AND THAWING
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
206:2013

67
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600-2001
 The concrete in the member shall –
1. have an fc’ ( compressive strength ) not less than
i. 35 MPa for occasional exposure ( < 25 cycles per annum ) or
ii. 40 MPa for frequent cycles ( > 25 cycles per annum )
2. Contain a percentage of entrained air not outside the following range
i. For 10mm to 20mm nominal size of aggregate - 4% to 8%
ii. For 40mm nominal size aggregate – 3% to 6%

68
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318-14

69
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
15:2007
 In Japanese codes the freeze and thaw cycles are related with the relative
dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (RDME).
 Basically RDME is the proportion of stress to strain where stress is least
under dynamic loading.
 In code they have mentioned Loss of dynamic modulus of elasticity which
means loss of elastic performance. In short, due to repetitive cycles of
freeze and thaw, the concrete material looses its stiffness and strength.
 Emin = Critical minimum value of the dynamic modulus of Elasticity under
which the structure gives satisfactory performance under freeze – thaw
action.

70
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
15:2007

71
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
15:2007

72
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006
 Where a surface may be exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing,
concrete in the member shall:
a) Contain a percentage of entrained air within the following ranges for:
i. 10 mm to 20 mm nominal size aggregate - 4 % to 8 %
ii. Greater than 20 mm nominal size aggregate - 3 % to 6 %

b) Have a specified compressive strength, f´c, equal to or greater than:

i. 30 MPa for frequent exposure (≥ 50 cycles per year);
ii. 25 MPa for occasional exposure (25 – 49 cycles per year).

73
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000
 Where freezing and thawing actions under wet conditions exist, enhanced
durability can be obtained by the use of suitable air-entraining
admixtures.
 When concrete lower than grade M50 is used under these conditions, the
mean total air content by volume of the fresh concrete at the time of
delivery into the construction should be:

74
 REQUIREMENTS
75
FOR SULPHATE
ATTACK
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS EN
206:2013

76
AUSTRALIAN STANDARD
AS3600-2009
 Where the surface exposure includes acid sulphate soils or soils with magnesium content
less than 1000ppm, following exposure classifications are to be followed:

77
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318-14
 The appropriate types of
cement and the maximum
w/cm and minimum fc′ for
various sulfate exposure
conditions S1, S2, and S3 are
listed.
 In selecting cement for sulfate
resistance, the principal
consideration is its tricalcium
aluminate (C3A) content

78
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

79
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

80
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000

81
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000

82
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000

83
 REQUIREMENTS
84
FOR CHLORIDE
ATTACK
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS
EN 206:2013
 The chloride content of a concrete, expressed as the percentage of chloride ions by mass
of cement, shall not exceed the value for the selected class given in Table:

85
EUROPEAN/BRITISH CODE BS
EN 206:2013

86
AMERICAN STANDARD
ACI318-14

87
JAPANESE STANDARD JSCE-
15:2007

 With respect to height in the coastal zone, Co maybe calculated assuming 1m height
corresponds to a distance of 25m from the shoreline.

88
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZ3101.1:2006

89
INDIAN STANDARD IS456:2000
 To minimize the chances of deterioration of
concrete from harmful chemical salts, the
levels of such harmful salts in concrete
coming from concrete materials, that is,
cement, aggregates water and admixtures as
well as by diffusion from the environment
should be limited. The total amount of
chloride content (as Cl) in the concrete at
the time of placing shall be as given in
Table:

90
91
CONCLUSION
CHANGES REQUIRED IN IS
CODES
1. First of all, proper and detailed categorization of Environmental Exposure Classes based on
different durability aspects.
2. The exposure classification should be further subdivided for precise and more accurate
service conditions.
3. On the basis of these exposure classes, proper provisions for minimum cover of reinforcement.
4. The criteria for freezing and thawing in Indian Standards are based on only the entrained air
percentage, rather inclusion of dynamic modulus of elasticity and water/cement ratio should
be provided.
5. For Chloride Content, provisions for different areas starting from nearest of coastline to
about 50km away from coastline should be given.
6. Provisions for protection of concrete from abrasion should be given in detail with different
service conditions.

92
RESEARCH PAPER BY VIJAY
R.KULKARNI
 He gave brief information about the exposure classifications given in different country codes
like American, European, Australian and Canadian.
 He compared these provisions with the IS456:2000 and suggested some changes:
 Class ‘C’ for concrete exposed to carbonation
 Class ‘Cr’ for concrete subjected to corrosion 10
 Class ‘S’ for concrete exposed to sulphates
 Class ‘P’ for concrete requiring low penetration resistance or permeability.

 It is further suggested that the above-mentioned main classes may be divided into following
subclasses: •
 Carbonation “C” 3 (C0, C1, C2)
 Corrosion “Cr” 5 (Cr0, Cr1, Cr2, Cr3, Cr4)
 Sulphate attack “S” 5 (S0, S1, S2, S3, S4)
 Penetration resistance “P” 2 (P0, P1).

93
RESEARCH PAPER BY VIJAY
R.KULKARNI
 Thus, there would be a total of 15 sub-classes and the detailed description of each one of
them is included in Table 20.
 The division of sub-classes was based upon the risk of the likely levels of
moisture/humidity, chlorides, sulphates and carbon dioxide.
 It may be pointed out that a provision for “no risk” class was made in each of the main
exposure classes.
 This provision was particularly important as it will help the designer to categorically
state if there is a risk or otherwise of a particular degradation.
 Thus, the designer cannot remain ambiguous regarding the possibility of a particular
degradation.

94
RESEARCH PAPER BY VIJAY
R.KULKARNI

95
RESEARCH PAPER BY VIJAY
R.KULKARNI

96
REFERENCES
1) IS 456:2000 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice
2) ACI 318:2014 - Building Code Requirements For Reinforced Concrete
3) AS3600:2001 – Concrete Structures
4) BS EN 206:2013 - Concrete — Specification, performance, production and conformity
5) BS 8500-1:2006 - Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1 – Part
1: Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier
6) EN 1992-1-1 (2004) (English): Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1:
General rules and rules for buildings
7) EN 1992-1-2 (2004) (English): Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-2:
General rules - Structural fire design

97
REFERENCES
8) National Structural Concrete Specification for Building Construction, Fourth Edition
complying with BS EN 13670: 2009
9) JGC15 - Standard_Specifications_Design_1.0
10) JGC16 - Standard_Specifications_Materials_and_Construction_1.1
11) NZS 3101.1:2006 - Concrete structures standard Part 1: The design of concrete
structures
12) NZS 3101.2:2006 - Concrete structures standard Part 2: Commentary on the design
of concrete structures
13) Exposure classes for designing durable concrete by Vijay R.Kulkarni
14) Literature Review of Chloride Threshold Values for Grouted Post-Tensioned Tendons
by Paul Y. Virmani, Hamid Ghasemi
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