PITER WONGSO

RENALDY ANDREAN
FRANSISCO HANS PUTRA
FELIX JOEL LEDOWIKJ
JONATHAN ANGELO

REKAYASA BAHAN
CHAPTER 11 : DURABILITY
KONSTRUKSI SIPIL
 DISCUSSION OUTLINE :

Today’s ❏ Factors Affecting

presentation : Durability

❏ Deterioration Mechanisms
and Mitigation
“
durability Ability of concrete to resist weathering action,
Essential factors :
chemical attack, and abrasion while
1. Water to cement
maintaning its desired engineering properties

for the expected service life of the structure ratio

2. Use of
supplementary
cementitious
materials (scm)
 DETERIORATION
“DURABILITY FAILURE” :
1. AGGRESSIVE FLUIDS
PENETRATE THROUGH
CAPILLARY PORE OF CONCRETE
FACTORS
2. AFFECTING
TRIGGER CHEMICAL OR
DURABILITY :
PHYSICAL DETERIORATION
1. PERMEABILITY AND DIFFUSION
2. EXPOSURE CATEGORIES
1. Permeability and Diffusion
Permeabilitas dan Difusi

Resistance

Freeze-thaw
cycle
Resaturation

Chemical attack PERMEBEAL PERMEBEAL

ITAS TINGGI ITAS
1. Permeability and Diffusion

Discrete pores

Interconnecte
1. Permeability and Diffusion
2. Exposure Categories
2. Exposure Categories
 Preventi
Effe
on
Prevention ct
Effect and

1. Menggunakan
beton berkualitas
Cracki baik
ng 2. Perawatan
Beban permukaan beton

terapan
Perubahan
volume
Deterioration Mechanisms and Mitigation
(Mekanisme Kerusakan dan Mitigasi)

1. Abrasion & Erosion

Abrasi --> Pada daerah pantai

Disebabkan oleh gelombang
air laut yang membawa
partikel-partikel padat.
Pengikisan akibat erosi
Erosi --> Pada daratan

Umumnya disebabkan oleh air

Abrasion and Erosion Resistance.
Ketahanan terhadap erosi dan abrasi
dipengaruhi oleh kuat tekan beton (w/c ratio,
curing), jenis agregat yang digunakan, dan
(ASTM C1138)
finishing pada permukaan beton.
2. Freeze & Thawing
When water freezes, it expands about 9 percent. As the water
in moist concrete freezes it produces pressure in the pores of
the concrete.
3. Exposure to Deicers & Anti-
icers
Deicers = Chemicals that applied to melt snow/ice
Anti-Icer = Chemicals that prevent water from freezing
Chemicals used :
Natrium Cholide ( Most Common )
Calcium Chloride(Lowest Temperature)
Magnesium Chloride
Potassium Chloride

The melted snow and ice re-freezing over and

over again, sealed on concrete that causes
scaling and pop-outs.
Durability
Factor
Materials and Methods to Control
Freeze-Thaw and Deicer Damage
RESISTANCE ENTRAINED AIR
SIGNIFICANTLY AIR VOIDS’ SPACING
IMPROVED BY AND SIZE
INTENTIONALLY CONTRIBUTE THE
WATER PRESSURE
ENTRAINED AIR EFFECTIVENESS
(EMPTYDEPENDS
CHAMBER) : DISTANCE WATER
(ASTM C457 TEST)
MUST TRAVEL TO THE NEAREST
AIR VOID FOR RELIEF
ASTM C457 PROPER SPACING AND
1. CALCULATED VOLUME OF AIR
SPACING FACTOR, L, VOIDS = EXCELLENT
LESS THAN 0,002 MM RESISTANCE TO
2. SPECIFIC SURFACE, FREEZE-THAW
α, 24 MM2 / MM3 CYCLES AND
SURFACE SCALING
 AIR SCALED
DRYING
❏ period after initial ❏ SURFACES’
Surface scaling
moist curing TREATMENT
=apply breathable
❏ excess moisture surface treatment
=internal stress ❏ Non-
❏ Deterioration:water breathable=traps
saturated > air dried water
❏ sufficient drying ❏ Treatment: penetrate
 Alkali - Aggregate
Reactivity
❏ Contain certain
constituents=react with
alkali hydroxides
❏ Harmful → significant
expansion
❏ Has 2 forms :
 Alkali - silica
❏ Distress
Reaction
in concrete is not ❏ indicators :
common : 1. Network of
1. Chemically stable cracks
2. Good service records 2. Cracks with
3. Dry enough straining
4. Pozzolans or slag
3. Closed joints
5. Low alkali content
❏ Testing :
4. Relative
1. Field performance displacement
history (15 years) 5. Fragments’
2. ASTM C1567 or C1293 popouts
Alkali - silica
Reaction:
❏ Mechanism
1. ASR forms gels, swells as it draws
water
❖pressure , expansion, cracking
2. Alkali hydroxide + reactive silica
gel ➝ reaction product (alkali-silica
gel)
3. Gel reaction product + moisture ➝
expansion
 Alkali - silica
Reaction
❏ Controls :
1. Precautions before placing
concrete
2. Design mixtures
3.
❏ limiting alkali content (<
mitigation
0.6%)
1. mostly a gel product will be
identified
2. responsible for cracking
3. petrographic examination
4. Monitor regulary
Alkali - carbonate
Reaction
❏ Reactions with dolomitic ➝ alkali-
carbonate reaction
❏ ACR
MECHANISM
is relatively rare➝AGGREGATE
1. ConcreteUNSUITABLE
USUALLY contains dolomite and has
expanded contains brucite
2. dedolomitization reaction cause
considerable expansion.
❏ Test methods for Identifying the Potential for
ACR Distress
1. petrographic examination 3. concrete
Alkali - carbonate
Reaction
❏ Test methods for Identifying the
Potential for ACR Distress
1. petrographic examination
2. rock cylinder method
3. concrete prism test
4. chemical composition

❏ Materials and Methods to Control

ACR:
1. selective quarrying to completely avoid
CARBONATI
ON
❏ carbon-dioxide penetrates the concrete and
reacts with the hydration products
❏ Mechanism of Carbonation:
CO2 reacts with calcium hydroxide in the
concrete
❏ DEPENDS:
1. concrete composition
2. permeability
3. exposure conditions during carbonation
4. duration of exposure
CARBONATI
❏
ON
TESTING :
applying phenolphthalein solution
❏ Materials and Methods to Resist Carbonation
:
1. protected from drying for as long as
possible
Corrosion
❏ factors affect the rate of corrosion of steel
1. Water 4.Chlorides
2. Oxygen 5.Temperature
3. Ph
protects of concrete
embedded 6.permeability
steel from corrosion

❏ Corrosion testing
1. Half-Cell Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing
Steel in Concrete.
2. Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and
Concrete
Corrosion
❏ Materials and Methods to Control Corrosion
concrete mixture proportions is important role
in preventing corrosion.
❏ ANOTHER METHOD:
1. Epoxy coated reinforcing steel.
2. Stainless steel.
3. Nickel-plated steel
4. Galvanized steel
5. Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) reinforcement.
6. Corrosion Inhibitors.
7. Cathodic protection
SULFATE
ATTACK
1. Mechanisms of Sulfate Attack
❏ CHEMICAL MECHANISM : MAKE A NEW
COMPOUND
❏ PHYSICAL MECHANISM : GENDOD
sulfates precipitated

1. Sulfate testing
2. Material and methods to control SULFATE
ATTACK
● LOW PERMEABILITY CONCRETE (LOW
SALT CRYSTALLIZATION
LFATE ATTACK OR
PHYSICAL SALT ATTACK
1.
1. Mechanisms
Mechanisms of
of Sulfate Attack
SALT ATTACK
❏ The pore water and sodium sulfate
2. Sulfate testing
(Salt) become one and crystallized
3.
1. Material
Material and
and methods
methods to
to control
control SULFATE
SALT
ATTACK
ATTACK
❏ to prevent the salt-laden water from
entering the concrete
DELAYED ETTRINGITE
FORMATION
1. Primary and secondary ettringite
PRIMARY : DISCRETELY DISPREESED
THROUGHOUT THE CEMENT PASTE
SECONDARY : LONG TERM OF
MOISTURE
2. Mechanism of def
3. Material and methods to control def
ACID ATTACK
1. Mechanism of ACID ATTACK
Portland cement concrete especially
siliceous aggregate that attack by sodium
hydroxide
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS TO
CONTROL ACID ATTACK
❏ The use of a sacrificialcalcareous
SEAWATER
EXPOSURE
1. Mechanisms of SEAWATER Attack
when the concrete is exposed to splash that
makes Chlorine ions and oxygen bind the
concrete material
2. Material and methods FOR A MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
❏ Cement used in concrete for a marine
environment must be balanced the