Effect of marine water on concrete

made from opc,ppc and psc

Ankit patel
Sd. 1110
Introduction
Nowadays concrete is increasingly being used in more

hostile environmental condition

And durability is depend on materials

In marine structure the concrete has to withstand the

physical, chemical , mechanical action of sea water

and alternate wetting and drying condition with salted water

Important factor is permeability.
The deterioration is mainly because of sulphate and
chloride content of sea water
Dance concrete prevent deterioration and this can be
achieved by replacing cement by mineral admixture.
Sea water constitutes

Soluble salt – 3.5%by weight

Sodium and chloride – 11000 &20000 mg/ltr
Magnesium and sulphate – 1400 to 2700 mg/ltr
And ph of sea water = 7. 5 to 8.4
This all are sufficient to deterioration of concrete
Effect on concrete due to sea water
Wetting and drying
Leaching
Temp. variation
Corrosion of steel
Battering by waves and tides
Sulphate attack
Freezing and thawing
Constituents of sea water
Exposure zones
Type of deterioration in various zones
 marine atm. Zone
1. corrosion of reinforcement by chloride
2.frost action
Spash zone
1. corrosion of reinforcement by chloride
2.abrasion due to wave action
3.frost actionf
Tidal zone
1. corrosion of reinforcement by chloride
2.frost action
3.abrasion due to wave action
4.biological fouling
5.chemical attack
Submerged zone and sea bad
1.chemical attack
2. biological fouling
Reinforcement corrosion
• The corrosion products forming on the steel
have a larger volume than the original steel,
and the expansion of these products exerts a
pressure that increase gradually and becomes
strong enough to crack the concrete cover.
 Effects due to humidity
 Changes in relative humidity can
lead to dimensional changes in
material with deformation &
cracking.
 Prolonged high humidity promote
fungal growth and subsequent
decay of organic materials.
 And corrosion rate increases due
to destruction of protective
coatings.
 Effects due to temperature
 The corrosion velocity is doubled for
every 10 degree C increase in temperature.
 sea salt dissolve more easily at the higher
temperature.
 The temperature changes causes alternate
expansion & contraction of material. It
leads to high stresses and gradual
deterioration & rupture.
 When surface temperature fall sufficiently,
moisture may condense on surface, which
become thoroughly wetted. This may
cause corrosion of material.
DETERIORATION OF A RCC STUCTURE
IN SEA WATER
Chemical reactions on marine structure
 Acid attack
 Portland cement is not very resistance to acid attack.
 In case of sulfuric acid attack it deteriorate concrete and
acid is able to reach to reinforcement.
 The concrete leading to the loss of cement paste and
aggregate from the matrix and cracking , rust staining,
spanning is occurred.
 Alkali silica reaction
 some aggregate containing silica that soluble in highly
alkaline solution.expand , disrupting the concrete.
 Sulfate attack
 there are two chemical reaction involved in sulfate
attack on concrete.
 first the sulfate react with free calcium hydroxide
which is liberated during hydration of cement from
calcium sulfate.
 Next The gypsum combines with hydrate calcium
aluminates to form calcium salfoaluminate.
 Both this reaction result in an increase in volume of
concrete.
 This two chemical reaction in which growth of crystals of
sulfate salts disrupt the concrete.
Cracking- corrosion- cracking cycle
Concrete contains micro cracks

1. Humidity and temperature.

2. Impact of floating objects.
3. Chemical attack, leaching of
cement paste.
4. Freeze attack, overload and other
factor increase permeability of
concrete.

Highly permeable Sea water

concrete and air

Corrosion of
Crack growth
embedded steel
Effects on concrete

 Colour of concrete change from deep grey to lime grey

expose to sea water.
 There is continuous increase in permeability in concrete due
to sea water and its attribute to sulphate attack on concrete.
 Compressive strength over a year is decrease about 15 to
30% with respect to 28 day compressive strength expose to
sea water.
 Deteriorations of concrete by chemical
reaction

Exchange reaction Reaction involving

between aggressive fluid hydrolysis and leaching of Reaction involving
and components of the components of formation of
hardened cement paste hardened cement paste expansive product

Removal of Ca++ Removal of Ca++ Substitution Increase in porosity Increase in

ions as soluble ions as non reaction replacing and permeability internal stress
product expansive soluble ca++
product

Loss of Increase in Loss of

Loss of deterioration Cracking ,
alkalinity mass strength spalling deformation
process and rigidity
 Various Codal Provisions
for Marine environment
• As per IS 456:2000
• Min.grade of concrete for RCC is M30.
• Min.cement content is 320 Kg/m3.
• Max.W/C ratio is 0.40 – 0.45.
• Max.chloride content is 0.60 Kg/m3.
• Total sulphate content should not exceed 4% .
• Use Pozzolana cement or slag as far as possible.
• No construction joints within 600mm of the
upper & lower planes of wave action .
• Nominal cover is 45mm – 75 mm.
• As per BS CP 110
• Min.grade of concrete for RCC is M40.
• As per Australian code
• Min.grade of concrete for RCC is M30.
• As per IS 456:2000
• Min.grade of concrete for RCC is M30.

•w/c kept as low as possible.

•Minimum cover should be increased where abrasion may occur.
•Proper curing.
 Experimental work
The deterioration of concrete exposed to
marine environment is a result of
collective action of physical chemical and
biological factors. So stimulating such
environment in the laboratory is very
difficult.
 To facilitate such environment the
following exposure condition was
adopted. The cubes and beams casted for
all the three mixes of opc,ppc and psc
were
exposed to sea water in following ways:
 Specimens fully submerged in sea water
prepared in laboratory to facilitate the
condition of concrete ir submerged zone.
 Specimens were half submerged in sea
water in order to facilitate the condition in
tidal zone
 Specimens were alternately wetted and
dried and this cycle was completed in 24
hours. This exposure condition facilitate the
location of concrete in splash zone.
Test of materials
cement
Ordinary Portland cement
Portland pozzolana cement
Portland slag cement
 Fine aggregates

coarse aggregates
Chemical admixture
Concrete plasticizer

Sea water
Sea water for experimental programme has been prepared in
the laboratory by dissolving salts in the following proportion

Nacl – 270 gm/10 liters

Mgcl -32 gm/10 liters
Mgso-22 gm/10 liters
cacl – 13 gm/10 liters
Caso - 6 gm/10 liters
Casting of concrete
Preparation of specimen
Mixing and compacting
mixer machine of capacity 25 kg is used
C.A -20mm, C.A -10mm,F.A,cement,water,plasticizer
Curing
1.after 24 hours the concrete was kept in normal water

curing tank.
2. after 3,7 and 24 days the specimen were kept in sea
water
Testing of a fresh concrete
For workability the concrete which was taken out from
mixer is tasted for slump.
No segregation was observed in any mixes and all mixes
were sticky and highly cohesive.
For both M35 and M40 concrete.

SLUMP IN MM

PPC 45

PSC 40

OPC 37
 Testing of hardened concrete
Compressive strength for M35

Exposure OP-35 PP-35 compressive PS-35 compressive

condition compressive strength in mpa strength in mpa
strength in mpa
Curing in 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28
days
Fully submerged 51 53.33 57.7 50 50 48.88 49.77 49 50.5
Half submerged 50 53.53 55 48 50 48 48 48.1 50
Alternate wetting 45 46.22 48.5 41 47.11 47.11 42 47.2 49
and drying
 Testing of hardened concrete
Compressive strength for M40

Exposure OP-40 PP-40 compressive PS-40 compressive

condition compressive strength in mpa strength in mpa
strength in mpa
Curing in 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28
days
Fully submerged 58 60 61 54 53 57.7 54.22 50.1 55.7
Half submerged 58 58 57.5 53 52 57.7 52 51 53.5
Alternate wetting 51 48.88 50.3 48 48.88 53.53 48.88 49 53.33
and drying
 Chloride penetration
Exposure OP-35(mm) PP-35(mm) PS-35(mm)
condition

Curing in 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28
days
Fully submerged 22 20 20 20 17 18 16 13 10
Half submerged 23 20 20 21 17 19 16 12 11
Alternate wetting 25 22 20 24 20 22 20 18 15
and drying

Exposure OP-40(mm) PP-40 (mm) PS-40 (mm)

condition

Curing in 3 7 28 3 7 28 3 7 28
days
Fully submerged 20 18 15 17 15 15 14 12 12
Half submerged 20 18 15 17 15 15 15 10 15
Alternate wetting 22 20 19 20 20 20 19 10 18
and drying
 Sulphate expansion in %
M35 days 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
PP 0.0 0.0020 0.015 0.046 0.070 0.095 0.17
PS 0.0 0.0003 0.014 0.039 0.055 0.080 0.10
OP 0.0 0.0120 0.049 0.084 0.150 0.300 0.40

M40 days 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
PP 0.0 0.001 0.014 0.038 0.050 0.062 0.078
PS 0.0 0.0 0.006 0.025 0.040 0.055 0.064
OP 0.0 0.0 0.017 0.055 0.065 0.080 0.120
 Ultrasonic pulse velocity in m/s
M35 days 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
PP 4.64 4.66 4.68 4.70 4.70 4.74 4.79
PS 4.67 4.65 4.67 4.68 4.70 4.72 4.75
OP 4.85 4.84 4.83 4.83 4.85 4.85 4.85

M40 days 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
PP 4.71 4.73 4.75 4.77 4.8 4.86 4.9
PS 4.77 4.78 4.79 4.81 4.81 4.83 4.85
OP 4.81 4.84 4.87 4.91 4.9 4.91 4.91
Conclusion

Slag cement has the least expansion, no weight loss and

least weight gain due to sulphate attack . as found in
literature review it is more resistant to sulphate attack than
Ordinary Portland cement and Portland Pozzolana
After 60 days the weight loss is seen in OPC concrete
while no weight loss is seen in concrete with PPC and
PSC till 90 days. Thus OPC starts showing deterioration
due to sulphate attack after 60 days.
Pulse velocity in concrete with mineral admixtures is
more at early age but decreases with time and A 90
becomes almost equal to that of OPC concrete. As the
grade of concrete increases the Pulse velocity increase
in all three concretes. Thus, concrete becomes denser
by increasing the grade of concrete.
Alternate welting and drying (Splash zone) condition is
the most deteriorating exposure condition. In this
condition least damage is found in PSC and most
damage is found in OPC concrete.
 Ordinary Portland cement has more compressive
strength in fully submerged and half submerged
condition and Portland Pozzolana cement and Slag
cement have almost equal compressive strength. The
strength in half submerged condition is little less than
fully submerged condition in all cases.
 PPC and PSC concrete have more effect of curing than
OPC concrete for 3 days. But after 7 days curing the
effect of curing becomes equal on all the three
concretes. The strength and chloride ion penetration
resistance increases as curing period increases from 3
days to 26 days.
Chloride penetration is least in slag cement and most in
Ordinary Portland cement.
In alternate wetting and drying condition slag cement has
the highest strength and Ordinary Portland cement has
the lowest strength.

Thus Slag cement>Portland Pozzolana cement>Ordinary

Portland cement is the series of durability of cements as
far as sea water exposure is concerned.
References
 Indian concrete journal march 1973.
 Journal of structural engineering vol.32 oct-nov 2005.
 Marine structure by p.kumar mehta.
 Marine structure engineering by Gregory P. Tsinker.
 Concrete technology by m.s.shetty
 Corrosion of steel in concrete by John p. broomfield
 Google
 wikipedia
Thank you