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INTRODUCTION
Slab panels which deforms in two orthogonal directions must be designed as “Two-Way Slabs”, with the principal
reinforcement in the two directions.
Two-Way Slabs may be of the following types:
1 Slab Supported on Wall or Simply Supported Slabs
(i) Simply Supported with corners to lift
(ii) Simply Supported with corners held down or not free to lift (Restrained Slabs)
2 Continuous Slabs
3 Framed Structure – Beams-Slab
Rectangular slabs which are supported only on two opposite sides by unyielding supports (Walls) and are uniformly
loaded (along the direction parallel to the supports) is an ideal example of One-Way Slab action as shown in Fig 1
(a).
The bending is in one direction only.
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The primary one-way action ceases to exist if either the support conditions or loading conditions are altered.
For example, if the uniformly loaded rectangular slab is supported on all four edges then the deformed surface
of the of the slab will be “Doubly Curved”, with the load being transferred to all the four supporting edges
[Fig 1(b)].
Such action is called a Two-Way action involving significant curvatures along two orthogonal directions.
The typical variations of longitudinal and transverse bending moments are depicted in Fig 1 (c).
The bending moments are maximum at middle of the slab.
The Moment MX along the short span (LX) is invariably greater than MY along the larger span (LY)
As the aspect ratio LY/ LX i.e. (long span/short span) increases, the curvatures and moments along the long
span progressively reduces, and more and more of the slab load is transferred to the two long supporting edges
by bending in the short span direction.
In such cases the Bending Moment MY is generally low in magnitude [Fig 1(d)].
Hence such longer rectangular slabs [LY/ LX > 2 ] may be approximated as One-Way Slab for convenience in
analysis and design.
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Load transferred
to short edge
Load transferred
to Long edge
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Reinforcement :- In a two way slab the reinforcement is provided along the transverse and longitudinal directions.
Now if
LY
(i) LY/ LX = 1 i.e. LX = LY
The distributed load ‘W’ on a typical Two-Way Slab is transmitted partly as (WX) along the short span to the long edge
supports, and partly as (WY) along the long span to the short span to the short edge supports.
In wall supported panels, these load portions i.e. (WX, WY) of the load are transmitted by the respective wall supports
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Slab Thickness Based on Deflection Control Criterion
The initial proportioning of the slab thickness may be considered by adopting the same guidelines
regarding span/effective depth ratios as applicable to One-Way Slab.
The shorter span LX is taken to be the effective span
The percentage of the tension reinforcement required in the short span direction in a Two-Way slab is
generally less than what is required for a One-Way Slab for the same effective span.
Hence the Modification Factor to be considered for Two-Way Slab may be taken to be higher than that
is recommended for One-Way Slab. A value of 1.5 may be taken as Modification Factor for preliminary
design.
The effective depth thus provided should be verified base on the actual percentage of steel pt provided.
For a special case of Two-Way Slab with Spans up to 3.5 m and live loads not exceeding 3.0 kN/m2, the
IS Code 456 – 2000 [Clause 24.1, note 2; page 39] permits the slab thickness (Overall depth D) to be
calculated directly as follows, without the need for subsequent checks on deflection control:
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“For Two-Way Slabs of shorter Spans (up to 3.5 m) with mild steel Reinforcement, the Span to Overall
Depth Ratios given below may generally be assumed to satisfy vertical deflection limits for loading class
up to 3.0 kN/m2.
Simply Supported Slabs = 35
Continuous Slabs = 40
For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe 415, the values given above should be multiplied by 0.8.
OR
(i) Using Mild Steel ( Fe 250 Grade)
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METHODS OF ANALYSIS
behavior of concrete, Wester-guard proposed solutions in the form of convenient Moment Coefficients.
Such Coefficients have been widely used by codes all over the world.
Another approximate method, which is very elementary in approach is the Rankin-Grashoff Method.
This method simplifies the highly indeterminate problem to an equivalent simple determinate one.
The modern computer-based methods included “Finite Difference Method” and “Finite Element Method”.
Other methods used for Limit State Design are “Inelastic Methods” base on Yield Line Analysis.
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SLABS SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS AT RIGHT ANGLES
According to IS 456 – 2000, clause 24.4 page 41
“The Slabs Spanning in Two Directions at right angles and carrying uniformly distributed load may be
designed by any acceptable theory or by using coefficients given in Annexure D; page 90
Note:- The most commonly used elastic methods are based on Pigeaud’s or Wester-guard’s Theory and the
most commonly used Limit State of Collapse Method is based on Johnson’s Yield – Line Theory.
In the case of uniformly loaded Two-Way Rectangular Slabs, the IS Code suggests the following
design procedure for:
MX = α X . W L2 X
MY = α Y . W L2 X
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Where:
αX and αY are coefficients given in Table 26 page 91 of IS 456 – 2000
W = Total Design Load per unit area
MX, MY = Moments on Strips of unit width spanning LX and LY respectively
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SIMPLY SUPPORTED SLABS: (Annexure D – 2 , page 90)
1 When simply supported slabs do not have adequate provisions to resist torsion at corners and to
prevent the corners from lifting, the maximum moments per unit width are given by the following
equations:
MX = α X . W L 2X
MY = α Y . W L 2X
Where,
MX, MY, W, LX , LY are the same as for restrained slabs
LX/8
LX LX
¾L X
LX/8
LY/8 LY/8
¾ LY Fig 3 Division of Slab into Middle and Edge Strip 14
Uniformly Loaded and Simply Supported Rectangular Slabs
The moment coefficients prescribed in the code clause D – 2 Page 90 to determine the maximum moments
per unit width in the short span and long span directions are based on the Rankin-Grashoff theory
According to this theory, the slab can be divided into orthogonal strips of unit width (Beams).
The load is so proportioned to long and short span strips such that the deflections δ of the two middle
strips at their crossing is same [Fig. 4].
Fig. 4
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If torsion between the interconnecting strips and the influence of adjoining strips is ignored, each of the
two middle strips can be considered to be simply supported and subjected to uniformly distributed load
WX (On the Short Span Strip) and WY (On the Long Span Strip) [Fig 4].
Hence the mid-point deflection δ can be obtained as :
(3)
where
I is same for both the strips
Hence a simple relation between WX and WY is obtained as
Also
WX + WY = W (5)
WY (LY / LX)4 + WY = W
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Or,
W = WY [ 1 + (LY / LX)4 ]
Let
LY / LX = r
W = WY [ 1 + r4 ]
Or
(6)
OR
(8)
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Where;
r : Aspect Ratio = LY/LX
When, LY
r = 1 LX = LY
LX
Then
The slab is a Square Slab
And
When
r = 2
Then
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And
= 0.94 W kN
= 0.06 W kN
Þ The load contribution in larger span is much lesser than the load in the shorter span.
Hence the Moment contribution will also be in the same proportion.
Now,
(9)
(10)
Now substituting the values of WX and WY from Eq. 6 and Eq. 8 in Eqs. 9 and 10 respectively.
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OR
Where
Now,
=
Multiplying and dividing by L2X
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OR
Where
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The short span moment coefficient progressively increases and the long span moment coefficient αY decreases
progressively as the Aspect Ratio r increases.
In the case of a square slab:
r = 1
αY = 0.0625
For higher values of aspect ratio r, where αX approaches the value of 1/8 i.e. , then αY becomes negligible. e.g.
Take r = 5
= 1/8 × 0.998
OR
αX = 0.125
And
= 1/8 × 0.04
OR
Hence the moment in the long span direction is almost zero, meaning thereby that the action is now a One-Way action
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Support Conditions of Two Way Slabs
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