URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

ARO4280

SUBMITTED BY-

ROOSHEEN AHMAD 18ARB556 SUBMITTED TO-

ALIMA KHAN 18ARB557
ANURADHA SHARMA 18ARB558 AR. KHAN AMADUR RAHMAN
SHAMS HUD 18ARB572
INTRODUCTION
• The lands and peoples subject to the authority of ancient Rome.
• Ancient Rome begins as a group of villages along the Tiber river in what is now Italy.
• The form of government established in ancient Rome in 27 BC comprising the participate or Early
empire (27 BC- AD 284) and the autocracy or later empire.
• Ancient Rome was an italic civilization that began on the Italic Peninsula as early as the 8 th century BC.
• Located along the Mediterranean sea and centered on the city of Rome.
• It expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world with an estimated 50 to 90 million
inhabitants (20% of the world’s population) and covering 6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million
sq.m ) during its height between the first and second centuries.

LOCATION

• In the course of centuries Rome grew from a

small town on the Tiber river in central Italy into
a vast empire that ultimately embraced England,
all of continental Europe west of the Rhine and
south of the Danube, most of Asia west of the
Euphrates, northern Africa, and the Islands of the
Mediterranean.
• Italy
• Tiber river
• Between Etruscan and Greek cities
• Part of the Latin league
WHEN DID ROME BECOME A CIVILIZATION

• Ancient historian initially differed concerning the precise date of Rome’s foundation, ranging from as
early as 814 BC to as late as 728 BC.
• By the end of the republic, it was generally accepted that Rome had been founded in 753 BC and that
the republic had begun in 509BC.

HOW DID ROMAN CIVILIZATION START

• As legend has it, Rome was founded in 753 BC.

By Romulus and Remus, twin sons of mars, the
god of war.
• Rome turned from a monarchy into a republic, a
world derived from republican or “property of the
people”.

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT
• The ancient Romans conquered vast amounts of
land in Europe and northern Africa, built roads
and aqueducts, and spread Latin, their language,
far and wide.
HISTORICAL PERIODS IN EARLY ROMAN CIVILIZATION
Three historical periods
• The Roman Monarchy (753 BCE to 509 BCE)
• The Roman Republic (509 BCE to 31 BCE)
• The Roman Empire (31 BCE to 248 AD)

1-ROMAN MONARCHY
• In the 8th century BC the inhabitants of some small Latin
settlements on hills in the Tiber valley united and
established a common meeting place, the forum, around
which the city of Rome grew.

THE ROMAN MONARCHY TO 509 BC

According to tradition, early Rome was ruled by kings elected
by people.
• The king’s executive power was conferred by a POPULAR
ASSEMBLY made up of all arms-bearing citizens
• The king turned for advice to a council of nobles, called
the SENATE.
• Each senator had lifelong tenure and the members of this
group and their families constituted the PATRICIAN class.
• The other class of Romans, the PLEBEIANS included
small farmers, artisans and many clients.
• In return for a livelihood, the clients gave their patrician
patrons political support in the ASSEMBLY.
2-FORMATION OF ROMAN REPUBLIC

• For more than 200 years, king ruled Rome.

• In 509 BC Rome became a republic
• The Roman senate was an assembly of
elected representatives. It was the single most
powerful ruling body of the Roman Republic

PATRICIAN AND PLEBEIANS

• In the beginning most of the people elected to

the senate were PATRICIANS
• Patricians controlled the law since they were
the only citizens allowed to be judges.
• Plebeians had the right to vote, but could not
hold public office until 287 BC, when they
gained equality with patricians.
• Under the leadership of ambitious generals,
Rome’s highly trained soldiers took over most
of the land surrounding the Mediterranean.
ROMAN REPUBLIC
Roman republic divided into three republic-

1. THE EARLY REPUBLIC

2. THE MIDDLE REPUBLIC
3. THELATE REPUBLIC

• The early republic (509-264 BCE), division of society into two classes, the aristocratic patricians and
the plebeians.
• The middle republic (264-133BCE), the challenge of carthage, the Punic wars (264-146 BCE)
• The late republic (133-31 BCE), the rise of the equestrian order, a social class who gained wealth
during the Punic wars.

EARLY REPUBLIC 509-133 BC

• In 509 BC according to tradition,

the PATRICIANS expelled the last
Etruscan king and established a
REPUBLIC.
• The power to rule was transferred
to two new officials called
CONSULS.
• Elected annually from the patrician
their power in the interests of that
class.
ANCIENT ROMAN SOCIETY (EARLY REPUBLIC)

3-ROMAN EMPIRE

• Weakened by civil war, the Roman republic

gave way to the ROAMN EMPIRE, with its
AUTOCRATIC form of government and
LARGE TERRITORIAL HOLDINGS in
Europe and around the Mediterranean.
• Several events marked the transition from
republic to empire, including JULIUS
CAESAR’S appointment as perpetual
DICTATOR (44 BC), the victory of
OCTAVIAN at the battle of Actium (31 BC),
and the Roman senate’s granting to Octavian of
the title AUGUSTUS. (27 BC).
1-AUGUSTUS
• Emperor of Rome who stablized Rome after julius Caesar’s death
and the civil war.
• Centralized the government and improved the economy,
• Began a long period of peace call Pax Romana (Roman peace)
2- GOOD AND BAD EMPERORS
a) Although there were many good emperors there were also bad
emperors.
• Period of bad emperors lasted for thirty years (30yr) until Marcus
Aurelius
b) GOOD EMPERORS-
• More stable leadership led to 84 years of peace and prosperity
• Marcus Aurelius was the last and greatest emperor of this time
3- CONQUERED PEOPLE
• All spoke their language and Latin
• The conquered people also had citizenship THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
• Local leaders were allowed to remain in power. 1-CHRISTIANITY
4-ROMAN LAW • A religion based on the teaching of Jesus
• All free people have equal rights. 2-JESUS BELIEFS
• A person is innocent until he or she is proven guilty. 3-JESUS IS CRUCIFIED
• People have rights that no government can take away. 4-PERSECUTION OF CHRISTIANS
5-ROMAN CULTURE
• The colosseum is the most famouse Roman arena.
• Built aqueducts that brought fresh water.
• Roman rule led to the growth of many cities in the Empire.