Structural Designing And Drawing

Practical Lab Reports

Submitted by : Huzaifa Ali (18CE193)

Submitted to : Dr Fahad –u- Rehman

Section : “A”

Group : “A1”

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 Practical #1
Object: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC beam
Theory:
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis (an
element designed to carry primarily axial load would be a strut or column). Its mode of deflection is
primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support
points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending
moments within the beams, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam.

Purpose of Beam:
Beams are used to support the weight of floors, ceilings and roofs of a building and to transfer the load
to a vertical load bearing element of the structure.
Types of Beam:

1. Simply Supported Beam:

It is one of the simplest structural elements that both ends rest on supports but is free to rotate. It
contains pinned support at one end and a roller support at the other end. Based on the assigned load, it
sustains shearing and bending.

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2. Fixed Beam:
It is supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation. It is also called a built-in beam. The fixed ends
produce moments other than the reactions.

3. Cantilever Beam:
If a beam is fixed at one end and set to be free at the other end, it is termed as a cantilever beam. The
beam distributes the load back to the support where it is forced against a moment and shear stress.
Cantilever beams allow the creation of a bay window, balconies, and some bridges.

4. Continuous Beam:
A continuous beam has more than two supports distributed along its entire length.

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5. Reinforced Concrete Beams: 
It is constructed from concrete and reinforcement as shown in Fig. 5. Sometimes reinforced concrete
beam is concealed in reinforced concrete slabs and it is called hidden beam or concealed beam

6. Steel Beams:
It is constructed from steels and used in several applications.

7. Timber beams:
The timber beam is constructed from timber and used in the past. However, The application of such a
beam in the construction industry is significantly declined now.

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Lab Task:

Here we have to draw the cross section of the given beam in AutoCAD.
So for drawing a cross-section of a beam first we will set the units as Architectural Engineering with 0
precision by using unit commands.
After that we will draw a lines with given dimension (14”x18”) in rectangular shape.
Finally at each corner we will show steal sections with assigned dimension by drawing a small circle.
The work performed during lab is attached below.
18CE193

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 Practical #2

18CE193

Object: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC columns

Theory:
A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. In other
words, a column is a compression member.

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Importance/Purpose of Column Construction In Structures?

 Columns carry axial loads and therefore are designed for compression forces.

 Other loads like snow load, wind load, or other horizontal forces can cause bending in
the structure, to prevent the failure or settlement of structure columns are provided.
 We shall build up a small size structure by random rubble masonry at a certain height but
the multi–story building cannot be constructed by random rubble masonry because
the structure is capable to transmit the heavy load to the base of the foundation.
 The column is generally designed to distribute the compressive axial load & additional
forces like snow, wind to the foundation evenly and it could be sustained the structure even in
the earthquake or in any other forces.

Types of Columns:

 Square or Rectangular Column:-

They are generally used in the construction of buildings., which are common in practice; these types of
column are provided only if the shape of the room is a square or rectangular shape.

 Circular column:-
They are specially designed columns, they are mostly used in piling and elevation of the buildings.

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 Tied Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are confined within closely spaced lateral ties, it is
called as tied column.
 Spiral Column:
When the main longitudinal bars of the column are enclosed with in closely spaced and
continuously wound spiral reinforcement, it is called as a spiral column.
 Composite Column:  
When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with or
without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.

 Short Column:
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the column
is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure compression failure).

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  Long Column:
If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension exceeds 12, it is called as
long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.

Lab Task:

Here we have to draw the cross section and the elevation of the given column in AutoCAD.
Here we will use following commands.
 Units
 Line

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  Offsets
 Diameter
The work performed during lab is attached below.

18CE193

Practical#03
Object: To get acquainted with the structural drawing of RCC slabs
Theory:

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A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal
surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and 500 mm thick, are most
often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may be used for exterior paving.

Importance of Slab:
Slab is an important structural element which is constructed to create flat and useful surfaces such as
floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel
or near so
Types of Slab:

 One-Way Slabs on Beams:

Cast in situ method is used to construct one-way slabs on beams which involves fixing of forms
followed with the installation of reinforcements, and finally the pouring of fresh concrete. One-way
slabs on beams are most suitable for spans of 3-6m, and a live load of 3 to 5KN/m2.

 Flat Slabs:
This is typically a reinforced slab supported directly by columns or caps, without the use of beams. This
type of slab is generally easy to construct and requires little formwork. The loads are directly transferred

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to the columns. Flat slabs are most suitable for spans of 6 to 9m, and for live loads of 4-7KN/m2. They
need more formwork than flat plates, especially for column capitals. In most cases, only drop panels
without column.

 Two-way Slabs:
The construct of this type of slab is similar to that of one-way slab on beams, but it may need
more formworks since two-way slabs are supported on all sides. Slabs on beams are suitable for spans
between 6 and 9m, and live loads of 3-6KN/m2 . The beams increase the stiffness of the slabs, producing
relatively low deflection. Additional formwork for the beams is needed.

 Composite Slab:

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Commonly, it is constructed from reinforced concrete cast on top of profiled steel decking. The decking
acts as formwork and working area during the construction phase, and it also acts as external
reinforcement during service life of the slab. For a steel decking of thickness between 50-60mm, the
span of the slab can reach up to 3m. However, if the steel decking thickness is increased up to 80mm,
slabs with span of 4.5m can be constructed.

 Precast Slab:
Precast concrete slabs are cast and cured in manufacturing plants, and then delivered to the construction
site to be erected. The most outstanding advantage of the preparation of slabs in manufacturing plants is
the increase in efficiency and higher quality control which may not be achieved on site. The most
commonly used precast slabs are the channel and double-T types. They can be used for spans up to 15m.
The double-T slabs vary in sizes and spans up to 15m have been used.

Lab Task:

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The commands that we used in AutoCAD for drawing of slab are given below.
 Draw rectangle(3000mm x 300mm)
 Offset(25mm)
 Break line
 Draw circles for Steel bars with dia of 25mm and use array path command
 Show all features with dimension arrows

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