Chapter Two First Semester 2021-2022

Chapter Two Reinforced Concrete Design II
Chapter Two: Slender Columns

General ACI-318 Requirements for columns
Percentages of longitudinal steel must not be less than 1% Spacing of longitudinal bars:
nor more than 8% of the cross-sectional area. No longitudinal bar can be located more than 6
inches from another lateral supported bar
At least four longitudinal bars must be used within
rectangular or circular ties, and at least six longitudinal
bars must be used within spiral ties.
The maximum ties spacing is the smallest of:

1. 48 tie bar diameter (48d)
2. 16 longitudinal bar diameter (16D)
3. The least lateral column dimension
Dr. Faris Matalkah 1

Slender Columns
When a column bends or deflects laterally an amount , its axial load
will cause an increased column moment equal to PΔ. This moment
(secondary moment) will be superimposed onto any moments
already in the column. Should this PΔ moment be of such magnitude
as to reduce the axial load capacity of the column significantly, the
column will be referred to as slender column.
P
P
P P
Short column Slender column

Slender Columns
A column that has large secondary moments is said to Axial load capacity for short columns
be a slender column, and it is necessary to size its
The code specified that such columns had to be designed
cross section for the sum of both the primary and
for certain minimum moments even though no calculated
secondary moments.
moments were present. This was accomplished by
The ACI’s intent is to permit columns to be requiring designers to assume certain minimum
designed as short columns if the secondary eccentricities. These minimum values were 1 in. or 0.05h,
or P effect does not reduce their strength for spiral columns and 1 in. or 0.10h for tied columns.
by more than 5%.
The theoretical axial load capacities be multiplied by a
The effects of slenderness can be factor sometimes called α, which is equal to 0.85 for
neglected in about 40% of all unbraced spiral columns and 0.80 for tied columns.
columns and about 90% of those braced
against sidesway. ΦPn (max) = αΦ [0.85 f’c (Ag-Ast) + fyAst]
Secondary moment = PΔ

Slender Columns
The general expression of the
critical load Pcr at which a
member will fail by buckling is
as follows:
Buckling Failure in Slender Column

Material Failure in Short Column

Slender Columns
Interaction Diagram

Nonsway and Sway Frames

A frame is considered to be "non-sway" if it is sufficiently braced by lateral bracing elements like structural
walls. Otherwise, it may be designated as a "sway" frame. Frames that provide lateral resistance only by
columns are considered to be sway frames.
You must realize that you will rarely find a frame that is completely braced against swaying or one that is
completely unbraced against swaying. Therefore, you are going to have to decide which way to handle it.
Inspection Method Trusses Shear wall
You may observe that a particular column is located

in a story where there is such substantial lateral
stiffness provided by bracing members, shear
walls, shear trusses, and so on that any lateral
deflections occurring will be too small to affect the
strength of the column appreciably.
Columns bracing systems

Bracing Members
John Hancock Center (Chicago) Burj Khalifa (Dubai) Shear Walls


ACI Methods
First method: In ACI Section 10.10.5.1, a story in a frame is said to be a nonsway one if the increase in
column end moments from second-order effects is 5% or less of the first-order end moments.
Second method for determining whether a particular frame is braced or unbraced is given in the code
(10.10.5.2). If the value of the so-called stability index (which follows) is ≤ 0.05, the commentary states
that the frame may be classified as a nonsway one.
Where:
Pu = total factored vertical load for all of the columns on the story in question.
Δo = the elastically determined first-order lateral deflection from Vu at the top of the story with respect to
the bottom of that story.
Vu = the total factored horizontal shear for the story.
lc = the height of a compression member in a frame measured from center to center of the frame joints

Slenderness Effects
The slenderness of columns is based on their geometry and on their lateral bracing. As their slenderness
increases, their bending stresses increase, and thus buckling may occur
Reinforced concrete columns generally have small slenderness ratios. As a result, they can usually be
designed as short columns without strength reductions because of slenderness. If slenderness effects
are considered small, then columns can be considered “short”. However, if they are “slender,” the
moment for which the column must be designed is increased or magnified.
Several items involved in the calculation of slenderness ratios are discussed in the next slide. These include
unsupported column lengths, effective length factors, radii of gyration, and the ACI Code requirements.

Slenderness Effects (Nonsway Frames)

Unsupported Lengths: The length used for calculating the Effective Length Factors: It is the distance
slenderness ratio of a column, lu , is its unsupported length. This between points of zero moment in the
length is considered to be equal to the clear distance between column.
slabs, beams, or other members that provide lateral support to the
column.
Effective lengths for columns in braced

Unsupported column length, l u frames.

Slenderness Effects (Sway Frames)

An example of an unbraced column is shown in the In the shown Figure, the bottom of the column is
Figure. The base of this particular column is assumed connected to beams that provide resistance to rotation
to be fixed, whereas its upper end is assumed to be but not enough to be considered a fixed end. In most
completely free to both rotate and translate. The buildings, partial rotational restraint is common, not
elastic curve of such a column will take the shape of pinned or fixed ends. For this case, if the beam at the
the elastic curve of a pinned-end column of twice its bottom is flexible compared with the column, the k factor
length. Its effective length will therefore equal 2lu. approaches infinity. If it is very stiff, k approaches 2.
(b) Upper end free to rotate and

(a) Upper end free to rotate translate, lower end partially
and translate, lower end fixed restrained against rotation
(Sway frame) (Sway frame)

Slenderness Effects
Radius of Gyration, r
The radius of gyration introduces the effects of cross-sectional size and shape to slenderness. For the same
cross-sectional area, a section with higher moment of inertia produces a more stable column with a lower
slenderness ratio.
The radius of gyration r is defined as
It is permissible to use the approximations of r = 0.3h for square and rectangular sections, and r = 0.25h for
circular sections, where “h” is the overall sectional dimension in the direction stability is being considered.

Design of Slender Columns

ACI specified an approach for columns with slenderness ratios The ratio M1/M2 is
not exceeding 100. This approach is commonly referred to as the considered positive if the
"Moment Magnification Method," and is based on magnifying member is bent in single
the end moments to account for secondary stresses. The curvature and negative
application of this procedure is outlined in the following sections. for double curvature
Slender Columns in Non-Sway Frames
The effect of slenderness may be neglected, and the

column may be designed as a short column when:
Slender Columns in Sway Frames
In compression members not braced (sway) against

sidesway, the effect of the slenderness ratio may be
neglected when:
where M1 and M2 are the factored end moments of the
column and M2 is greater than M1.
13
Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts

Top of the column Bottom of the column
K ΨB ΨA K ΨB
ΨA
If one end of the column be pinned, ψ is

theoretically equal to ∞, and if fixed, ψ k
=0. Since a perfectly fixed end is
practically impossible to have, ψ is
usually taken as 1.0 instead of 0 for
assumed fixed ends.
When column ends are supported by,
but not rigidly connected to a footing, ψ
is theoretically infinity but usually is
taken as about 10 for practical design. Braced frames Unbraced frames

Determining k Factors with Equations

For braced compression members, an upper bound to the The value of the effective length factor of unbraced
effective length factor may be taken as the smaller value compression members that are hinged at one end
determined from the two equations. ψmin is the smaller of may be determined from the following expression, in
ψA and ψB . which ψ is the value at the restrained end:
The value of k for unbraced compression members

restrained at both ends may be determined from the
appropriate one of the following two equations, in which ψm
is the average of ψA and ψB :

First Order Analysis Using Special Member Properties

Before moment magnifiers can be computed for a particular structure, it is necessary to make a first-order analysis
of the structure. The member section properties used for such an analysis should take into account the influence
of axial loads, the presence of cracked regions in the members.
Member Stiffness (EI)
The stiffness of a structural member is equal to the modulus of elasticity E times the moment of inertia I of the
section. The values of E and I for reinforced concrete members can be estimated as follows:
ACI Code gives the following expression for determination the modulus of elasticity of concrete:
Moments of inertia where Ig = moment of inertia of

gross concrete section about centroidal axis
neglecting reinforcing.


Column K (Chart) l: center - center
Slenderness Ratio
𝑘𝑙𝑢 Nonsway k = 0.7 + 0.05 ΨA + ΨB ≤ 1.0
𝑟 k = 0.85 + 0.05Ψmin ≤ 1.0
K (Equations)
20−Ψ𝑚
Sway For Ψ𝑚 < 2, 𝑘 = 1 + Ψ𝑚
Nonsway Frames Sway Frames 20
For Ψ𝑚 ≥ 2, 𝑘 = 0.9 1 + Ψ𝑚
12𝑀1 22
34 −
𝑀2 Ψ𝐴 + Ψ𝐵
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 Ψ𝑚 =
2
Less: Short Column Larger: Slender Column
Less: Short Column Larger: Slender Column


Example:
(a) Using the alignment charts, calculate the effective
length factor for column AB of the braced frame. Consider
only bending in the plane of the frame.
(b) Compute the slenderness ratio of column AB. Is it a

short or a slender column?
Knowing that the end moments on the column are

M1 = 45 ft-k and M2 = 75 ft-k, resulting in single
curvature.


Solution:
(b) Is It a Slender Column?
(a)


Homework No.6
Q1: For the frame system shown in Figure 1. Assuming all

columns have 18” square section and all beams are
rectangular section with width of 18” and depth of 24”.
(a) Given: L1= 15 ft and L2=20 ft. Calculate Psi top for
column 1.
(b) Given: L1= 15 ft and L2=20 ft. Calculate Psi bottom for
column 3
Ans: (a) 1.13 and (b) 2.25

Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames

When a column is subjected to moment along its unbraced length, it will be displaced laterally in the plane
of bending. The result will be an increased or secondary moment equal to the axial load times the lateral
displacement or eccentricity
In the shown Figure, the load P causes the column moment to be

increased by an amount PΔ. This moment will cause δ to increase a little
more, with the result that the PΔ moment will increase, which in turn
will cause a further increase in Δ and so on until equilibrium is reached.
We could take the column moments, compute the lateral deflection,
increase the moment by PΔ, recalculate the lateral deflection and the
increased moment, and so on. Although about two cycles would be
sufficient, this would still be a tedious and impractical procedure.


Example:
(a) Compute the primary moment in the column shown from the lateral 20-k load.
(b) Determine the estimated total moment, including the secondary moment from
lateral deflection, using the appropriate magnification factor just presented. E = 3.16 ×
103 ksi.
(a) Primary moment resulting from lateral load
(b) Total moment, including secondary moment


In ACI Code, the factored design moment for slender columns with no sway is increased by using the following
expression, in which Mc is the magnified or increased moment and M2 is the larger factored end moment on a
compression member:
Where Cm min = 0.4
A moment magnifier, δ, is used to estimate the effect of member curvature between the ends of
compression members.
Should our calculations provide very small moments at both column ends, the code provides an
absolutely minimum value of M2 to be used in design. In effect, it requires the computation of a
moment based on a minimum eccentricity for slender columns of 0.6 + 0.03h, where h is the overall
thickness of the member perpendicular to the axis of bending.


The determination of the moment magnifier, δdns , involves the following calculations:
The term βdns accounts for the reduction in stiffness caused by sustained axial loads and applies only to
nonsway frames. It is defined as the ratio of the maximum factored sustained axial load divided by
the total factored axial load associated with the same load combination. It is always assumed to have
a plus sign and is never permitted to exceed 1.0.
Next, it is necessary to compute EI. The alternate expression for EI that follows is probably the better
expression to use when steel percentages are low. Notice also that this expression will be the one
used if the reinforcing has not been previously selected.
or


Example 1: The tied column of shown Figure has been
approximately sized to the dimensions 12 in. × 15 in. It is to
be used in a frame braced against sidesway. The column is
bent in single curvature about its y-axis and has an lu of 16 ft. 82
If k = 0.83, fy = 60,000 psi, and fc = 4000 psi, determine the
reinforcing required. Consider only bending in the plane of
the frame. Note also that the unfactored dead axial load PD is
30 k, and concrete is normal weight.
Column profile and cross section for the Example



Example 2 (Nilson): Design of a slender column in a Nonsway frame
The figure shows an elevation view of a multistory concrete frame building
with 48 in wide ×12 in deep T-beams on all column lines, carrying two-way
slab floor and roof. The clear height of the columns is 13 ft. Interior columns
are tentatively dimensioned at 18 × 18 in, and exterior columns at 16 × 16 in,
The frame is effectively braced against sway by stairs and elevator shaft
having concrete walls that are monolithic with the floor, located in the
building corners (not shown in the figure). The structure indicate that the
pattern of live loading shown with full load distribution on rood and upper
floors and a checkboard pattern adjacent to column C3, produces maximum
moments with single curvature in that column, at nearly maximum axial load.
Dead loads acts on all spans. Service load values of dead and live load, axial
force and moments for the typical interior column C3 are as follows:
The column is subjected to double curvature under dead load alone and
single curvature under live load. Design column C3 using the ACI moment
magnifier method. f’c= 4000 psi and fy= 60,000 psi




Homework No.7
Q1: For the non-sway frame system shown in Figure 1.

Assuming all columns have 18” square section and all beams
are rectangular section with width of 18” and depth of 24”. The
factored DL+LL for columns 1 is 1200 kips and for column 2 is
900 kips, L1=14 ft and the load P is 90 kip. The lateral
deflection equals to 1.22 inches. Calculate the stability index Q
for the third floor.
Ans Q= 0.17

Magnification of Column Moments in Sway Frames

Tests have shown that even though the lateral deflections in unbraced frames are rather small, their buckling loads
are far less than they would be if the frames had been braced. As a result, the buckling strengths of the columns of
an unbraced frame can be decidedly increased (perhaps by as much as two or three times) by providing bracing.
With the second method and the one used in this
The code (10.10.7) states that the moment magnifier, δs ,
chapter, the magnified sway moments may be
can be determined by one of the following two methods.
computed with the following expression:
The moment magnifier may be calculated with the
equation given at the end of this paragraph in which Q is
the stability index. Should the computed value of δs be
greater than 1.5, it will be necessary to compute δs by ACI
Section 10.10.7.4 or by a second-order analysis. Pu is the summation of all the vertical loads in the
story in question, and Pc is the sum of all the Euler
buckling loads, Pc = π2EI /(klu )2, for all of the sway-
Where
resisting columns in the story with k values.


Whichever of the preceding methods is used to determine the δs values, the design moments to be used must be
calculated with the expressions that follow.
M1 = M1ns + δM1s
M2 = M2ns + δM2s M1s: factored end moment at the end at which M1 acts
Where due to the loads that cause appreciable sidesway,
M1: smaller factored end moment calculated using first order elastic frame analysis.
M2: larger factored end moment M2s: factored end moment at the end at which M2 acts
M1ns: factored end moment at the end at which M1 acts due due to the loads that cause appreciable sidesway,
to the loads that cause no appreciable sidesway, calculated using first order elastic frame analysis.
calculated using first order elastic frame analysis. δ: moment magnification factor for the frames not braced
M2ns: factored end moment at the end at which M2 acts due against sidesway.
to the loads that cause no appreciable sidesway,
calculated using first order elastic frame analysis.


The sequence of design steps for slender columns in sway frames is similar to those in
Nonsway frames, expect for the requirement that loads be separated into:
(i) gravity loads, which are assumed to produce no sway, and
(ii) horizontal loads producing sway.
Separate frame analysis are required, and different equivalent length factor k and creep
coefficients βdns and βds must be applied. If wind effects W are included in the design, four
possible factored load combinations are to be applied:


Example 3 (Nilson): Design of a slender column in sway frame
Consider the concrete frame of the previous example acts as a sway frame.
An initial evaluation is carried out using the member dimensions and
reinforcement given in the previous example. The reinforcement for the
interior 18× 18 in column consists of four No. 10 bars at the corner and four
No.9 bars at the center of each side. Reinforcement of the exterior 16×16 in
columns consists of eight No.8 bars. The building subjected to gravity dead
and live loads and horizontal wind loads. Elastic first-order analysis of the
frame gives the following results at the third story.
To simplify the analysis, roof loads will not be considered. The

relative lateral deflection for the third story under total wind load
shear Vwind= 55 kips is 0.76 in. Column C3 is to be designed for the
critical loading condition, using f’c= 4000 psi and fy of 60,000 psi


˃ 22 (slender)


155= 1.23Χ(1.6Χ79)


Example 4 (Manaseer): Design an interior square column for the first story of an 8-story office building. The
clear height of the first floor is 16 ft, and the height of all other floors is 11 ft. The building layout is in 24
bays, and the columns are not braced against sidesway. The loads acting on a first-floor interior column due
to gravity and wind are as follows:
Homework No.8
Use f ′c = 5 ksi, fy =60 ksi, and the ACI Code requirements. Assume an exterior Ans.
column load of two-thirds the interior column load, a corner column load of one-
third the interior column load. Select a preliminary section of column based on
gravity load combination. Select a section 18 × 18 in. reinforced by four no. 10 bars.


Q3: For the given frame system, Calculate the maximum height (Lc)
in feet of the second floor so that it is still considered as a non-sway
system. Given that the total factored loads on the second floor for
Homework No.8 each of the exterior columns is 600 kips, and for each of the interior
columns is 1200 kips.
Q2: For a Fixed-Hinged circular column (radius Given the lateral force P
of 8 inches) in sway frame, Calculate the equals 60 Kips. Assume
maxium height (Lu) of the column so that it that the relative lateral
can still be considered as short column. The deflection of the second
answer should be in feet floor equals 0.52 inches.
Ans. Lu= 10.48 ft Ans. Lc= 17.33 ft

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Chapter Two First Semester 2021-2022

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Chapter Two Reinforced Concrete Design II

Chapter Two: Slender Columns

The maximum ties spacing is the smallest of:

Dr. Faris Matalkah 1

Dr. Faris Matalkah 2

Dr. Faris Matalkah 3

Buckling Failure in Slender Column

Dr. Faris Matalkah 4

Dr. Faris Matalkah 5

Nonsway and Sway Frames

You may observe that a particular column is located

Dr. Faris Matalkah 6

Nonsway and Sway Frames

John Hancock Center (Chicago) Burj Khalifa (Dubai) Shear Walls

Dr. Faris Matalkah 7

Nonsway and Sway Frames

Dr. Faris Matalkah 8

Dr. Faris Matalkah 9

Slenderness Effects (Nonsway Frames)

Effective lengths for columns in braced

Dr. Faris Matalkah 10

Slenderness Effects (Sway Frames)

(b) Upper end free to rotate and

Dr. Faris Matalkah 11

Dr. Faris Matalkah 12

Design of Slender Columns

The effect of slenderness may be neglected, and the

In compression members not braced (sway) against

Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts

If one end of the column be pinned, ψ is

Dr. Faris Matalkah 14

Determining k Factors with Equations

The value of k for unbraced compression members

Dr. Faris Matalkah 15

First Order Analysis Using Special Member Properties

Moments of inertia where Ig = moment of inertia of

Dr. Faris Matalkah 16

Design of Slender Columns

Dr. Faris Matalkah 17

Design of Slender Columns

(b) Compute the slenderness ratio of column AB. Is it a

Knowing that the end moments on the column are

Dr. Faris Matalkah 18

Design of Slender Columns

Dr. Faris Matalkah 19

Design of Slender Columns

Q1: For the frame system shown in Figure 1. Assuming all

Ans: (a) 1.13 and (b) 2.25

Dr. Faris Matalkah 20

Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames

In the shown Figure, the load P causes the column moment to be

Dr. Faris Matalkah 21

Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames

(a) Primary moment resulting from lateral load

(b) Total moment, including secondary moment

Dr. Faris Matalkah 22

Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames

Where Cm min = 0.4

Dr. Faris Matalkah 23

Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames

Dr. Faris Matalkah 24

Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway Frames

Column profile and cross section for the Example

Dr. Faris Matalkah 25