AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Metallic Bonding

&

Giant Metallic

Structures

Student Name ___________________________

Abel Nemenyi
FL
Teacher _______________________
12A
Class __________________

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Contents

CONTENTS 3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 4

WHAT IS A METALLIC BOND? 5

DELOCALISED ELECTRONS 6

TYPES OF METALLIC STRUCTURE 8

PROPERTIES OF GIANT METALLIC LATTICES 9

PROPERTIES OF GIANT METALLIC LATTICES CONTINUED 10

MALLEABILITY & DUCTILITY 11

ALLOYS 12

EXPLANATION OF PROPERTIES OF ALLOYS 13

REACTIONS OF ALKALI METALS WITH WATER 14

MAKING PREDICTIONS ABOUT PROPERTIES OF GROUP I METALS 16

PRACTICE QUESTIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 18

PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWER 21

EXTRA NOTES 27

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Learning Objectives

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

What is a metallic bond?

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Delocalised Electrons

1bi: A delocalized electron is an electron in an atom, ion, or molecule not

associated with any single atom or a single covalent bond.
1bii:A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond formed between positively
charged atoms in which the free electrons are shared among a lattice of
cations.
1biii: Elecriticity can move through the free electrons between the atoms.
1biv: Since the atoms aren't held together, it allows it to be moved easier, as
opposed to a covalent coumpound where the atoms are held together by strong
forces.
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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Types of Metallic Structure

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Properties of Giant Metallic Lattices

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Properties of Giant Metallic Lattices continued

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Malleability & Ductility

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Alloys

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Explanation of Properties of Alloys

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Reactions of Alkali Metals with Water

They all have 1 valence eletron.

metal hydroxides and hydrogen
M+
Increases, since every time a new energy level is added.
They increase together down the
group.
Decreases
Tungsten
Flourine
Li + O2 -> LiOH + H2

Be 2+ since it has the fewest energy levels and the greatest nuclear charge.

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Making Predictions about Properties of Group I Metals

a) Likely a metallic color

b) Low melting point, as only a small amount of energy is required to remove
that electron from the attraction of the nucleus, thus when the required energy
is supplied to francium, the electrostatic forces between the atoms are
overcome. The bonding is disrupted and as a result melting occurs.
c) Since francium has a low electronegativity, it reacts readily with oxygen.
d) Stable, unreactive since francium forms strong bonds and can't be
displaced easily
e) Francium sulfate is insoluable since atoms with large radiuses are harder
to dissolve, ie lead sulfate and barium sulfate
fi) [Rn] 7s1, fii) [Rn] =1s2 2s2
2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f 14 5d10 6p6
g) It's more likely to form a +1 ion since that would fill its 7s outer shell first.
hi) francium hydroxide + hydrogen
hii) francium hydroxide
hiii) francium oxide + carbon dioxide
hiv) francium chloride + barium sulphate

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Practice Questions Multiple Choice

1. What are responsible for the high electrical conductivity of metals?

A. Delocalized positive ions

B. Delocalized valence electrons B

C. Delocalized atoms

D. Delocalized negative ions

(Total 1 mark)

2. Which is a correct description of metallic bonding?

A. Positively charged metal ions are attracted to negatively charged ions.

B. Negatively charged metal ions are attracted to positively charged metal ions.

C. Positively charged metal ions are attracted to delocalized electrons. C

D. Negatively charged metal ions are attracted to delocalized electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

3. Which statement best describes the attraction present in metallic bonding?

A. the attraction between nuclei and electrons

B. the attraction between positive ions and electrons B

C. the attraction between positive ions and negative ions

D. the attraction between protons and electrons

(Total 1 mark)

4. Which particles are responsible for the conduction of electricity in molten aluminium?

A. Cations

B. Anions

C. Electrons C

D. Protons
(Total 1 mark)

5. Which statement best describes metallic bonding?

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

A. Electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions B

B. Electrostatic attractions between a lattice of positive ions and delocalized electrons

C. Electrostatic attractions between a lattice of negative ions and delocalized protons

D. Electrostatic attractions between protons and electrons

(Total 1 mark)

6. Which substance is made up of a lattice of positive ions and free moving electrons?

A. Graphite

B. Sodium chloride

C. Sulfur

D. Sodium D
(Total 1 mark)

7. Which particles are responsible for electrical conductivity in metals?

A. Anions

B. Cations

C. Electrons C

D. Protons
(Total 1 mark)

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Practice Exam Questions Short Answer

1. State two physical properties associated with metals and explain them at the atomic level.

Thermal and electrical conduvtity:

..............................................................................................................................................
Because they contain free electrons, all metals are good conductors of
electricity. Electric currents are carried by these liberated electrons. The
..............................................................................................................................................
best conductors of electricity are silver and copper, followed by gold,
aluminum, and tungsten. Metals like mercury and iron have a higher
..............................................................................................................................................
resistance to current flow. The electrical conductivity of metals, on the
other hand, diminishes as temperature rises. This is owing to the fact
..............................................................................................................................................
that as temperature rises, the vibration of core electrons rises,
obstructing electron transport.
..............................................................................................................................................
High tensile strength: Tensile strength refers to a material's resistance
..............................................................................................................................................
to longitudinal stress. Metals, in general, have a high tensile strength (4)
due to their strong metallic connections.

2. The elements sodium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus and sulfur are in period 3 of the periodic
table.

Describe the metallic bonding present in aluminium and explain why aluminium has a higher
melting point than sodium.
Metal atoms' outer energy levels (the s and p orbitals) overlap. A
metallic bond involves at least one valence electron that is not shared
..............................................................................................................................................
with a neighboring atom or lost to create an ion. Instead, the electrons
form a "electron sea," in which valence electrons can freely migrate
..............................................................................................................................................
from one atom to the next.
..............................................................................................................................................
There are more electrons holding the lattice together and it takes more
energy to break the lattice.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
(3)

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

3. (a) Explain why aluminum resists corrosion better than iron.

Alunimum is less reactive so therefore it would take longer for the
....................................................................................................................................
same amount of corrosion to happen, as opposed to the same
amount of iron that was left for the same amount of time.
....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Explain why aluminum is more suitable than iron in aircraft manufacture.
It's less dense, and therefore less heavy, which makes it better for
....................................................................................................................................
planes. It also is less reacitve so it could be used for longer period
of time before needing to be replaced.
....................................................................................................................................
(1)

4. Explain why:

(i) calcium has a higher melting point than potassium.

It has a higher nuclear charge so the electrons are held together
......................................................................................................................................
stronger.
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii) sodium oxide has a higher melting point than sulfur trioxide.

The bonds between sodium and oxygen are stronger and more
......................................................................................................................................
stable, meaning that more energy is needed to break the bonds.
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(3)

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

5. Describe the bonding in iron and explain the electrical conductivity and malleability of the
metal.

It has metallic bonding which allows it to conduct eletricity. Due to its

................................................................................................................................................
lattice structure, the electrons can move freely, resulting in the metal
being able to conduct electricity. Also, since the ions are bonded weaker,
................................................................................................................................................
this results in a much more ductile and malleable material.
................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................
(4)

6. Alloys are important substances in industries that use metals.

(a) Describe an alloy.

An alloy is a material created when two or more metals are mixed together. Metals can also be mixed with other
elements to create them. Alloys, on the other hand, have qualities that are distinct from the separate properties of
......................................................................................................................................
these components. Alloys are stronger and tougher than pure metals when compared to them. Red gold, for
example, is an alloy created by mixing gold with copper. White gold, which is a mixture of silver and gold, is another
type of alloy.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Explain how alloying can modify the structure and properties of metals.

Since the alloy contains non-metals that don't have free electrons,
......................................................................................................................................
the resulting alloy is stronger and less maleable.
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c) Describe the effect of the tempering process on steel.

......................................................................................................................................
Tempered steel is steel that has been heated to temperatures below its melting point (about 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit)
then chilled to improve its physical qualities. It is used to improve steel's strength, hardness, and roughness. Steel's
physical properties alter as it is heated and cooled.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

(d) Discuss the environmental impact of iron and aluminium production.

The by-products are dangerous for the environment and it's takes a
......................................................................................................................................
long time for them to be cleaned.
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Extra Notes

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

Checklist before the end of unit test

• Ensure that all sections of the booklet are complete

• Make sure you have submitted all prep and corrected any

mistakes/found out how to improve

• Attend a clinic/seek help from your teacher, if you do not

understand any aspects of the unit. Do this in good time

before your summative.

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AISB Metallic Bonding & Giant Metallic Structures IB Chemistry

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