Enthalpy of Reaction Via Hess' Cycle: Standard Level: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

AISB Chemistry IB (NEW) 2021-2022
Enthalpy of
Reaction via
Hess’ Cycle
Standard Level: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Student Name ___________________________
Grade _______________________
Class __________________
1
AISB Chemistry IB 2021-2022
Contents
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 4
STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION ∆HR Ɵ 7
STANDARD CONDITIONS 7
HESS’ LAW 7
HESS ENTHALPY CYCLE 7
CREATING HESS’ CYCLES 8
STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF FORMATION ∆HF Ɵ 13
CONSTRUCTING A HESS’ CYCLE 14
USING VALUES TO DETERMINE THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION 17
DEFINITION STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF COMBUSTION ∆HƟC 19
CONSTRUCTING A HESS’ CYCLE FOR A REACTION FROM ∆HCƟ VALUES TO DETERMINE THE ∆HR 20
2
Learning Objectives 5.1 Measuring energy changes
Nature of science:
Fundamental principle—conservation of energy is a fundamental principle of science. (2.6)
Making careful observations—measurable energy transfers between systems and surroundings. (3.1)
Understandings: International-mindedness:
Heat is a form of energy. The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin (K), but the Celsius scale (°C), which has the
same incremental scaling, is commonly used in most countries. The exception is the
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles. USA which continues to use the Fahrenheit scale (°F) for all non-scientific
communication.
Total energy is conserved in chemical reactions.
Utilization:
Chemical reactions that involve transfer of heat between the system and the surroundings are described as endothermic
or exothermic. Determining energy content of important substances in food and fuels.
The enthalpy change ( H) for chemical reactions is indicated in kJ mol-1. Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Topic 1.1—conservation of mass, changes of state
H values are usually expressed under standard conditions, including standard states. Topic 1.2—the mole concept
Guidance:
Enthalpy changes of combustion and formation should be covered.
Consider reactions in aqueous solution and combustion reactions.
Standard state refers to the normal, most pure stable state of a substance measured at 100 kPa.
Temperature is not a part of the definition of standard state, but 298 K is commonly given as the temperature of
interest..
3
Essential idea: In chemical transformations energy can neither be created nor destroyed (the first law of thermodynamics).
5.2 Hess's Law
Nature of science:
Hypotheses—based on the conservation of energy and atomic theory, scientists can test the hypothesis that if the same products are formed from the same initial reactants then the energy change should be
the same regardless of the number of steps. (2.4)
 The enthalpy change for a reaction that is carried out in a series of steps is  Recycling of materials is often an effective means of reducing the environmental impact of production, but varies in
equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps. its efficiency in energy terms in different countries.
Applications and skills: Theory of knowledge:
 Application of Hess’s Law to calculate enthalpy changes.  Hess’s Law is an example of the application of the conservation of energy. What are the challenges and limitations
of applying general principles to specific instances?
 Calculation of ∆H reactions using data book values.
Utilization:
 Determination of the enthalpy change of a reaction that is the sum of
multiple reactions with known enthalpy changes.  Hess’s Law has significance in the study of nutrition, drugs, and Gibbs free energy where direct synthesis from
constituent elements is not possible.
Guidance:
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
 Enthalpy of formation data can be found in the data booklet in section 12. Physics topic 2.3—conservation of mass-energy
 An application of Hess's Law is Aims:

∆H reaction = ∑(∆Hf products) - ∑(∆Hf reactants)
 Aim 4: Discuss the source of accepted values and use this idea to critique experiments.
 Aim 6: Experiments could include Hess's Law labs.
 Aim 7: Use of data loggers to record temperature changes.
4
Essential idea: Energy is absorbed when bonds are broken and is released when bonds are formed.
5.3 Bond enthalpies
Nature of science:
Models and theories—measured energy changes can be explained based on the model of bonds broken and bonds formed. Since these explanations are based on a model,
agreement with empirical data depends on the sophistication of the model and data obtained can be used to modify theories where appropriate. ( 2.2)
 Bond-forming releases energy and bond-breaking requires  Stratospheric ozone depletion is a particular concern in the polar regions of the planet,
energy. although the pollution that causes it comes from a variety of regions and sources.
International action and cooperation have helped to ameliorate the ozone depletion problem.
 Average bond enthalpy is the energy needed to break one mol
of a bond in a gaseous molecule averaged over similar Utilization:
compounds.
 Energy sources, such as combustion of fossil fuels, require high values.
Applications and skills:
Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
 Calculation of the enthalpy changes from known bond enthalpy Topic 4.3—covalent structures
values and comparison of these to experimentally measured
values. Aims:
 Sketching and evaluation of potential energy profiles in  Aim 6: Experiments could be enthalpy of combustion of propane or butane.
determining whether reactants or products are more stable and
if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.  Aim 7: Data loggers can be used to record temperature changes.
 Discussion of the bond strength in ozone relative to oxygen in  Aim 8: Moral, ethical, social, economic and environmental consequences of ozone depletion
its importance to the atmosphere. and its causes.
 Guidance:Bond enthalpy values are given in the data booklet in

section 11.Average bond enthalpies are only valid for gases and
calculations involving bond enthalpies may be inaccurate
because they do not take into account intermolecular forces.
5
Standard Enthalpy Change of a Reaction ∆Hr ɵ

The enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical reaction
under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states.
Example
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H20(l) ∆Hr ɵ = -286 kJ mol-1
Standard conditions
 Pressure = 100kPa (1 atmosphere)
 Temp = 298K (250C)
 Concentration = 1 mol dm-3
Hess’ Law
States that the enthalpy change for a reaction depends only on the difference between the enthalpy of the products and
the enthalpy of the reactants. It is independent of the reaction pathway.
Hess Enthalpy Cycle

A diagram showing alternative routes between reactants and products that allows the indirect determination of an
enthalpy change from other known enthalpy changes using Hess’ Law.
6
Creating Hess’ Cycles with information given to determine the ‘Enthalpy Change of a Reaction’
Example
Determine the enthalpy change of reaction for
NO(g) + ½ O2 (g) NO2(g)
Given that
-1
a) ½ N2 (g) + O2 (g) NO2 (g) ∆H = +33.8kJ mol
-1
b) ½ N2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) NO (g) ∆H = -113.14kJ mol
Solution ∆Hr?
NO(g) + ½ O2 (g) NO2(g)
∆H1 = -113.14 ∆H2 = +33.8
N2(g) O2(g)
∆Hr = -∆H1 + ∆H2
∆Hr = -(-113.14) +(+33.8)

∆Hr = +146.94kJ mol -1
7
Q1. How does this value compare to the value found by using average bond enthalpies
Show your working.
8
9
10
Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation ∆Hf ɵ
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound in its standard state is formed from its
constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions. From this it follows that ∆Hf ɵ for an
element in its standard state will be zero (0kJ mol-1)
Example Question
Write an equation for the change that occurs during the enthalpy change of formation for ethane gas
Answer
2C(S) + 2H2(g) C2H4(g)
Question 6.
Write equations for the change that occurs during the enthalpy change of formation for each of the following
compounds:
i) C2H6(g)
ii) CH3CH2OH(l)
iii) CaO(S)
iv) Al2O3(s)
11
Constructing a Hess’ Cycle for a reaction from ∆Hf ɵ values in order to determine the ∆Hr
∆Hr ?
Reactants Product
∆H1 ∆H2
Elements
∆Hr = -∆H1 + ∆H2
Example
Determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction:
Substance ∆Hf ɵ kJ mol-1
NO(g) +90
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
NO2(g) +33
Solution
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
∆H1 = 2(+90) ∆H2 = 2(+33)
N2(g) + O2(g)
∆Hr = - ∆H1 + ∆H2

∆Hr = -2(+90) + 2(+33)
∆Hr = - (+180) + (+66)

Alternatively if all values are given
∆Hr = -114kJ mol-1
∆Hr = (+66) - (+180)
∆Hr = -114kJ mol-1
Question 7
12
Determine the enthalpy change for the following reactions by creating a Hess’ Cycle and also showing the
alternative method for each.
Substance ∆Hf ɵ kJ mol-1
NO(g) +90
NO2(g) +33
a) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H20(l)
NH3(g) -46
H20(l) -286
b) 2H20(l) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g) 4HNO3(l)
HNO3(l) -174
13
Using values to determine the enthalpy change of a reaction
Question 8
Ammonia can be combusted to produce NO2 and water.
4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) 4NO2(g) + 6H20(g)
Determine the enthalpy of reaction given that ∆Hɵ f values are as follows:
NH3(g): -46 kJ mol -1: NO2(g): 34kJmol-1; H20(g): -286kJ mol-1
Create a Hess’ Cycle and show the alternative method too.
14
Definition Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion ∆Hɵc
The standard enthalpy change of combustion ∆Hɵc, is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance in
their standard state is completely combusted in oxygen under standard conditions (100kPa pressure).
Standard Enthalpy of Combustion Potential Energy Diagram
15
Constructing a Hess’ Cycle for a reaction from ∆Hcɵ values to determine the ∆Hr
∆Hr ?
Reactants Product
∆H1 ∆H2
Combustion
Products
∆Hr = ∆H1 - ∆H2
Example
Determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction:
Substance ∆HC ɵ kJ mol-1
C(s) -394
4C(s) + 5H2(g) C4H10 (g)
H2(g) -286
C4H10 (g) -2877
16
Solution
4C(s) + 5H2(g) C4H10 (g)
∆H1 = 4(-394) ∆H2 = 5(-286) ∆H3 = (-2877)
CO2(g) + H2O(g)
∆Hr = ∆H1 + ∆H2 - ∆H3
∆Hr = 4(-394)+ 5(-286) - -2877
∆Hr = (-1576) + (-1430) - -2877
∆Hr = -3006 - -2877
∆Hr = -129kJ mol -1
Alternatively if a Hess’ Cycle is not required:
∆Hr = 4(-394)+ 5(-286) - -2877
∆Hr = (-1576) + (-1430) - -2877
∆Hr = -3006 - -2877
∆Hr = -129kJ mol -1
17
Question 8B
Determine the enthalpy change of reaction for the following reactions using combustion data from the data
book
a) C6H6(l) 3H2(g) + C6H12(l)
b) C8H18(I) 2C2H4(g) C4H10(g)
18
19
Question 9
Determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction by creating a Hess’ Cycle.
Show the alternative method too:
2C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½ O2(g) C2H5OH (g) Substance ∆HC ɵ kJ mol-1
C(s) -394
H2(g) -286
C2H5OH (g) -1367
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Question 10
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22
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Further Problems on Enthalpy Changes
Question 11
Calculate the enthalpy changes of reactions for each of the following reactions
Use the data book and find relevant data to answer these questions
a) Combustion of propane C3H8(g) to form carbon dioxide and water

b) Ethene and water to form Ethanol (CH 3CH2OH)
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Extra Notes
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Checklist before the end of unit test
 Ensure that all sections of the booklet are complete
 Make sure you have submitted all prep/AFLs and corrected any mistakes/found
out how to improve
 Look at the learning objectives & check that you are at level 3 for most of them.
 Attend a clinic/seek help from your teacher, if you do not understand any aspects
of the unit. Do this in good time before your AOL.
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Enthalpy of Reaction Via Hess' Cycle: Standard Level: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

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AISB Chemistry IB (NEW) 2021-2022

Standard Level: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3

Student Name ___________________________

STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION ∆HR Ɵ 7

HESS ENTHALPY CYCLE 7

CREATING HESS’ CYCLES 8

STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF FORMATION ∆HF Ɵ 13

CONSTRUCTING A HESS’ CYCLE 14

USING VALUES TO DETERMINE THE ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION 17

DEFINITION STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE OF COMBUSTION ∆HƟC 19

Learning Objectives 5.1 Measuring energy changes

Enthalpy changes of combustion and formation should be covered.

Consider reactions in aqueous solution and combustion reactions.

5.2 Hess's Law

Applications and skills: Theory of knowledge:

 An application of Hess's Law is Aims:

 Aim 6: Experiments could include Hess's Law labs.

 Aim 7: Use of data loggers to record temperature changes.

5.3 Bond enthalpies

 Guidance:Bond enthalpy values are given in the data booklet in

Standard Enthalpy Change of a Reaction ∆Hr ɵ

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) H20(l) ∆Hr ɵ = -286 kJ mol-1

Hess Enthalpy Cycle

Determine the enthalpy change of reaction for

NO(g) + ½ O2 (g) NO2(g)

NO(g) + ½ O2 (g) NO2(g)

∆H1 = -113.14 ∆H2 = +33.8

∆Hr = -∆H1 + ∆H2

∆Hr = -(-113.14) +(+33.8)

Show your working.

Standard Enthalpy Change of Formation ∆Hf ɵ

2C(S) + 2H2(g) C2H4(g)

∆Hr = -∆H1 + ∆H2

Determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction:

Substance ∆Hf ɵ kJ mol-1

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

∆H1 = 2(+90) ∆H2 = 2(+33)

∆Hr = - ∆H1 + ∆H2

∆Hr = - (+180) + (+66)

∆Hr = (+66) - (+180)

∆Hr = -114kJ mol-1

Substance ∆Hf ɵ kJ mol-1

Using values to determine the enthalpy change of a reaction

Ammonia can be combusted to produce NO2 and water.

4NH3(g) + 7O2(g) 4NO2(g) + 6H20(g)

NH3(g): -46 kJ mol -1: NO2(g): 34kJmol-1; H20(g): -286kJ mol-1

Create a Hess’ Cycle and show the alternative method too.

Definition Standard Enthalpy Change of Combustion ∆Hɵc

Standard Enthalpy of Combustion Potential Energy Diagram

Determine the enthalpy change for the following reaction:

Substance ∆HC ɵ kJ mol-1

4C(s) + 5H2(g) C4H10 (g)

∆H1 = 4(-394) ∆H2 = 5(-286) ∆H3 = (-2877)

∆Hr = ∆H1 + ∆H2 - ∆H3

∆Hr = 4(-394)+ 5(-286) - -2877

∆Hr = (-1576) + (-1430) - -2877

∆Hr = -3006 - -2877

∆Hr = -129kJ mol -1

Alternatively if a Hess’ Cycle is not required:

∆Hr = 4(-394)+ 5(-286) - -2877

∆Hr = (-1576) + (-1430) - -2877

∆Hr = -3006 - -2877