Higher Level: 15.1 & 15.2: Student Name

AISB Chemistry IB 2022
Higher Level: 15.1 & 15.2
Student Name ___________________________
Grade _______________________
Class __________________
1
2
Contents
Contents 3
Learning Objectives 4
Ionic Bonds 6
Lattice Enthalpy Definition 7
Features of Lattice Enthalpy 9
Ionic Size & Ionic Charge 9
Born Haber Cycles 14
Enthalpy Definitions 14
Constructing a Born Haber Cycle 18
Exam Questions on Lattice Enthalpy 30
Short Answer Questions on Lattice Enthalpy 34
Entropy S 41
Becoming more stable 41
∆Sɵ Standard Entropy Change of Reaction 43
Calculating ∆Sɵ 43
Gibbs Free Energy (∆G) 45
Factors Affecting Gibbs Free Energy 45
Spontaneous Reactions & Input of Energy 46
Possible Combinations for Free Energy Changes 50
Multiple Choice on Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy 52
Short Answer Questions on Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy 56
3
Learning Objectives
Essential idea: -Energy change in a single step reaction being equivalent to the summation of smaller steps can be applied to changes involving ionic compounds.
15.1 Energy cycles
Nature of science: Making quantitative measurements with replicates to ensure reliability—energy cycles allow for the calculation of values that cannot be determined directly. (3.2)
Understandings: International-mindedness:
• Representative equations can be used for enthalpy/energy of hydration, ionization, atomization, • The importance of being able to obtain measurements of something which
electron affinity, lattice, covalent bond and solution. cannot be measured directly is significant everywhere. Borehole temperatures,
snow cover depth, glacier recession, rates of evaporation and precipitation cycles
• Enthalpy of solution, hydration enthalpy and lattice enthalpy are related in an energy cycle.
are among some indirect indicators of global warming. Why is it important for
Applications and skills: countries to collaborate to combat global problems like global warming?
Utilization:
• Construction of Born-Haber cycles for group 1 and 2 oxides and chlorides.
• Construction of energy cycles from hydration, lattice and solution enthalpy. For example • Other energy cycles—carbon cycle, the Krebs cycle and electron transfer in
dissolution of solid NaOH or NH4Cl in water. biology.
• Calculation of enthalpy changes from Born-Haber or dissolution energy cycles. Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
Topics 1.2 and 1.3—stoichiometric relationships
• Relate size and charge of ions to lattice and hydration enthalpies. Topic 3.2—ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii
Topic 5.3—bond enthalpy
• Perform lab experiments which could include single replacement reactions in aqueous solutions.
Guidance: • Aim 4: Discuss the source of accepted values and use this idea to critique
experiments.
• Polarizing effect of some ions producing covalent character in some largely ionic substances will
not be assessed.
• Aim 6: A possible experiment is to calculate either the enthalpy of crystallization
of water or the heat capacity of water when a cube of ice is added to hot water.
• The following enthalpy/energy terms should be covered: ionization, atomization, electron affinity,
• Aim 7: Use of data loggers to record temperature changes. Use of databases to
lattice, covalent bond, hydration and solution.
source accepted values.
• Value for lattice enthalpies (section 18), enthalpies of aqueous solutions (section 19) and
enthalpies of hydration (section 20) are given in the data booklet.
4
Essential idea: A reaction is spontaneous if the overall transformation leads to an increase in total entropy (system plus surroundings). The direction of spontaneous change
always increases the total entropy of the universe at the expense of energy available to do useful work. This is known as the second law of thermodynamics.
15.2 Entropy and spontaneity
Nature of science:
Theories can be superseded—the idea of entropy has evolved through the years as a result of developments in statistics and probability. (2.2)
Understandings: International-mindedness:
• Entropy (S) refers to the distribution of available energy among the particles. The more ways the energy • Sustainable energy is a UN initiative with a goal of doubling of global
can be distributed the higher the entropy. sustainable energy resources by 2030.
• Gibbs free energy (G) relates the energy that can be obtained from a chemical reaction to the change in Theory of knowledge:
enthalpy (ΔH), change in entropy (ΔS), and absolute temperature (T).
• Entropy is a technical term which has a precise meaning. How
• Entropy of gas>liquid>solid under same conditions. important are such technical terms in different areas of knowledge?
Applications and skills: Utilization: Syllabus and cross-curricular links:

Topic 5.2—Hess’s Law
• Prediction of whether a change will result in an increase or decrease in entropy by considering the states
Topic 5.3—bond enthalpy
of the reactants and products.
Topic 7.1—equilibrium
• Calculation of entropy changes (ΔS) from given standard entropy values (Sº). Option C.1—quality of energy
Physics option B.2—thermodynamics
• Application of Gibbs Free Energy equation in predicting spontaneity and calculation of various conditions
of enthalpy and temperature that will affect this. Aims:
• Relation of ΔG to position of equilibrium.

• Aims 1, 4 and 7: Use of databases to research hypothetical reactions
Guidance: capable of generating free energy.
• Aim 6: Experiments investigating endothermic and exothermic

• Examine various reaction conditions that affect ΔG.
processes could be run numerous times to compare reliability of
• ΔG is a convenient way to take into account both the direct entropy change resulting from the repetitive data and compare to theoretical values.
transformation of the chemicals, and the indirect entropy change of the surroundings as a result of the
gain/loss of heat energy.
• Thermodynamic data is given in section 12 of the data booklet.
5
Ionic Bonds
• Ionic bonds are electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
• Ionic bonds are strong
• Consequently the melting point of an ionic compound is very high
e.g. NaCl(s) is made from Na+ ions and Cl- ions
Nae
FIQH EOF
2 0.7 mga
try for
Acy
6
Lattice Enthalpy Definition
7
The strength of ionic bonding is directly related to the lattice enthalpy ∆H ɵLE,
of an ionic compound
Example
8
Features of Lattice Enthalpy

When being
formed
Ionic Size & Ionic Charge
Asthe ionic radius decreases

the ions in the lattice
become closer together
ago There is a
attraction greater
between ions
HEY lattice enthalpies are

more exothermic
9
10
Question 1
exothermic lattice
the
myth has
Answer enthalpy
largest
constant
The charge t size My't of stays
in all these compounds
CT Mgilla
lattice can pack
ng't and
in
exert attraction for

closely and greater
to the ions in
their
coins compared
Bra and Mg Is
My ionic bond
This leads to
a strong
and high melting point
11
Further Questions on Lattice Enthalpy
has the exothermic lattice

MgO largest
and size of 02 stays constant
The charge
these compounds
in all ionic radius
smallest
has the
My't to Bart
compared can pack
and O lattice
Mg't attraction
and exert greater
closely
tins compared to
for their
Bart O bond
leads to a strong ionic
This
and high mp
12
has a high mp because it has

Mgo
ionic bonds leading to
a
strong
lattice enthalpy
strong
and 0 can pack closely together
Mg and exert a great
in their lattice
attraction for their ions
and 02
This is because ng't
small ionic radii
have
with exothermic
largeharl
Compounds
enthalpies high
lattice
and so will be
melting point
at
stable inside a furnace
temperatures
high
13
Born Haber Cycles

An energy diagram known as a Born-Haber cycle is used to represent these energy changes
Enthalpy Definitions
14
15
16
Question 2
to ton
a Licg Litcg
oh
b
Can t Clay Callis
Caltcy 215g 9926 Otley
or
tattle
A Callis Catty 2cg
battle enthalpy of formation

Lef exothermic
breakdown
Lep Lattice enthalpy of
Lentothermic
17
Constructing a Born Haber Cycle
Remember:
• Exothermic energy changes have a negative value and the arrows go downwards.
• Endothermic changes have a positive value and the arrows go upwards.
18
Question 3
Determine the Lattice Enthalpy using the Born Haber Cycle below
Na+(g) + Cl(g) + e-
∆Hɵea -364KJ mol-1
∆Hɵi +493 KJ mol -1
Na(g) Cl(g) Na+(g) Cl-(g)
∆Hɵa = +122KJ mol -1
Na(g) + ½ Cl2(g
∆HɵLE
∆Hɵa = +108KJ mol-1
Na(s) + ½ Cl2(g)
∆Hɵf = - 411KJ mol-1
NaCl(s)
19
Wattontatt DHE ONE WHEE

WE
493 4364 OHG
411 f 108 124
1 359
OKIE 411
CHEE 770 KJ mot
20
Example 1
Note: ½ Cl2(g) molecules = 1 mole of gaseous atoms
21
22
Example 2
23
Question 4
WE 049 04 049 tonga DHE
346 GHEE
435 481 121 403
435 259 GHEE
GHEE 435 259
mot
WHEE 694kt
24
25
Example 3
26
Example 4
27
Question 5
mighty 211g
I OHéaX2
ONE A marg 20179
III i
Mgtg 2019
Oke T
It Mgg 2491 OHEE
Monta
2ft
2493
agg Clay
out I
KJm.lt
Mgs 129 28
OH f 64245mol
Mg 0126 v
É
É
a J
o
iii
o
i
t
b
t t t
ÉÉ
ÉÉÉ 29
Exam Questions on Lattice Enthalpy
1. Which is a correct definition of lattice enthalpy?
A. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when an electron is removed from 1 mol of gaseous atoms.
B. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of a compound is formed from its elements.
C. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of solid crystal changes into a liquid.
O
D. It is the enthalpy change that occurs when 1 mol of solid crystal is formed from its gaseous ions.
(Total 1 mark)
2. Which equation represents the electron affinity of calcium?
A. Ca(g) →Ca+(g) + e–
B. Ca(g) →Ca–(g) + e–
0
C.
D.
Ca(g) + e– → Ca–(g)
Ca+(g) + e– → Ca(g) Remember

(Total 1 mark)
d
3.
d
Which ionic compound has the most endothermic lattice enthalpy?
A. NaCl
B. KCl
g
C.
D.
NaF
KF
(Total 1 mark)
4. Which equation corresponds to the lattice enthalpy for silver iodide, AgI?
A. AgI(s) → Ag(s) + I(g)
1
B. AgI(s) → Ag(s) + I2(g)
2
C. AgI(s) → Ag+(aq) + I–(aq)
O
D. AgI(s) → Ag+(g) + I–(g)
(Total 1 mark)
30
5. Which ionic compound has the greatest lattice enthalpy?
O
A.
B.
MgO
CaO
C. NaF
D. KF
(Total 1 mark)
6. Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to a standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆HfO?
All reactions occur at 298 K and 1.01 × 105 Pa.
A. C4H8(g) + H2O(g) → C4H9OH(l)
13
B. 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g) → C4H9OH(l) + 2
O2(g)
O
1
C. 4C(s) + 5H2(g) + 2
O2(g) → C4H9OH(l)
D. 8C(s) + 10H2(g) + O2(g) → 2C4H9OH(l)

(Total 1 mark)
7. Which step(s) is/are endothermic in the Born-Haber cycle for the formation of LiCl?
O
A. ½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) and Li(s) → Li(g)
B. Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g) and Li(g) → Li+(g) + e–
C. Li+(g) + Cl–(g) → LiCl(s)
D. ½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) and Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g)

(Total 1 mark)
8. Which process has an enthalpy change that represents the lattice enthalpy of sodium chloride?
O
A.
B.
NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)
NaCl(s) → Na(s) + 1
Cl2(g)
2
C. NaCl(g) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)
D. NaCl(s) → Na(s) + Cl(g)

(Total 1 mark)
31
9. Which is the correct order of increasing magnitude of lattice enthalpy (lowest first)?
A. NaCl < KCl < MgS < MgO
B. MgO < MgS < KCl < NaCl
C. KCl < NaCl < MgS < MgO
D. MgO < NaCl < KCl < MgS

(Total 1 mark)
10. Which combination of ionic radius and ionic charge would result in the highest lattice enthalpy for an ionic
compound?
Ionic radius Ionic charge

A. small high
B. large high
C. small low
D. large low
(Total 1 mark)
11. Which reaction has the most negative ∆Hο value?
A. LiF(s) → Li+(g) + F–(g)
B. Li+(g) + F–(g) → LiF(s)
C. NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)
D. Na+(g) + Cl–(g) → NaCl(s)

(Total 1 mark)
32
1 lattice enthalpy for a particular

conic compound is defined as 84
for the process
my Mtg Tca
ElectronAffinity is the energy

change that occurs when an
electron is added
to a
gaseous
atom or ion
33
IRENAEUS
WALE 6411 108 494 HI 4364
770K Jmol
lattice network structure

each chloride ion is surrounded
6 sodium ions and each
by
sodium ion is surrounded by
six chloride ions
I Ottatomisation Mg
I OHformation Mg 92
Energy value for II 243

Energy value for III 738 1451
2189
Energy Valve for II 21349
WHYalticeMgCh 642 148 243 2189

2252 KJ
tMhoretical value assumes ionic model
Experimental value greater due
to additional covalent
character
ETtE
oxide
greater charge
Oxide smaller radius
Accept opposite arguments
1 C atom sanon d electron
affinity
1 d and e
90 0 418 112 344 4670
in Omf
392K Jm ol
er Colt is smaller than Kt and
ca't has a greater charge than Kt
Catt has a greater charge density
so attractive forces between ions are
stronger Do not accept strongerionic bonds
4. The Born-Haber cycle for MgO under standard conditions is shown below.
The values are shown in the table below.
Process enthalpy change / kJ mol–1

A +150
B +248
C +736 + (+1450)
D –142 + (+844)
E
F – 602
36
(i) Identify the processes represented by A, B and D in the cycle.

(3)
(ii) Define the enthalpy change, F.

(2)
(iii) Determine the value of the enthalpy change, E.

(2)
(iv) Define the enthalpy change C for the first value. Explain why the second value is significantly larger
than the first.
(4)
(v) The inter-ionic distance between the ions in NaF is very similar to that between the ions in MgO.
Suggest with a reason, which compound has the higher lattice enthalpy value.
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
44 A atonisation
B atomisation half dissociation
enthalpy
D sun of 1st and 2nd
electron
affinity
Accept DH at OHea
a
Enthalpy change when one
is formed
mole a compound
of
from its elements in their
standard state under
250C 298k
standard conditions 37
and m
E
602 150 1248 2186 704
Answer 3888 KJ not

t
must have
to remove
C Energy required
electron from
an
one
in its
atom gaseous
state
The electron is removed
from a ion
Decrease in electron electron
repulsion
r MgO double in charge
38
60th 2 and 2 Compared

to Carry
l
39
40

Higher Level: 15.1 & 15.2: Student Name

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Higher Level: 15.1 & 15.2: Student Name

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

AISB Chemistry IB 2022

Higher Level: 15.1 & 15.2

Student Name ___________________________

15.1 Energy cycles

15.2 Entropy and spontaneity

Applications and skills: Utilization: Syllabus and cross-curricular links:

• Relation of ΔG to position of equilibrium.

• Aim 6: Experiments investigating endothermic and exothermic

• Thermodynamic data is given in section 12 of the data booklet.

Lattice Enthalpy Definition

Features of Lattice Enthalpy

Ionic Size & Ionic Charge

Asthe ionic radius decreases

HEY lattice enthalpies are

exert attraction for

and high melting point

Further Questions on Lattice Enthalpy

has the exothermic lattice

has a high mp because it has

Born Haber Cycles

battle enthalpy of formation

Constructing a Born Haber Cycle

∆Hɵi +493 KJ mol -1

Na(g) Cl(g) Na+(g) Cl-(g)

∆Hɵa = +122KJ mol -1

Wattontatt DHE ONE WHEE

CHEE 770 KJ mot

Note: ½ Cl2(g) molecules = 1 mole of gaseous atoms

WE 049 04 049 tonga DHE

435 259 GHEE

GHEE 435 259

Exam Questions on Lattice Enthalpy

1. Which is a correct definition of lattice enthalpy?

2. Which equation represents the electron affinity of calcium?

Ca+(g) + e– → Ca(g) Remember

A. AgI(s) → Ag(s) + I(g)

C. AgI(s) → Ag+(aq) + I–(aq)

5. Which ionic compound has the greatest lattice enthalpy?

A. C4H8(g) + H2O(g) → C4H9OH(l)

D. 8C(s) + 10H2(g) + O2(g) → 2C4H9OH(l)

B. Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g) and Li(g) → Li+(g) + e–

C. Li+(g) + Cl–(g) → LiCl(s)

D. ½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) and Cl(g) + e– → Cl–(g)

C. NaCl(g) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)

D. NaCl(s) → Na(s) + Cl(g)

A. NaCl < KCl < MgS < MgO

B. MgO < MgS < KCl < NaCl

C. KCl < NaCl < MgS < MgO

D. MgO < NaCl < KCl < MgS

Ionic radius Ionic charge

11. Which reaction has the most negative ∆Hο value?

A. LiF(s) → Li+(g) + F–(g)

B. Li+(g) + F–(g) → LiF(s)

C. NaCl(s) → Na+(g) + Cl–(g)

D. Na+(g) + Cl–(g) → NaCl(s)

1 lattice enthalpy for a particular

ElectronAffinity is the energy

WALE 6411 108 494 HI 4364

lattice network structure

Energy value for II 243

WHYalticeMgCh 642 148 243 2189

The values are shown in the table below.