Physics Higher level Paper 2 March 2021 Candidate session number 2 hours 15 minutes Instructions to candidates + Write your session number in the boxes above. + Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. + Answer ail questions. + Write your answers in the boxes provided. + Acalculator is required for this paper. + Aclean copy of the physics data booklet is required for this paper. ‘+The maximum mark for this examination paper is 90 Marks.‘Atennis ballis hit with a racket from a point 1.5m above the floor. The ceiling is 8.0m above the floor. The initial velocity ofthe ball is 15m" at 50" above the horizontal. Assume that air resistance is negligible. £i8m (a) Determine whether the ball will hit the ceiling a (bv) The tennis ball was stationary before being hit. It has a mass of §.8x 10°kg and was in contact withthe racket for 23ms. (Calculate the mean force exerted by the racket on the ball. t (i) Explain how Newton's third law applies when the racket hits the tennis ball. fa}2. The diagram shows a planet near two stars of equal mass M. planet e Each star has mass M=2.0x10"kg. Their centres are separated by a distance of, 6.8x10"'m. The planet is at a distance of 6.0 10"'m from each star. (@) _Onthe diagram above, draw two arrows to show the gravitational field strength at the Position of the planet due to each of the stars. a (®) Calculate the magnitude and stale the direction of the resultant gravitational field strength at the position of the planet. BI3. (a) The Feynman diagram shows electron capture. {>< (State and explain the nature of the particle labelled X. 8) (i) Distinguish between hadrons and leptons. a (This question continues on the following page)(Question 3 continued) (b) Particles can be used in scattering experiments to estimate nuclear sizes. (Outline how these experiments are carried out. a i) Outline why the particles must be accelerated to high energies in scattering experiments, a (c) (This question continues on the following page)(Question 3 continued) (d) Electron difraction experiments indicate that the nuclear radius of carbon-12 ('{C) is 2.710"m. The graph shows the variation of nuclear radius with nucleon number. ‘The nuclear radius of the carbon-12 is shown on the graph. 4 15 8 x rian Am ae 1 2 24 nucleon number () Determine the radius of the magnesium-24 (Mg) nucleus. (i) Plot the position of magnesium-24 on the graph. (il) Draw a line on the graph, to show the variation of nuclear radius with nucleon number.4. Aneater in an electric shower has a power of 8.5kW when connected to a 240V electrical supply. Itis connected to the electrical supply by a copper cable The following data are available: Length of cable Cross-sectional area of cable = 6. 0mm? Resistivity of copper =1.7x10°Om (@) (@ Calculate the current in the copper cable. i (id) Calculate the resistance of the cable. 2 (ii) Calculate the power dissipated in the cable. fo} (This question continues on the following page)(Question 4 continued) (b) Explain, in terms of electrons, what happens to the resistance of the cable as the temperature of the cable increases. (3) (6) The heater changes the temperature of the water by 35K. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200.Jkg"K” Determine the rate at which water flows through the shower. State an appropriate unit for your answer. (4)5. An electron moves in circular motion in a uniform magnetic field ( 4 > Velocity ‘The velocity ofthe electron at point Fis 6.8 x 10°ms" in the direction shown, ‘The magnitude of the magnetic field is 8.5. (a) State the direction of the magnetic fie. 1 (b) Calculate, in N, the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the electron. t (©) Explain why the electron moves ()_atconstant speed. a (i) ona circular path 26. Wind is incident on the blades of a wind turbine. The radius of the blades is 12m. The following data are available for the air immediately before and after impact with the blades. Before After Density of air 4.20kgm? | 1.32kgm* Wind speed 8.0ms (a) Determine the maximum power that can be extracted from the wind by this turbine. 31 (©) Suggest why the answer in (a) is a maximum. 1(a) Yellow light of photon energy 3.5x10"*J is incident on the surface of a particular photocell. light Po 4 (Calculate the wavelength of the light. fo} (ii) Electrons emitted from the surface of the photocell have almost no kinetic energy. Explain why this does not contradict the law of conservation of energy. a (b) Radiation of photon energy 5.210" is now incident on the photocell. Calculate the maximum velocity of the emitted electrons. fa (This question continues on the following page)(Question 7 continued) (c) The photocell is connected to a cell as shown. The photoelectric current is at its maximum value (the saturation current). light a - 4 ~ HA) Radiation with a greater photon energy than that in (b) is now incident on the photocell. ‘The intensity of this radiation is the same as that in (b). Describe the change in the number of photons per second incident on the surface of the photocell m 0 State and explain the effect on the maximum photoelectric current as a result of, a (0) Increasing the photon energy in this way.8. (a) State Faraday’s law of induction. a (b) The diagram shows a sketch of an ideal step-down transformer. primary coil secondary coil 240V ‘The number of turns in the primary coil is 1800 and that in the secondary coil is 90. (Explain, using Faraday's law of induction, how the transformer steps down the voltage. 4) (This question continues on the following page)(Question 8 continued) (ii) The input vottage is 240. Calculate the output voltage. io} (©) Outline how energy losses are reduced in the core of a practical transformer. a (d) _ Step-up transformers are used in power stations to increase the voltage at which the electricity is transmitted. Explain why this is done. 2‘Abeam of electrons €° enters a uniform electric field between parallel conducting plates RS. RS are connected to a direct current (de) power supply. A uniform magnetic field B is directed into the plane of the page and is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the electrons. 22kV ‘The magnetic field is adjusted until the electron beam is undeflected as shown. (@) Identity, on the diagram, the direction ofthe electric field between the plates. tt (b) The following data are available. ‘Separation of the plates RS Potential dference between the plates Velocity of the electrons. Determine the strength of the magnetic field B. (This question continues on the following page)(Question 9 continued) (©) The velocity of the electrons is now increased. Explain the effect that this will have on. the path of the electron beam. ce (i Describe, in terms of the propagation of energy, what is meant by a longitudinal travelling wave. LI40. A.small magnet is dropped from rest above a stationary horizontal conducting ring. ‘The south (S) pole of the magnet is upwards. Diagram 1: side view Diagram 2: view from above While the magnet is moving towards the ring, (a) state why the magnetic flux in the ring is increasing. (1) (©) sketch, using an arrow on Diagram 2, the direction of the induced current in the ring, m (©) deduce the direction of the magnetic force on the magnet. a14. (a) Suggest why de Broglie's hypothesis is not consistent with Bohr's conclusion that the electron’s orbit in the hydrogen atom has a well defined radius. @ (b) _In.an experiment to determine the radius of a carbon-12 nucleus, a beam of neutrons is scattered by a thin flm of carbon-12. The graph shows the variation of intensity of the scattered neutrons with scattering angle. The de Broglie wavelength of the neutrons is 16x 10m 0 17 Oi degrees (i) Estimate, using the graph, the radius of a carbon-12 nucleus. a fa nucleus of mass number A volume of a nucleon ‘Comment on this observation by reference to the strong nuclear force. a (i) is approximately A. (This question continues on the following page)(Question 11 continued) (©) Apure sample of copper-64 has a mass of 28mg. The decay constant of copper-64 Is 5.5 x 10*hour’, (i) Estimate, in Ba, the initial activity of the sample. 2 (i) Calculate, in hours, the time at which the activity of the sample has decreased to one-third of the intial activity. 2