Storage of Bulk Solids

Class on 30-08-2021
Click to add text
Dr.Swambabu Varanasi

Book : Powders and Bulk solids (Behavior, characterization, Storage and flow) by Schulze
Powder flow function
Flowability
Critical conditions for flow
Outlet dimension

For conical Hopper

Angle of internal friction
(FN)

Load (FN)
Shear Force Fs
ϴ
∑ 𝐹=0
 

Fs ϴ = friction angle

tan ϴ = τ / σ

FS α FN τ = σ tan ϴ

Fs = μ FN

τ =μ σ
μ = frictional coefficient
Jenike shear tester

Click to add text

https://vimeo.com/232943571
 τ If cohesion exists

τ = c + σ tan ϴ
 𝜎 1 1+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=
If no cohesion, ex: quick sand 𝜎2 1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
C

ϴ = effective angle of internal friction

σ This comes of Mohr’s stress circle or Mohr circle

Similar manner angle of internal friction between powder and hopper wall is determined
Hopper

Powders and Bulk Solids. Behavior, Characterization, Storage and Flow. Authors: Schulze, Dietmar, Springer
 JENIKE’s Flow Phase diagram for a hopper

  : Angle of Internal Friction

  : Angle of Wall Friction

Powders and Bulk Solids. Behavior, Characterization, Storage and Flow. Authors: Schulze, Dietmar, Springer
Design Procedure for mass flow hopper
•   Flow function from uniaxial compression test
1.

Unconfined
yield
strength

Compacting or consolidation
stress

2. Determine Angle of internal friction ( and wall friction ( – Jenike Shear tester
3. Determine hopper angle

4.Determine ffc value

𝜑  𝑒 =30 0
𝜑  𝑒 =60 0
6. Determine critical σc
Unconfined
yield
strength

1/ffc

Compacting or consolidation
7. Estimate H(ϴ) value
stress
8. Estimate Outlet diameter of hopper

9. Estimate the diameter and height of hopper

based on mass or volume of powder
to be stored.

10. Thickness of silo construction material -

(estimated from stress profile)
B
11. Mass flow rate of powder
 Design Problem
• Powder having the angle of internal friction of 300 and angle of
friction on SS is 190 needed to be stored in a silo. Bulk density of
powder is 1300 kg/m3. Design the conical hopper SS silo.
Uniaxial compression test results
Consolidation stress

Unconfined yield strength

Solution
 
1. Flow function

2. Angle of internal friction ( Angle of wall

friction ( = 190

3. Hopper angle = 27.50

4. ffc = 1.8

5. Critical stress = 0.83

• H (ϴ) = 2.46
• Outlet diameter =
 Design Problem 2
•  Shear cell tests on a powder give the following information:
Effective angle of internal friction = 400
Kinematic angle of wall friction on mild steel = 160
Bulk density under flow condition = 2000 kg/m3
The powder flow function
where is unconfined yield stress (kN/m2) and is consolidating stress
(kN/m2)
Determine (a) the maximum semi-included angle of a conical mild steel
hopper that will confidently ensure mass flow, and (b) the minimum
diameter of circular outlet to ensure flow when the outlet is open
Stress Profile
Click to add text
in Silo
 z =0 Force Balance for slice element

Angle of Wall Friction

K: Lateral Stress Ratio (Principle stress

ratio)
We assume K is constant throughout the
material.
In reality K varies through out the
material.
Application of Janssen’s equation
Stress profile

Powders and Bulk Solids. Behavior, Characterization, Storage and Flow. Authors: Schulze, Dietmar, Springer
Stress profile during filling and emptying

Ref: SILO AND HOPPER DESIGN FOR STRENGTH (page no -118) by J. Machael Rotter
https://www.academia.edu/18441628/Silo_and_Hopper_Design_for_Strength
Stress profile
Lines of principle stresses
Buckling
Problem -3
• Select the diameter and height of silo to store grains with a storage
capacity of 500 m3. Hopper angle is 300.

Click to text
 Stress Profile in Hopper W

r
 v  B v
W

  : Angle of Internal Friction

  : Angle of Wall Friction

In a hopper, stress decreases as we

towards mouth or exit.

In a hopper, near the mouth the vertical

stress is proportional to local radius.