Physios Chemistry -Bilogy Tochnies an LEYBOLD 7N989-St- ‘The vibrating thread apparatus can produce standing trans- verse waves of circular polarization. The frequency fof the ‘waves remains constant but the wavelength 2 can be altered. ‘The wavelength changes with the specific mass" (mass per length) of the thread and with the tension F applied to the ‘thread. This force F is measured by a spring balance tied to ‘one end of the thread, ‘This compact arrangement allows for an easy demonstration of Melde’s experiment showing the velocity of propagation ¢ (phase velocity) of transverse waves along cords under tension: aw for homogeneous materials (for example wires) of the density p and the cross section A for inhomogeneous materials (for example stranded threads) with 10 being the specific mass Results obtainable with this apparatus: ‘The wavelength of a cord subjected to the force F is half that of a cord subjected to 4 x F. ‘The wavelength of a cord with the mass/m” is twice that of a ‘cord having four times that mass m* under the same force. ‘Thus the proportionality E aw Isverified, Using the equation ¢= 2+ fit follows that = wavelength F = frequency : CLieeyet om Further possible experiments: Experimental derivation of c~ VF by quantitative examina- tion of the relation between F and \ for a number of X values; ‘evaluation of the propagational velocity ¢ according to (I). ‘Comparison of the value of ¢ obtained according to method (!) {and the value calculated from the equation ¢ = \- f(stroboscop- ic measurement of ). “This apparatus also allows for a comparison between circular ‘and linear polarized waves. The influence of a polarizer on the rotating plane of oscillation of a circularly polarized wave can alzo be demonstrated, LEYBOLD DIDACTIC GMBH Instruction Sheet 40103 Vibrating Thread Apparatus Fig. Literature: Physics Exporiments, Volume 2 (599 922) New Physics Leaflets for Colleges and Universities, Volume 1 (699 952) 1. Technical Data Effective lengths / of the thread for standing waves: approx. 0.485 mor approx. 0.38. m approx. § ma/em range max. 1N ‘Specific mass m* of the thread “Tension as shown on the spring balance Excitation of the thread by an eccentric of @ drive motor Power supply vottage: 220 V/S0 He Rated power: approx, 23 VA. Frequency: approx. 44 Hz Dimensions {excluding the vertically adjustable holder; ‘max. height 65 cm) ‘approx. 70 em x 15 em x 14.cm Weight: approx. 2.5 kg 4) Ea, followse from the solution of the nave equation of cords and threads under tension, neglecting bending strongth. The derivation may be found in theoretical physic Books, =- Description 2.1, Parts included in standard specification ‘Complete with basic apparatus (motor, housing and base), holder, vertically adjustable to be mounted on the base, ‘spring balance (range 1 N), approx. 5 m of thread. © Basie apparatus with motor @ Mains switch with indicator lamp @ Mains cable © Excenter © Vertically adjustable holder for the spring balance © @ Spring balance, 1 N © Serew to fx the heigth of © © Guide roller for near frictionless transmission of the force to the horizontally mounted thread @ and ® Bores for the holder © © Hexagonal nut, butterfly nut and washers for mounting the holder © onto the base of © © Approx. 5 m of thread for meking threads of various masses and lengths (See 3.1.) 2.2, Principle of Operation ‘The excenter of the motor produces a circular movement of the thread end whereby the frequency fof the motor rem: rearly constant under any load for these experiments, This periodical dislocation moves along the thread with the propaga- tion velocity ¢ so that a circularly polarized wave is produced. ‘This wave is reflected off the guide roller with 9 phase shift because the guide roller acts as a fixed ond, As the arriving ‘wave interferes with the reflected wave a standing wave appears when the following conditions are met: The wavelength X as ‘ven by the force F and the specific mass m* must be so that, 2 canbe accommodated along the just a multiple integer of 3 ‘thread, 3. Operation ‘3.1, Preoperation measures (usually only required before initia operation) Prepare the necessary threads for the experiments according 10 Fig. : Approx. 0.6 m of thread is needed; effective length / = 0.485 m, single mass m; to verify: A~ ‘Approx, 2,40 m of thread is needed; (0.485 m; four times the single ‘Thread (b): Approx, 1.35 m of thread is needed; effective length / = 0.485; one half is of the single mass m, the other half is of four times the single mass 4m waren VEE ‘Approx. 0.60 m of thread is needed; ‘effective length / = 0.38 m; single mas, together with thread (a) to derive A ~ “Mount the adjustable holder on to the basic apparatus by in- sorting it into the bores in the base using the hexagonal nut, ‘the two washers and the butterfly nut as shown in Fig. 2. Thread ( Hine For the experiments itis sufficient to generate waves of = 0.48 mand 0.32 m, This can be done by mounting the adjustable holderatbore @ giving an effective length of 0.48 m. When making a graph of the function \= f (F) itis advisable ‘to make additional measurements with a thread having @ length of 0,38 m in order to obtain different Dovalues. To do ‘this the adjustable holder may be mounted on the base using bore ©. 3.2. General hints for experimenting “The apparatus is ready for the experiments when the spring balance and a suitable thread (see 3.1.) are set up as shown in, Fig, 1 and after having connected the motor to the mains. When relaxing the screw @ the height of the holder should be varied slovily and continuously whilst observing the thread until standing waves appear with their maximum amplitude. ‘Then tighten the screw and note the force as shown by the spring balance, “Tensions above 0.7 N impair the frequency of the motor. 24, Storing the Apparatus ‘The apparatus is best stored with the holder @ left mounted ‘to the base so that itis always ready to be put to use. + @ sejust he holder so that the spring balance is ooxed, 5, Examples of Experiments 5.1, Melde's experiment 8.1.1 Verification of \~ VF ‘Apply such 2 tensional force to thread (a) (see 3.1.) that @ m= const. sanding waves produced witha wavlrathof = (4 internodes); then increase F so that the wavelength is 2=/ (2 internoces). o6n fa 5:12 veteatonor Yn Option 1 First use thread (a) (single mass m) and adjust the force F so ‘that the wavelength } equals / (2 internodes). Then replace ‘thread (a) by thread (b) (four times the single mass) keeping ‘the force F at the same value as for thread (a). Then compare the wavelengths. Fig. ‘that half of the thread being of single mass m and 2 internodes should develop on the other half being of 4 times the single mass ‘The results as shown in Fig, 4 and Fig. 5 (or Fig. 6) verify (in conjunction with ¢ = X- f) that nye 5.2, Derivation of the relationship between the wavelength X ‘and the force F; calculating the velocity of propagation Measure the forces F needed to obtain standing waves with 2, 3.and & internodes for thread (a). Then move holder @ to bore ® and note the forces needed to obtain 1, 2 and 3 inter- ‘nodes with thread (a) (see tables 1.1, 1.2 and part | of table 2, Fig, 7). To calculate c from E w the specific mass m* must also be measured; a suitable balance with a milligram range must be used (for example 315 01 and set of weights 315 31). (See table 2 part Il) ‘To compare the values of ¢ as measured in Ta with the values, caleulated from ena a ‘the frequency f of the excenter must be measured with a stroboscope (451 28) (see table 2 part Ill). Example of measurement Thread (a) Effective length / = 0.485 m ‘numberof internodes z 12 73] 2] wavelength m__| 0485 | 0,523 [0.198 toree F N02 [ot | 008 Teble 13 Thread (4) Length / = 0.38 m ‘arbor of Inernodes ciated 2 [ES ‘wavelonath m [076 | 038 | 0253 force F N [os | 0.8 | 007 Table 12ee ‘Specific mass m™ = 0.82 x 10-*kg/m (calculated from weigh- 5.3, Polarization ing 0.6 m of thread) [ation ara [os [anes | os [os orss| aoe e Fitom 1.142) N [058 [0z6 [a6] 04 | 007 Joos aw m2 | 0.878 | 0.24 | 0,14 |0.104/0.064|0.038 ules Bsa |21.49 | 16.98] 10.87] 11.6 | 8.7 i" 1 [ans [aso | aaa ano 447 | eas Jom arf ©. 339 |21.73 | 17.02] 14.41) 11.31] 8.69 le 2 ras a= t(F) 06) fi Hold the polarizer (either a piece of bent wire or a piece of o5| ‘cardboard with a slit) as shown in Fig, 8 and turn it slowly as ze” indicated by the arrows. (Ulumination by the stroboscope 461 28 is advisable); observe 9, the plane of oscillation before and after the wave has passed thepolutees 0,3) - e 0, om 01} vw oO Of 02 08 04 05 06 ££. N Fie.7 ee {graoko proacTiC GMBH. Lytle 1.50954 Hath Tel (228) 64-0, Te (02250) 604-222 Telex 17 228 392 LHPCN D by Leybold Didactc GmbH Prelate Fete Regticl emery