Hydrology tools

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Lesson 9A overview
‹ Surface hydrology tools
‹ Creating hydrologically correct topographic surfaces
‹ Defining flow direction over the surface
‹ Defining stream networks
Š Analyzing streams
‹ Defining drainage basins
‹ Determining flow length and tracing rain drops
‹ Exercise 9A

‹ Lesson 9B: Groundwater hydrology tools

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ArcHydro Data Model
‹ A geospatial and temporal data model 1
Drainage
Drainage
‹ Supports hydrologic simulation models
‹ It is not itself a simulation model
‹ Can construct a simulation model attached 2
to ArcHydro using DLL Network
Network
‹ Can customize the behavior of ArcHydro

‹ Hydrologic information systems

3
‹ Five key areas Channel
Channel

Flow
Flow 5
Time
TimeSeries
Series 4
Hydrography
Hydrography
Time
Time

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Surface hydrology tools

ArcToolbox
ArcToolbox Hydrology
HydrologyModeling
Modeling Map Algebra
Hydrology
Hydrologytools
tools toolbar
toolbarin
inArcMap
ArcMap functions

Watershed FlowDirection
Watershed
FlowAccumulation
and so on
Rain
RainDrop
Drop

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Roadmap: Surface hydrology
Surface Fill
Fill sinks
sinks Surface
Surfacepreparation
preparation

Flow
Flow Direction
Direction Required for all surface hydrology functions

Flow
Flow Accumulation
Accumulation
Define
Define drainage
drainage network
network
Stream
Stream Order
Order Stream
Streamnetworks
networks
Stream
Stream Link
Link
Stream
Stream to
to Feature
Feature

Basin
Basin
Snap
Snap Pour
Pour Point
Point Basins
Basinsand
andwatersheds
watersheds
Watershed
Watershed

Flow
Flow Length
Length
Other
Otheroperations
operations
Rain
Rain drop
drop trace
trace
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Topographic surfaces
‹ Use published data
‹ Examples: DEM, DTED

‹ Create your own

‹ Interpolation

‹ Both have errors

‹ Sinks

‹ Prepare before use

‹ Fill sinks

‹ Use the Topo to Raster tool

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Topo to Raster tool
‹ Interpolates a hydrologically correct surface

Points
Points Provides
Provideselevation
elevation

Lakes
Lakes

Rivers
Rivers

Contours
Contours Provides
Provideselevation
elevation

Boundary
Boundary Clipping
Clippingsource
source

Hillshade
Hillshade For
Forreference
reference

Sinks
Sinks Possible
Possibleinput
input
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Identifying and filling sinks
ArcToolbox
‹ Sinks
‹ Surrounded by higher cells Fill sinks

‹ Stop surface flow

Identify sinks
‹ Usually data errors

‹ Identifying sinks
‹ Need flow direction
Filled
Filledsink
sink
‹ Filling sinks Sink
Sink

‹ Iterative process
Š May create new sinks

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Flow Direction tool
‹ Created from an elevation surface
‹ Determines the direction water flows through a cell
78 72 72 71 58 49 2 2 2 4 4 8
74 67 56 49 46 50 32 64 128 2 2 2 4 4 8
69 53 44 37 38 48 1 1 2 4 8 4
16 1
64 58 55 22 31 24 128 128 1 2 4 8
68 61 47 21 16 19 2 2 1 4 4 4
8 4 2
74 53 34 12 11 12 1 1 1 1 4 16

Elevation
Elevation Flow
FlowDirection
Directionmap
map Flow
FlowDirection
Direction

‹ Required by all other surface hydrology tools

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Flow Accumulation tool
‹ Accumulates water downhill into each cell
‹ Based on flow direction
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 2 2 0
0 3 7 5 4 0
0 0 0 20 0 1
0 0 0 1 24 0
0 2 4 7 35 1

Flow
FlowDirection
Direction Flow
FlowAccumulation
Accumulation

‹ Provide weight layer to model actual rainfall

‹ High accumulations = streams

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Creating streams
‹ Extract high-value cells from flow accumulation
‹ Can use a conditional tool: Con or Set Null

‹ Choose a threshold value (e.g., accumulation > 100)

‹A low threshold creates more streams

CON(FlowAcc
CON(FlowAcc GT
GT 100,
100, 1)
1)
SETNULL(FlowAcc
SETNULL(FlowAcc LTLT 100
100 ,, 1)
1)
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Stream Order tool
‹ Assigns relative ranking to stream segments
‹ Based on the number of tributaries
‹ Two methods: Shreve or Strahler

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1
1 2
1 2 1
2 2 3
2 2 4
3
Strahler 3 7
Strahlerordering
ordering Shreve
Shreveordering
ordering

‹ Requires stream network and flow direction inputs

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Stream Link tool
‹ Assigns a unique ID to each stream segment
‹ May use to link attributes

14 25
1 3 5 6 26
20
7 4 16
2 8
11 15 17 21
9 10 24
18
12
13 19 22 23
Stream
StreamIDs
IDs

‹ Requires stream network and flow direction inputs

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Creating basin IDs for streams
‹ Use the Region Group tool
‹ Normally a Generalization tool
‹ Assign unique IDs to groups of connected streams

2 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 2
1 2 2 2
1 1 2
2
1
1 2 2 2
Basin
BasinIDs
IDs

FOUR
FOUR EIGHT
EIGHT

Diagonal cells NOT considered Diagonal cells ARE considered

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Stream to Feature tool
‹ Raster-to-vector conversion tool

Stream to Feature tool Raster to Polyline tool

‹ Designed for stream networks

‹ Handles parallel stream segments properly
‹ Requires stream network and flow direction inputs

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Roadmap: Basins and watersheds
Surface Fill
Fill sinks
sinks Surface
Surfacepreparation
preparation

Flow
Flow Direction
Direction Required for all surface hydrology functions

Flow
Flow Accumulation
Accumulation
Define
Define drainage
drainage network
network
Stream
Stream Order
Order Stream
Streamnetworks
networks
Stream
Stream Link
Link
Stream
Stream to
to Feature
Feature

Basin
Basin
Snap
Snap Pour
Pour Point
Point Basins
Basinsand
andwatersheds
watersheds
Watershed
Watershed

Flow
Flow Length
Length
Other
Otheroperations
operations
Rain
Rain drop
drop trace
trace
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Defining watersheds and basins
‹ Find all cells that drain to a pour point
‹ Watershed tool: You provide pour points
‹ Basin tool: Finds its own pour points

Pour points

The
The The
The
Pour Watershed
Watershed Basin
Basin
point tool
tool tool
tool

Watershed

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Snap Pour Point tool
‹ Snaps pour point cell to high accumulation neighbor
‹ Like the nearest stream cell

‹ Use before running the Watershed tool

Snap
distance

m
trea
S
Cell you
clicked on
The cell that will be selected
(cell with highest flow accumulation)

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Roadmap: Other operations
Surface Fill
Fill sinks
sinks Surface
Surfacepreparation
preparation

Flow
Flow Direction
Direction Required for all surface hydrology functions

Flow
Flow Accumulation
Accumulation
Define
Define drainage
drainage network
network
Stream
Stream Order
Order Stream
Streamnetworks
networks
Stream
Stream Link
Link
Stream
Stream to
to Feature
Feature

Basin
Basin
Snap
Snap Pour
Pour Point
Point Basins
Basinsand
andwatersheds
watersheds
Watershed
Watershed

Flow
Flow Length
Length
Other
Otheroperations
operations
Rain
Rain drop
drop trace
trace
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Flow Length tool
‹ Calculates flow length for each cell
‹ Upstream: To top of basin
‹ Downstream: To pour point

‹ May have a weight layer

‹ Use to compute a basin’s
time of concentration

Downstream
Downstreamflow
flowlength
length

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Performing a raindrop trace
‹ Trace the downhill path of a raindrop
‹ The Cost Path tool returns a grid
‹ The Hydrology Modeling toolbar returns a graphic

‹ Use: Find where a contaminate spill will go

Downhill
Downhillpath
path
Source
Sourcecell
cell

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Exercise 9A overview
‹ Run Topo to Raster
‹ Fill surface sinks
‹ Run Flow Direction
‹ Run Flow Accumulation
‹ Create a stream network
‹ Edit stream segments
‹ Run Basin
‹ Run Watershed
‹ Run Flow Length
‹ Trace a rain drops path

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