FEMINISM IN SELECTED 21ST CENTURY PALANCA AWARD-WINNING

SHORT STORIES IN ILOCANO

EDWARD O. ALMAZAN JR

Mariano Marcos State University

GRADUATE SCHOOL
Laoag City, Philippines

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in

Methods of Research under
Dr. Anabelle C. Felipe.

MASTER OF ARTS IN EDUCATION

(Language and Literature Major)

1ST Semester A.Y. 2017-2018

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The world has changed over the past centuries. This is evident from the fast phasing

advancement in the fields of science and technology. With these developments, humans

are no longer just confined to their limits, but they can already explore and reach beyond

what their mind and body restrict.

Though the world progresses time after time, there are still things that hardly

advance or improve. Problems keep on coming one after another. One of these is gender

equality—a pressing issue that the society finds hard to address. Gender equality, also

known as sexual equality, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities

regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state

of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender

(Wikipedia).

The Philippines has been noted as having one of the smallest gender disparities in

the world. The gender gap has been closed in both health and education; the country has

had two female presidents (Corazon Aquino from 1986-1992 and Gloria Macapagal-

Arroyo from 2001-2010); and had its first woman Supreme Court justice (Cecilia Muñoz

Palma in 1973) before the United States had one (Sandra Day O’Connor in 1981). These

achievements reflect a long history of efforts by women to involve themselves equally in

governance as well as in society (Casambre & Rood, 2012). Though Philippines has this

to show with regard to gender equality, it should not be overshadowed the fact that it fell
 2

three places in the world ranking according to the 2017 Global Gender Gap Index. In the

annual report of the World Economic Forum released November 2, the country dipped

to 10th place this year from seventh place last year. It got a score of 0.790. This only means

that the gender gap in the country is not narrowing; it is the opposite.

Despite the fact that the late President Corazon Aquino signed into law the Women

in Development and Nation Building Act or Republic Act 7192 which promotes the

integration of women as full and equal partners of men in development and nation building

and for other purposes inequality between men and women still happening in today’s

generation. However, with all the efforts exerted by the government and some

organizations and individuals in closing the so called gender gap, it is worthy to note that

over the past decades there might be already changes to the way women are seen and treated

today. Literature, as a valuable record and witness to history, can shed light to this. It is for

this reason that the researcher is prompted to conduct the study which is geared towards

identifying the images and roles of modern Ilocanas and the reasons and motives behind

these as evident in the 21st century Palanca award-wining short stories in Ilocano.

Statement of the Problem

The study seeks to analyze selected Palanca award-winning 21st Century Philippine

short stories in Ilocano using the Feminist Approach in literary criticism.

Through an in-depth study and analysis, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What images and roles of modern Ilocanas transpire in the short stories?

2. What are the motives and reasons behind the images and roles?
 3

Significance of the Study

The importance of this study lies in its attempt to provide a useful addition to the

language research made on the works of Filipino writers particularly the Ilocano ones. In

this study, there is an attempt to show how gender and writing interconnect.

This study also hopes to make a contribution, though small, to the empowerment

of women for their full participation in the development of Philippine Society.

The research also seeks to give intellectual coherence to a growing body of studies

on women in the Philippines: on their lives, their work, their problems, whether at home,

in the community or in the workplace. Since this study tackles the emerging images of

modern Ilocana, it tries to reflect to a balanced and credible representation of Filipino

woman.

Moreover, the importance of this study does not only lie in its relevance but also in

its contemporaneity. The Filipino woman has gained a distinctly new image in the latter

part of the twentieth century. It cannot be disproved that the external conditions of life

economic, political and social have changed at a tremendous rate. These changes create in

the Filipino woman the desire and determination to break free from the belief that women

are meant for motherhood and household chores.

To the women who know nothing of the issues and the plight of women in a

patriarchal society, this study will hopefully enlighten them and encourage them to join

women’s groups and causes for their own benefit and those of all women.
 4

Through this study, the policy makes in the public and private sectors will be

reminded to take into consideration the particular needs and interests of women in the

decision and policies they make.

To the curriculum makers, this study will show the need to examine the present

curriculum and pinpoint areas where the issue of feminism can be integrated. This study

will provide school authorities with information, which may serve as one of the bases for

improving the school environment and for the adopting measures, and educational policies

that will ensure equality of men and women.

To the literary critics, this study which makes use of Cheri Registers Prescriptive

Criticism in analyzing short stories with feminist ideas can contribute to the formation of

greater consciousness in local criticism.

Likewise to the teachers and students of literature, this study will open avenues in

the rediscovery and re-evaluation of literary works of the earlier and present eras read and

understood from a feminist viewpoint. Furthermore, the study finds its relevance in

reworking and popularizing concepts and theories which the Feminsit Movement espouses,

even if these concepts and theories are not directly stated in the short stories. More

importantly as member of the academic community, it is imperative that students and

teachers realizes that fears of new ideas and ideologies, which springs from the rapid

changes that characterize dynamic histories should be allayed.

To the researchers in Literature and other related fields, this study will also provide

direction to take especially when working with the ideas of feminism and Philippine

literature.
 5

To the researcher, this study fulfills a dream of writing something tangible about

the conditions and situations of women.

Scope and Delimitation

The study will only focus on the 21st century short stories written by both male

and female writers. It will closely analyze the women characters of the award-winning

Carlos Palanca award-wining short stories in Ilocano from 2001 to 2017.

The interpretation of the short stories will be centered only on the images and

roles of the women characters and the motives and reasons behind such roles.

Definition of Terms

Carlos Palanca Memorial Award for Literature (CPMAL) short stories in

Ilocano. These are types of prose narrative based on truth and presenting character or

characters in a struggle or complication, the outcome of which is either expressed or

implied. These are award winning entries of writers in the prestigious award giving body,

CPMAL, from 2001-2017.

Feminist. In this study, he/she is someone who celebrates and acknowledges

woman.

Gender Equality. The state in which access to rights or opportunities is unaffected

by gender.

Image. This refers to the characters’ portrayal of a woman in the Palanca award-

winning short stories in Ilocano. She may be a young unwanted woman, an ever-caring

wife, a prostitute, or a teacher.

 6

Role of women. These refer to the new, customary functions or duties assigned or

assumed by women in the society. These may also be their socially expected behavior

patterns in the society.

Prescriptive Feminist Criticism. This is the approach to be used in analyzing the

short stories which specifically looks into how women are portrayed in the text, how the

text represents uniquely female experience and the import of the passage to reinforce or

to alter 21st century gender roles.

 7

CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deals with the findings of both local and foreign studies dealing with

the issues on feminism.

Related Literature and Studies

Language and Gender

The relationship between language and gender has been a topic of great interest for

several decades now. Litosseliti (2006) reiterates that the “feminist movement has

undoubtedly influenced thinking in the social sciences and humanities, including

linguistics, over the past 30 or 40 years.” It has drawn many scholars from different fields

of study to conduct research using different frameworks and approaches to address issues

of gender which are observed to be present in language use, whether it be spoken or written.

First of all, it is important to take a look at an approach to the nature of language which, in

the first place, led it to be involved with gender issues.

In their book entitled Gender Voices (1989), Graddol and Swann point out that

language is personal and that it is “an important part of our personal and social identity;

our linguistic habits reflect our individual biographies and experiences”. The way language

is used can reveal one’s personalities, characteristics, as well as the environment he/she

lives in. Graddol and Swann (1989) also reiterate the view that language is social and

it is necessary for communication and social maintenance between individuals.

Another view that they present is that which is based on The Saussurean Model, which

argues that “the individual elements which made up a language system (the words of a
 8

language, say) did not have any meaning in an absolute sense, but could be defined in terms

of their relation to one another” (Graddol and Swann, 1989). Since Saussure believes in

the arbitrary relationship between word and meaning, he further argues that a word

acquires meaning by way of a social convention, or what he calls the ‘social contract’

among language users in a community (Graddol and Swan, 1989). On the other hand,

Gibbons (1999) sees language as “a ‘tool’ or ‘vehicle’” that can be controlled or changed.

Gender is also a complex term that is viewed in several ways. Coates (1993) defines

this as a “term used to describe socially constructed categories based on sex”. A general

understanding of this word sees it as something that refers to “a social distinction between

masculine and feminine” (Graddol and Swann, 1989). It is important to differentiate gender

from sex in order to avoid confusion on the meaning and use of these two seemingly

synonymous terms. Sex refers to “a biological distinction” (Coates, 1993) which suggests

that a man and a woman are different from each other because of their biological make-up.

Litoselliti (2006) further explains the difference between gender and sex by suggesting that

if “sex relates to a biological and generally binary distinction between male and female,

then gender refers to the social behaviours, expectations and attitudes associated with being

male and female”.

Language has been a major concern especially of feminists since they, especially

the English users, observe that inequality between men and women is evident in language

use. When a language presents gender bias, it is said to be sexist. Sexism is defined as

“irrelevant and derogatory reference to gender; sexism usually consists of statements which

are derogatory to women” (Mills, 1995). Drawing on different views by noted scholars,

Graddol and Swann (1989) summarize the relationships between language and gender as
 9

follows: 1) “Language reflects social division and inequalities; 2) “Such divisions and

inequalities are created through sexist linguistic behaviour”; and 3) “Both processes apply,

and any full account of language and gender must explore the tension and interplay

between the two”.

The first view of language is supported by Coates (1986) as she explains that

linguistic differences “are merely a reflection of social differences, and as long as society

views women and men as different – and unequal – then differences in the language of

women and men will persist”. Dale Spender appears to agree with the second view since

she stated that language “is our means of ordering, classifying and manipulating the world”

(cited in Coates, 1986). Finally, Sally McConnell-Ginet encourages the third view by

explaining that talk, in particular, “works to create and maintain sex-stereotyping and male

dominance” and that “speech not only reflects our place in culture and society but also

helps to create that place” (cited in Coates, 1986).

Sexism is said to be an issue initially put forward by feminists and not by linguists

since feminists see that language has always been biased against women and that the men

seem to be set as the norm (Graddol and Swann, 1989). In her book called Feminism and

Linguistic Theory (1992), Deborah Cameron suggests that feminism is, first and foremost,

political, since it “is a movement for the full humanity of women” . Although she makes it

clear that there are many kinds of feminism, Cameron (1992) asserts that all are commonly

aimed at recreating a world into one where one gender is the norm or the standard and the

other is deviant to that standard. Society appears to have positioned the woman as

subordinate in many aspects of life by way of “relative poverty, economic dependence,

sexual exploitation and vulnerability, poorer health, overwork, lack of civil and legal rights
 10

– and the list goes on” (Cameron, 1992). Feminists who take an intellectual approach try

to observe and understand the relationship and differences between women and men, which

they deem are more constructed than natural. Linguistic theory has been utilized by

feminists since the late 1960s because they have seen that language is a powerful “medium

of representation” (Cameron, 1992) and that there have been many instances of sexism in

language use found not only in English but also in other languages including French,

German, Dutch, Italian, and Japanese (Cameron, 1992).

Sara Mills, noted for her numerous works on feminist stylistics, expounds on

sexism in language by exposing in her book Language and Sexism (2008) as well as

Feminist Stylistics (1995) the different familiar examples of sexist language in texts and

images. Many examples in this study can be found in the chapter on Sara Mills’ framework

that covers word, phrase, and discourse analysis.

Feminism and Feminist Criticism

It is important to explain how feminism came into existence both in the West and

in the Philippines in order to see how the West has influenced the language and literature

of the Philippines. Feminist criticism must then be described both in the context of Western

(British and American) literature and Philippine literature in English.

The general fact that there has been resistance to patriarchy in many cultures to

varying degrees throughout history proves that feminism has existed for a long time

(Stanford). Gibbons (1999) explains the concept and aims of feminism as follows:

Feminism, is, as well as a practice, a philosophy which challenges social

arrangements regarding women’s and men’s relative value, status, positions,
roles and opportunities. There is not a single, unified body of feminist thought.
On the contrary, feminists differ in what they focus in as central to women’s
 11

social oppression in the present and in their views of the ultimate cause of
women’s exploitation, marginalization, and devaluing in society.

The term ‘feminism’ was first used in the mid-1800s to describe characteristics of

women but became popularly used to refer to a movement that fought for woman suffrage

both in Europe and the US during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Stanford). Three

waves of feminism are said to have occurred. The first wave refers to women’s struggle for

political rights which started in the mid-19th century when women were afforded these

rights (Stanford). The second wave of feminism emerged after the two world wars,

particularly in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which extended the aims of feminism to

equality in other aspects, such as, in education, the workplace, and at home (Stanford). The

third and present wave of feminism goes even further as to critique the previous waves and

point out that there are internal differences even among women which are caused by factors

such as race, class, nationality, and religion, and these should not be ignored (Stanford).

In the Philippines, the beginnings of feminism are said to be marked by the

formation of the ‘Asociacion Feminista Filipina’ in 1905 which initially fought for

women’s right to vote (Helium). Filipino women gained the right to vote in 1937, when

the law on women’s suffrage was finally passed and implemented (online women in

politics). Along with the triumph of the Filipino woman to vote, she also became liberated

when she was afforded equal education along with the men as the American regime

established its coeducational system in the Philippines after the 1898 Treaty of Paris that

ended the Spanish-American War (Highbeam). As Lilia Quindoza Santiago (1992) notes

in her essay “The Filipina as Metaphor for Crisis,” the Filipina was “the first woman in

Asia to win the right of suffrage after a hard campaign at a nationwide plebiscite” (in

Kintanar, 1992).
 12

The subsequent use of English and the introduction of western literature to schools

all over the Philippines gave birth to English fictionists (CCP, 1994). At first, these Filipino

writers patterned their work after their western literary models, such as, Guy de

Maupassant, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ernest Hemingway, among others,

but later on learned to present Filipino experiences in their work, albeit the use of Western

form of writing (CCP, 1994). Paz Marquez-Benitez is noted for having written the first

short story in English, “Dead Stars,” written in 1925, which is regarded as the best work

published in English then (CCP, 1994). Paz Latorena was also recognized for her story

“Desire,” which presented the woman’s position as repulsive to “being treated as an object

of the male gaze” (CCP, 1994, p. 250). This was the beginning of the Filipino writers’

quest in facing the question of Filipino identity and culture through literature. Some of the

acclaimed writers of Philippine literature in English, particularly the short-story writers,

are: Francisco Arcellana, Manuel Arguilla, N.V.M. Gonzalez, Loreto Paras Sulit, and

Bienvenido Santos (CCP, 1994). In the case of the women writers, they have proved to be

highly competent and as brilliant as their male counterparts, as seen in a survey of the

winners’ list in Philippine literature in English (Manlapaz-Zapanta, 2003).

Feminist criticism in Philippine literature is well-defined by Kintanar (1992) in the

book Women Reading…Feminist Perspectives on Philippine Literary Texts. Kintanar says

that there are “two distinct modes of feminist criticism: one that is concerned with the

feminist as reader; the other, with woman as writer. The book is an anthology of essays by

women reading certain Philippine literary texts “through a specifically female

consciousness and bringing to bear the experience of what it is to be a woman in Philippine

culture and society”. The introductory essay by Thelma Kintanar reviews the history of
 13

feminism in the Philippines. She claims that Western feminism ignited feminism in the

Philippines by the availability of feminist theories, as well as feminist criticism for

literature although feminists in the Philippines utilize these theories in order to uncover the

Filipino woman’s experiences and plights throughout history (1992). One example of a

feminist theory is Virginia Woolf’s work on the “female sentence” in which she “asserted

that there was a sentence which women writers had developed” (in Mills, 1995). The view

that women’s writing is different from men’s was also explored by Luce Irigaray and

Helene Cixous (Mills, 1995). These ignited interest among feminists in the Philippines to

probe into Philippine literature as written by women.

Historians have revealed that women during the pre-Spanish times were regarded

as men’s equals. Furthermore, the existence of the babaylan as the all knowing priestess,

leader, and healer proves that the Filipino woman had a high status in society back then

(Kintanar, 1992). This position which women enjoyed was completely eradicated during

the male-dominated colonial times and only during the early part of the 20th century did

women gain recognition again.

Kintanar (1994) refers to the feminist critique of Kate Millett that “showed how the

stereotypical presentation of women as sex object, wife and mother limits women to the

private domain where family life and domestic affairs are the main concerns and inhibits

them from taking active part in the world of politics and public affairs”. This view can be

considered in reading Philippine literary texts by women writers. For instance, Lilia

Quindoza Santiago notices that the women characters in the novels of Rizal, Amado

Hernandez and Nick Joaquin are portrayed as weak and indecisive. Kintanar (1992)

emphasizes that besides this observation, “women writers occupy a very small place in the
 14

literary canon” and that women readers are tasked “to render the women writer more visible

and to bring to the surface women’s experiences and women’s consciousness, however

submerged these may be under the weight of the assumptions and values of a dominant

male culture” . In her essay “The Writer and Her Roots,” Marjorie Evasco (1992) reminds

the reader that women writing for publication were not that accepted by a still patriarchal

society during the early 1900s, even though the Americans “brought the ideas of freedom

and equality” (in Kintanar, 1992).

Carlos Palanca Awards

The Palanca Awards or Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature are

literary awards of the Philippines. The Manila Standard called it the "Pulitzer Prize" of the

Philippines in terms of prestige. Unlike works acceptable as nominees for the Pulitzers,

however, entries to the Palanca competition are previously unpublished pieces in their

manuscript form. The Palanca Awards, organized by the Carlos Palanca Foundation, is one

of the Philippines' longest-running awards programs.

The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature (Palanca Awards) was

established in 1950 to commemorate the memory of Don Carlos Palanca, Sr. through

an endeavor that would promote education and culture in the country. The Palanca

Awards aims to develop Philippine Literature in the following manner: a) by providing

incentives for writers to craft their most outstanding literary works; b) by being a treasury

of the Philippine’s literary gems from our gifted writers; and c) to assist in their eventual

dissemination to our people, particularly students.

Sixty-five years ago, the Palanca Awards called on Filipino fictionists to weave

their best short story in either English or Filipino. Over the years, the Palanca
 15

Awards continues to challenge writers to express their creativity in the following literary

genres: a) 1950 – Short Story (Maikling Kuwento), b) 1953 – One-act Play (Dulang May

Isang Yugto), c) 1963 – Poetry (Tula), d) 1975 – Full-length Play (Dulang Ganap ang

Haba), e) 1979 – Essay (Sanaysay), f) 1980 – Novel (Nobela), g) 1989 – Short Story for

Children (Maikling Kuwentong Pambata), h) 1990 – Teleplay (Dulang Pantelebisyon), i)

1994 – Screenplay (Dulang Pampelikula), j) 1997 – Short Story – Iluko, k) Short Story –

Cebuano, l) Short Story – Hiligaynon, m) 1998 – Kabataan Essay (Kabataan Sanaysay),

n) 2000 – Futuristic Fiction (English), o) Futuristic Fiction (Filipino), and p) 2009 – Poetry

Written for Children (Tula Para sa mga Bata).

As of 1 September 2017, the Palanca Awards collection consists of 2,385 winning

works composed of 610 short stories, 402 collections of poetry, 244 essays, 377 one-act

plays, 209 full-length plays, 60 teleplays, 71 screenplays, 177 stories for children, 34

futuristic fiction stories, 110 student essays, 42 novels, and 49 collections of poetry written

for children, in the English, Filipino, Regional Languages, and Kabataan Divisions.

Instituted in 1995, the Palanca Hall of Fame award is presented to a Palanca

awardee who has achieved the distinction of winning five first prizes in the regular

categories.

The Kabataan Award of Distinction is a separate honor awarded to persons below

18 years of age who have won four first prizes in the Kabataan division.

The Palanca Awards continues to pursue avenues that help share these literary gems

with the rest of the world. They are now accessible to students, researchers, and all lovers

of literature at the CPMA Research Facility and on the official CPMA website at

www.palancaawards.com.ph.
 16

To date, four (4) anthologies of award-winning poetry, short fiction and one-act

plays have been published. The first set of anthologies in English and Filipino was printed

in 1976, composed of Palanca Award winning works from 1950-1970. It was then

followed by three separate anthologies of one-act plays, short stories, and poetry that won

in the 1980s, with Filipino volumes issued in 1990 and English volumes in 2000. These

anthologies have also been donated to university libraries.

Adding dimension to the Palanca Awards mission of encouraging excellence in

literary writing, the Carlos Palanca Foundation (the “Foundation”) also supports a

scholarship program for creative writing.

Citations and awards conferred on the Palanca Awards are: a) “Tanging Parangal”

in the Gawad CCP para sa Sining in 1992, b) “Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas” by

the Unyon ng Manunulat sa Pilipinas in 1993, c) The UNESCO, in the celebration of its

50th year in 1995, included the Palanca Family and the Palanca Awards in the UNESCO

List of Living Human Treasures of Artists, Writers and Artisans, d) “Plaque of

Appreciation” from the Philippine Board on Books for Young People in 1995, e) Anvil

Merit Award in 1997, f) CCP Centennial Honors for the Arts in 1999, g) “Gawad Tanglaw

ng Lahi” by the Ateneo de Manila University in 2001, h) Special Citation for the Carlos

Palanca Memorial Awards Anthologies by the Manila Critics Circle in 2001, i)

Appreciation to the Carlos Palanca Foundation for its Scholarship Grant in Creative

Writing by the University of the Philippines in 2002, j) “Gawad Pagkilala” by the

Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino in 2004, and k) Anvil Merit Award in 2012.

Born of a simple dream to help develop Philippine literature, the Foundation holds

steadfast to its mission of providing nourishment for the national spirit.

 17

Theoretical Framework

Cheri Register’s Prescriptive Feminist Criticism is an approach that focuses on the

way women are represented in literature. This type of feminism criticism evaluates the

representation of women without being didactic and inflexible. Register asserts that

feminist writers should not only express female experience authentically, but should also

feel obligated to offer an exact representation of their lives. Furthermore, text should

express representative female experience that readers can accept as an authentic reflection

of their lives. Each individual woman should be struggling to find her true identity, and

from this task, strong, independent female characters may provide inspiring role models

(Youngkin, 2009).

Register’s prescriptive criticism reads in many ways like a feminist equivalent to

socialist realism. Instead of writing placing itself at the service of the worker’s revolution,

it is now at a service of feminist liberation, instead of inducing working class characters,

writing should serve as a forum for women. In both cases, inspirational role models and

writing with the specific intention of raising consciousness are stressed.

As the study centers on the images and the emerging roles of women, this approach

shows how women are portrayed in the text and how the text represents uniquely female

experience. This approach also shows the main reasons that have molded the character’s

thoughts and actions.

Conceptual Framework

Since literature illuminates and comments on a certain truth about one’s existence,

the writer enjoins the reader to embark on a journey of discovery, a discovery of the self.
 18

For, is it not that at the very core of every written piece of literature man in search for

himself is often depict? This necessity to define or redefine the self has played a very

important role in literature. Such depiction of human being in constant search for

himself/herself, as generally played in texts, probably is one medium to express

himself/herself towards a society that has grown cold and mechanical. Indeed as always,

life and progress find themselves encapsulated best in the miniature world of the short

stories.

The short story, considered as the most highly developed form of Philippine

literature can give a single definite unified impression of Filipino women in contemporary

times. Using Prescriptive Criticism approach to analyze the short stories, this study will be

able to synthesize the images of women in contemporary times together with the roles they

play in society. And with these roles and images are underlying reason behind such.

Thus, a more objective way of seeing the woman is created.

 19

Images and Roles of

Modern Ilocanas

Palanca Award-
Winning Short
Stories in
Ilocano
Motives and Reasons
behind such Images and
Roles

Figure 1. The Research Paradigm

 20

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the design, methods and procedures used in the study. A list

of short stories to be analyzed is presented.

Research Design

The study will be using the descriptive and analytic methods of research. As

Ethridge (2004) said, “descriptive research may be characterized as simply the attempt to

determine, describe or identify what is, while analytical research attempts to establish why

it is that way or how it came to be.” Analytic method, in addition to what Ethridge (2004)

stated, is a process of breaking up a concept, proposition, linguistic complex, or fact into

its simple or ultimate constituents (Audi, 1999).

Methodology

The following steps will be followed in the conduct of the study.

Identifying the short stories to be analyzed. The researcher will identify the

different short stories to be analyzed from the list of Carlos Palanca award-winning short

stories in Ilocano. Short stories, either written by male or female, should have female

characters on it.

Reading of the short stories. The researcher will read the select short stories to

familiarize himself the content of the different stories particularly their elements which in

return will help him analyze them better.

 21

Analysis of the short stories. The researcher at this stage will analyze the short

stories one at a time using the prescriptive criticism approach. The questions posted in the

theoretical framework will be the basis in doing so. The analyses will range from citing

lines or paragraphs to critical analysis of the situations of incidents in the stories.

Holistic evaluation of the short stories. The researcher at this point will make an

over-all evaluation of the short stories centering on the images of women and the 21st

century roles of Ilocanas that could be in the short stories under study. After consolidating

the images and roles of modern Ilocanas, the researcher will then look and find the motives

and reasons behind such images and roles.

 22

References

Cameron, Deborah. (1992). Feminism and linguistic theory. 2nd ed. Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.
Coates, Jennifer. (1986). Women, Men and Language. London: Longman.
Coates, Jennifer. (1993). Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender
differences in language. 2nd ed. London: Longman.
Evasco, Marjorie. The Writer and Her Roots, pp. 9-26. in Kintanar, Thelma B. Ed.
(1972).
Gibbon, Margaret. (1999). Feminist Perspectives on Language. New York: Pearson
Education.
Graddol, David and Joan Swann. (1993). Gender Voices. United Kingdom: Blackwell.
Kintanar, Thelma B. Ed. (1972). Women reading: feminist perspectives on Philippine
literary texts. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press and University Center
for Women’s Studies.
Litosseliti, Lia. (2006). Gender & Language: Theory and Practice. London: Hodder
Education.
Mills, Sara. (1995). Feminist Stylistics. London: Routledge.
Maminta, Imelda I. Self-imposed Unhappiness in the Main Characters of Kerima
Polotan- Tuvera: A Character Study. Undergraduate thesis. 1988.
Onlinewomeninpolitics: n.d. [Bulleted timeline of Philippine history from a woman’s
perspective] Compiled by the Women's Feature Service. Retrieved from
http://www.onlinewomeninpolitics.org/phil/herstory_wfs.pdf
Quindoza-Santiago, Lilia. The Filipina as a Metaphor for Crisis, pp. 118-130. In
Kintanar, Thelma B. Ed. (1972). Women reading: feminist perspectives on Philippine
literary texts. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press and University Center
for Women’s Studies.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Retrieved from
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/feminism-topics/.
 23

Early Feminism in the Philippines

March 7, 2012
By Athena Lydia Casambre, Steven Rood
https://asiafoundation.org/2012/03/07/early-feminism-in-the-philippines/

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CARLOS PALANCA MEMORIAL AWARDS

FOR LITERATURE

http://www.palancaawards.com.ph/Testing3/history/

Palanca Awards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanca_Awards