Estrus

Induction,Principle,Methods
and Applications

Ankesh Kumar
Roll No. P-1793
 Reproductive hormones
 Originate
– Hypothalamus
– Pituitary
– Gonads
– Uterus
– Placenta
 Cause
– Release of other hormones (releasing hormones)
– Stimulate gonads (gonadotropins)
– Sexual promotion (steroids)
– Pregnancy maintenance
– Luteolysis
 Biochemical classification
– Peptides
– Glycoproteins
– Steroids
– Prostaglandins
 The most important hormones
influencing ovarian activity
Hormone Biochemical Source Action in female Effect on
classification ovary
GnRH Decapeptide Hypothalamus Release FSH and LH Follicular develop-
ment; ovulation

LH Glycoprotein Pituitary Stimulates ovulation Formation of CL

and P4 secretion

FSH Glycoprotein Pituitary Follicular development, Development of

E2 synthesis follicles

Progesterone Steroid CL, placenta Maintenance of pregnancy Inhibits GnRH

release
Follicle, placenta
Estradiol Steroid Sexual behavior -

hCG Glycoprotein Chorion ovarian P4 synthesis -

Formation of accessory CL’s
eCG Glycoprotein Chorion -

PGF2α Prostaglandin Endometrium Destruction of CL Luteolysis

Inhibin Glycoprotein Granulosal cells Inhibits FSH secretion Inhibits follicle

development
The estrus cycle of the cow (Senger, 2003)
 Methods for inducing estrus and synchronizing
ovulation
Method of inducing ovulation are needed for treatment of
anoestrus and synchronization of oestrus cycle for timed
AI(TAI).
 Methods with heat detection
– Progestin application (MGA, PRID, CIDR)
– Deslorelin implant (GnRH agonist)
– Prostaglandin (single or Double dosage PGf2α treatment)
 Timed insemination
– Heatsynch (GnRH - PGf2α – ECP)
– Ovsynch (GnRH - PGf 2 α – GnRH)
– Cosynch
– Provsynch (PGf 2 α – PGf 2 α – GnRH - PGf 2 α – GnRH)
starts 35 days after parturition
 ESTROUS SYNCHRONIZATION
A management technique that makes use of
hormones to control or reschedule the estrous
cycle
Hormones associated with reproduction
LH & FSH
Progesterone
Estrogen
Prostaglandin
 Why synchronize?
 Group females for parturition (calving
interval)
 Shorten breeding season
 Reduce estrus detection
 ADVANTAGES OF IMPLEMENTING A SYNCHRONIZATION
PROGRAM

 Calves produced early in season will wean heavier

because they are older
 Cows require 40-60 days to recover from calving
before next breeding
– Cows that bred earlier have better chance of maintaining
365 d calving interval the next year
 Basis for Synchronization of
Estrus
 Manipulate life span of CL

 Manipulate growth of follicles and timing of

ovulation
 Synchronization Methods
Method Tradename Utilization
Gonadotropins Cystorelin Mature females
Fertagyl
Prostaglandins Estrumate Cycling females
Lutalyse
Prostamate

Progestins MGA Pre-pubertal heifers

CIDR Post-partum or
Anestrous females
 Synchronization Methods
Gonadotropins(GnRH protocols)

 Naturally occurring hormone that

stimulates the release of LH and FSH that
stimulates follicular development

 Protocols include Ovsynch and Cosynch

 Synchronization methods
Prostaglandins
– Naturally occurring hormone that causes
regression of the CL (luteolysis) and
decreases progesterone secretion which
results in a return to estrus
– Can expect estrus within two days following
injection
– Protocols include PGF one-shot method and
PGF two-shot method
 Synchronization methods
Progestins
 Form of progesterone that extends the
period of time progesterone is present and
prevents animal from coming into heat

 Protocols include MGA+prostaglandin and

CIDR
 Synchronization methods:
drug trade names and effectiveness
Method Trade Female “type” for drug
name effectiveness
Prostaglandins Lutalyse* *Cycling cows or heifers
Estrumate* Cycling mares
∞

Prostamate*
Equimate∞
Pregma
Progestins MGA* *Cycling cows or heifers
CIDR* *Anestrous cows or heifers
Regumate∞ Mares
∞

* Cattle ∞
Equine ^Swine
 Synchronization methods:
drug trade names and effectiveness

Method Trade Female “Type” for drug

name effectiveness
Gonadotropin Receptal* *Postpartum cows
Releasing Gynarich* *Anestrous cows
Hormones Ovulanta inj∞ Cycling mares
∞

Placental PG600^ ^Peri-pubertal gilts

Gonadotropins

* Cattle ∞Equine ^Swine

 One Injection of PGF
 Advantages  Limitations
– Useful for detection of – 10-25% of females
estrus in heifers and may not be detected in
cows estrus during days 0 to
– Decreased drug cost 10
– Limited animal handling – Poor degree of
synchrony on females
that return to estrus
– Must have CL
– Length of estrus
detection
– Abortion
 Two Injections of PGF
 Advantages  Limitations
– Useful for detection of
estrus in heifers and
cows
– Tighter synchrony than
one injection method
– Can use fixed
insemination time after
2nd injection
– Females must have
functional CL
– Length of estrus
detection
– Administration of PGF
will cause abortion in
pregnant animals
 MGA and Prostaglandin
 Advantages  Limitations
– Proven system for
heifers
– Inexpensive method
– Can hasten cyclicity in
anestrous females
– Length of program
– Must have appropriate
feeding space to allow
efficient consumption
– Estrus synchronization
may be variable
– Must ensure uniform
daily consumption of
feed supplement prior
to and during oral
administration of MGA
 CIDR
 Advantages  Limitations
– Useful for detection of
estrus in heifers and
cows
– Induces cyclicity in a
percentage of anestrous
cattle
– High pregnancy rates
– Treatment of follicular
cyst
– Improve oocyte quality
– Treatment of repeat
breeder
– Possible retention
failure of CIDR
– Cost per treatment
may be higher than
other methods
– An additional day of
processing for
hormone treatment
would be required to
facilitate fixed time AI
Cost $9.00/head
Heat-Synch
ECP at 48hrs
GnRH-PGF BASED SYNCHRONIZATION
OPTIONS

THE SELECT SYNCH

SYSTEM
 COSYNCH/OVISYNCH

I. Ovisynch is a fixed – time AI synchronization protocol

II. Average pregnancy rate to ovisynch is 30 to 40%
III. Ovisynch pregnancy rate can be significantly improved if cows are set-up or pre-
synchronized .
IV. Ovisynch, pregnancy rates are maximized if the early heat are visually detected and
bred using the AM/PM rule
 GnRH
 Advantages  Limitations
– Higher and tighter rate – Higher cost due to
of estrus synchrony hormone injections
compared to PGF – Increase of time and
protocols labor
– Allows for estrus – Not recommended for
detection or timed AI use in heifers
 Synchronization in the Mare
 Feeding mare altrenogest for 15 day induces oestrus about
3 days after progesterone withdrawal and satisfactory fertility
can be obtained by matting on alternate days during oestrus

 Diestrum mare will respond to a single injection of

PGF2alpha by exhibiting oestrus within 3 to 5 days.

 In randomly cycling mare, oestrus can be synchronized by a

regime that involve two dose of PGF2 alpha and two dose of
hCG
 Synchronization in the Sow
 Progesterone (Altrenogest) fed for 14 to18 days is effective in
synchronizing oestrus in cycling gilt and sow Normally oestrus begins on
4th or 5th day after progesterone withdrawal

 PGF is not useful for synchronizing in cycling swine because CL do not

respond to PGF during 12 or 13 day of oestrus cycle

 Potential way of synchronizing oestrus in swine is to inject 500 to 1000 IU

OF hCG on day 12 of oestrus cycle ,then inject PGF about 3 week later.

 Noncycling gilts can be synchronized with P.G. 600 (400 IU eCG and 200
IU hCG)
 Synchronization in the Ewe
Acyclic
 Progesterone for 12-21 days
with eCG given near the end
of progesterone treatment &
animal will be in estrus within
2-4 days
 Most common protocols use
either use prostaglandins or
CIDR
Cyclic
 Progesterone(Pessary for
18-21 days)+eCG (on day
of pessary removal) &
animal will be in estrus
within 2-3 day
 Two PGF injection (11-
12 days apart)
Thank
You
 Estrus synchronization
protocols
PROSTAGLANDIN
S

LIMITATIONS
I.Fixed time insemination after single and double injection of PGF alone seldom
yields acceptable result and in general not recommended.
II.A major limitation of PGF is that it only works in cyclic animals.
Effect of select synch or 2PGF injection 14 days apart on estrus detection, conception
and pregnancy rate in anoestrus beef cows
1. Major benefit of the select synch are simplicity and tight synchrony of estrus
2. Most animal display standing estrus2 to 4 day after the PGF injection
GnRH-PGF BASED SYNCHRONIZATION
OPTIONS

THE SELECT SYNCH

SYSTEM
 THE MGA-PGF SYNCHRONIZATION
PROTOCOL

I. The-PGF
 COSYNCH/OVISYNCH

I. Ovisynch is a fixed – time AI synchronization protocol

II. Average pregnancy rate to ovisynch is 30 to 40%
III. Ovisynch pregnancy rate can be significantly improved if cows are set-up or pre-
synchronized .
IV. Ovisynch, pregnancy rates are maximized if the early heat are visually detected and
bred using the AM/PM rule
Effect of select synch or 2PGF injection 14 days apart on estrus detection,
conception and pregnancy rate in cycling cows