University of engineering & technology, Lahore, FSD campus

ASSIGNMENT

Hydraulics,
Pneumatics &
Fluid dynamics

Instructor : Sir Abdullah Tahir

Section : B
Department : Mechatronics
Name : Ali Azhar
Registration # : 2015-MC-156

DATE: 12/12/2017
 REGISTRATION # 2015-M-156

Title: Poiseuille’s law: IV fluids

1st Application: Design of catheler tube/cannula during surgery
Introduction:
Definition:
It states that the flow (Q) of fluid is related to a number of factors: the viscosity (n) of the fluid, the pressure
gradient across the tubing (P), and the length (L) and diameter(r) of the tubing.
It is well recognised that faster infusion rates can be achieved with wider-bore IV cannulae, the effect of length
on flow rates is less well known. In the current in vitro study, we assessed the effect of length of an IV cannula
on the rate of flow of infusion. Mathematical calculations performed using Hagen-Poiseuille's law predicted an
increase of 40% in flow rates when the IV cannulae were shortened by 13mm. However, when the flow rates of
the shortened cannulae were measured in vitro an increase of only 4-18% was observed. Although the increase
in flow rates was statistically significant, it may not be sufficient to be significant in clinical practice. Turbulence
resulting from design characteristics of the infusion system is responsible for the measured flow rates to be
lower than that predicted by mathematical calculations.

Important points:

Tubing diameter: An important and frequently cited relationship is that of the tubing’s radius.
Doubling the diameter of a catheter increases the flow rate by 16 fold (r4). The larger the IV catheter
the greater the flow.

Fluid Viscosity: Flow is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. Increasing viscosity decreases flow
through a catheter. Viscosity of commonly infused intravenous solutions range from 1.0 centiPoise to 40.0 cP
(Reference: viscosity of water is 1.002 cP).

Pressure: Increasing Pressure further maximizes flow as described by Poiseuille’s Equation. This can be
achieved by elevating fluid containers (IV bags). Utilizing pressure bags or pressurized infusion devices are
additional ways to increase the pressure gradients to optimize flow rates

Working:
It is basically used to design a catheler tube which is used for infusion o furine from uninary bladder .
Placement of a catheter into a particular part of the body may allow: "uretic catheter": draining urine from the
urinary bladder as in urinary catheterization during the surgary OR we may use cannula for laminar flow
To maximize flow, an ideal rapid infusion system would consist of the largest diameter and shortest length
tubing possible. Infused fluid should be of the lowest possible viscosity and it should be delivered under
maximum possible pressure.

Department of mechatronics & control Engineering, University of Engineering & 1

technology, Lahore FSD campus. 2200-Makuuana-Jarranwala Bypass, Khurrianwala
Faisalabad.
 REGISTRATION # 2015-M-156

DURING SURGERY
CATHELER TUBE

Applications:

Fluid Viscosity
Pressure
Tubing diameter
Length of tube
Flow of bold OR liquid flow
Design of any capillary tube or cannula

Department of mechatronics & control Engineering, University of Engineering & 2

technology, Lahore FSD campus. 2200-Makuuana-Jarranwala Bypass, Khurrianwala
Faisalabad.
 REGISTRATION # 2015-M-156

2nd Application: Determination of resistance to flow(cardiovascular flow)

Introduction:
Definition:
It states that the flow (Q) of fluid is related to a number of
factors: the viscosity (n) of the fluid, the pressure gradient
across the tubing (P), and the length (L) and diameter(r) of the
tubing.
There are three primary factors that determine the
resistance to blood flow within a single vessel: vessel
diameter (or radius), vessel length, and viscosity of the
blood. Of these three factors, the most important

Fig 1: simple hydraulic pump

quantitatively and physiologically is vessel diameter. The reason for this is that vessel diameter changes
because of contraction and relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle in the wall of the blood vessel

Working:
Diameter and radius are directly proportional to each other (D = 2r; therefore D ∝ r). Therefore, a vessel
having twice the length of another vessel (and each having the same radius) will have twice the resistance
to flow. Similarly, if the viscosity of the blood increases 2-fold, the resistance to flow will increase 2-fold. In
contrast, an increase in radius will reduce resistance.

The relationship between flow and vessel radius to the fourth power (assuming constant ΔP, L, η and
laminar flow conditions) is illustrated in the figure to the right. This figure shows how very small decreases
in radius dramatically reduces flow.
If the above expression for resistance is combined with the equation describing the relationship between
flow, pressure and resistance (F=ΔP/R), then

Department of mechatronics & control Engineering, University of Engineering & 3

technology, Lahore FSD campus. 2200-Makuuana-Jarranwala Bypass, Khurrianwala
Faisalabad.
 REGISTRATION # 2015-M-156

And we can see from graph that ther is a curved line.

Applications:
Design of heart artificial veins and valves.
For the designing of vessels .
In Food industry.
In bio-fluid mecahnics.

Department of mechatronics & control Engineering, University of Engineering & 4

technology, Lahore FSD campus. 2200-Makuuana-Jarranwala Bypass, Khurrianwala
Faisalabad.