18 E x ample 1) we do af iTening measuremen + jor ) S., +> and Va bee On we measure Sx the reslbics +k w bh seme. prorebiily 2 Po (S.itk) )4> Rar (Sur BY and the dispersion: a a O. (|t>) = (<+Isfle> - <4 Sx leo") = ( Le a (ht) pa(bS A imeasurement of Sx on _ al: G} 2e¢2 with a huge d quankty at - \ macy © st ISz \t> has an &p valve 55 perston & of the sarme order ol Pre meanHei sen becg uncertainty relat on The product of Fhe dispersions ar tuo obsenabley on Yhe samme. state has ca lower bound Aven by Phe expectahon ec lives fb the conmutater of both obserubles: co (Is) & (1) > L]< +1 LA, BID n B z Demo: Del sel] -ady sink op: ae A ee als c-L TABI Bim = B- ik " 5 Gy = - = -<(h- = (%) . L a © by constructs on (Can) = Fe ’ Define 4IM S<¥1 Am ted Be’ Dm ted Bm IED = : (Am +idBm IDI 20 Neal ee) T alweys postiveThen Jays <#1AS cA Bn Be TAB An FAB IY? = 20 An Dm Be = Br 7 (o,) + Av (Gy) 4c <¥ | ON, Bor DVD Pr aes «Gt» (Ta) + AUG ~ AR < HCI * Ce. Bad = rapa The vale de Heh gier Pe mnman (Ioerbent 4'( as) = 0 > Ack LtlClydS = i SY LEAS & (Ge) Z lon) For the valve la.) = (on) RY Gly) Bliv>) > 4 |Z +1 CABND @.E-D, Example: Conjegete variables Ux, p= ok DRT > Bs meee ow me omeAa A Another case Sx and S, depend on the state a4 y OG, G 2d |<+I0s,, S1YD) = 2 [eviek 1 tO] = =B | <¥\S214> This in}orms On be Wee etton < i= DEFENP on THE in Fhe pre cisten o} Phe mmeasuemenl of obsenabler STBTE Vha cb nob conmube on states prepared tn identi ca) doovem, Saturod on of Uncertainty Relations To get He“ =" Tn % = L/S 400, B3) ¥>| is necenary bo gek f(ds)=e = We need ad sch tha} (Den +idBm) IPS 20 Qrom He defin ton 4} 1099) DmzN-<> BBe when ps +cA . x Astote LY> solvrabes Phe uncertainty relakuny Loe obsenables A and y i+ ts an ex geavectur ol bee combination A+caB dor some real A.a2 Fostulele 4 : The projection (or collapse ) I} you per Jorm ce meas remen} of he obsemoble A on the skate )g> and this isa dilkering measu pement with vespech bo Pre ecgenalve ai , the system becomes tmme deately after He imeasscement oa the shohke anociahed bo Pe ecgemalve Av: Tlle> Or this destroyed ta Yhe yrocen Re van bhe measucemen), Remarle. Tris ppostlaskes he inshan baneouy collapse J) ove dena wledge on Pre Syatem by diay a Jilhering Mea su reaeq > even UL Pre measoremenb (5 dene tac park of bre sy ake causally Jeparated drom the res}. De Filtering measure men |: pryecr Pre stakes On @ subspace Ge }ined by He measurement «help,23 Example; D tmea sore ment of A bhok dike wth respect bo Pe ei genalec a; Q Su cme ch non degencrakcd hy anscaked fo bre prjcctve The = 1Q;> ober pe }ilkering Measveing the Jysheo os: a N Mle s = 1s 1h , a oe Wi belli , Pemen’y Wa lerl = [ —-SAaiz a » | S,4> cecal ts} Isee> i with ped Le with pobek wibh prbek imbrat plus ry be Zz Ye deed b oaly 25). 24 Example: Bekele, ) spin 4 , the (mea Sure men F of iby spe by means o} a S§-G cen girs only /th oO. eigen elves asocabed ty Se > ) Sz, 90> S3,~!> V Spin slate Can be written asa | ae Combsj nation of them. Twine [DS = &) Std + pl $z,0> 4+ ¥) S2,-1> For a fiNering measoremeat hot blodds “Phe treyechory” of He of phe ovk state is our IQ = NC e\ Sa, + O11 SS ad) This hi Ikering me cs me (meay ceorresgends bo Phe prjccke Tle | Sead produced bade te back and goch tha} the Syn pork o) bhis shobe ts boy an entang lech shate IW> = zt (1 5.1>°@) S,->°- | S2,->“el >) These ie gives O when MEA Suring bhe spin in Y divechon Syv> (er chee De SP )IN> Eas 20 - Say = (Stel 29s SPVIYS = > =o Sa lYD> AS IND Sis J-1= yy We Wo sure be 4 parhele wm 2 -d reckisn <= O1*S=0 20 Yn and Pe presley +k 4) 52,45] L collapse Yo WF - * hae hee & necevantly vm [Ll Sz, ->} tndep Preie relabie distance Theic measvremal are comp leYely corelated ,Conmen Cause XG f}|——o- >t a A Pe The colla ve 2D d Py por Pe Jillering oF he Comnoh pass b, jmeasuremealy are tally ank - correla beh [}}]}—<. +> S* | ’, 2 YP pan He lke P, will do ik wth pod = 2 sak canwh have ang ens Non teneous ca} Wence in ealsces) reo ry a meas remeay Caw r Ca an another pant. This insdanteneoo collapse is nob expected Oa oes! theory . Th was sed eet ie The vector ylates 4 Qn be ah have all Phe tabormabeon A Vrestabe (agains) Posh) and br pre dab ketre be ha view and Hk non-localdy cy dve by He lack of injormaton . Heeerssec mea on bon chon bh veckor shake Con Pais Preory) hrdden \enebles Ma so luhion”Tn Pre case qentorgtd shades ius Pacary oneshedd eich Phat Phe sake of He 20° depend one hidden vevablt! Prat de heemines the resvl} of Phe measuremen- of each of. Hher, dor cach porible expen mente sith. Le}'s de be Jello Wing experiment, Measure sional Fesnevas ly the pin o} PLin & divechon wm Vc Poin’ " P, P. Necor dens +o QT, Pe expectadvon valve of phe pode ch Agns pros & Ela,B2.<¥) Fx@eb)¥> tee instance J te} electron measye) Sa and gel +b > \Sa,+> Vhen rrghh ve 22. bm dioke | 5.,-> becaue bebA Spin g ZERO - New lel4 measre SE an right electron and we wank be elo be prombilh bo cbhain @ ves? A oppor be srg from Pe one oblaind Jor the @ Hef.o anaes Vy be v See arcled ony 28 wie 7 (Sg :-4 Se o(-s =) =(u'e i Se, a < ) 7 we, 2 Y : f r dedeon slate _ Baayen eee ely ty to ga bd the spin 4 eon hionrs nensiter ca b di rechun 2 given Hho the spin eT on Leer Have deen HERE HH Adirectran and Pre vers +h PF (S,: loo (a | lsg,4> Cag, b a “€2) z. vokavan 2 4 - / - (G angle hebwecn © antb ) 2 oo -k a Nohce : Me prbebslity ° tndk geadenl ob Pre rest) e) Pre mea suromen- Gn ad Sz Expedahon valve 7 Ye prduck of scyns E la, 20% . ale A 2 +1 Q0-P) +p =1-27 = = \-2a'g = -co® oe » Fob, sane Pai oop StgnOne f He Pell inequa libres Says bho any Loca THEORY | ad hidde nvoriables har bo pot lbs | Et a,b) -Eta,2)) © | Lec | for af any yeh A ar brikeey nee a,b,c Lt) bis pufill Wed Bhi ddenraviadles and Epnstia was itg hb. en : Tahe Pe preview verolk and tobe & and & with an any le 2 alc in Fhemiddle of bh. QM, actor ding ke fhe pcs com puke ten ee: JE (as) - Ela) = |owosg eng) = 4 QM Uvlakes r jel Fou Bell Toeques hy Bel racqrad by 4 virslakkA > Yidenrvariabler des rot A30 Tosbolate 5 Trme evoluh on Bed ween measure menty He system evo) vey followin the equation ; ck = Ids = HI @b> ls Hanuman of He Seem, Taw sy7 tem wikh no Spin we poviste Tho Phe cbvereble avo ciated bow Varrable dike H(z,g,b) vobtacned Xp Ag such Yhab His sel -ady eink. Subtetre, see later. Cxepmple: Ger a porticle with spin VA and charge ©7 Unde @ B: H2-fB < gt SB ee hee im i (ne hinebre poh)le}'s consider the simplst cae (B has valy 2 component ) 34 H- ek Bo -eh (B >) vm ‘ Sm op Eiigens totes are ) Sa4> = (: ) ev. Eyzcke j : - 2m Sameas S, | 5 Sa-> = (7) E,-eh B am hie : Time evelvbion ef the ste ber dS = (or) we obbained Jromselving ch 2\dws =H ies Or => a eek p/ ov bin] aa -bih wilh boo [I Worse as|S,9> bP152, > The solebisa cf Phos equchon with rashal condik on /, ~PEE la, -£ELt/o lds. € (=) +e (2) -teBe +ceBk ao & zm «| Seep +b ec w | sz, aaLel's ge ene stey back 7 the solvbion can be weilten 09 32 ade at) ep” altes) A = weBE = AUeGt co)! loth ese © /\ bttes) b lies: a ao b. we will denote ib Ult,o) UC 0) De time evMrron operator dor Pris pachicvlay ecample . L. lates be state of b20 with the shale ak bime b. More cngencre| CN & quantum system we deine ble me evo ltrug operatse dike Pre one bhat sori fies : [P(WS | Ul bIL ACD Suppose Dok of Le fhe sys beam U ot |Piloo>. AY at ae Phe sysbern evolves fo UC) IG IID. The peleloihhy Pat Pee system © Jon cA ak stole lde> & 7 afer e hme Ba, = 1< A VAC IN) Ca>|C 33 ase. rT é [3 Hs time-indegendeal GO ton cabegra ky : Bie ne with (lbs, bs) oE Ly WO) = ep Pc (e-bay Unda Opembor . Nelice thal the operator only degends on He chjfercore UlE-te) Le This vs related to phe Jack Hint Phe conserahive sys teu jie H indep of ime cive tavanank under tome translation =) Goes nok 3 a privileged origin of tame. Contegvence: If H wo udep fhee 3 an ob. ofstereney slaty | Ya > HIMa> = Ea Ita> From > IY) ed Ie(tad 2 &

la > Ihe evelshon Pre stoke . [¥IpS = Ulh 1) INler> = © - 2 = -iEn (4s) OADProperbes : Ulb, = U(b.t.) Ulb A) bbe “ ULE, b= UCB, BD U(hH) = One can veebbain easily he evolution operetor of Het camp le tn « diveck woy : Cane wed risme He =p HL) LC eBRG (bt) . Why. ETRY ES 2 cof-gBiew)t 4 “gh € Sim (2B le-ea)g = ceB a eer Finally }rom 3) wikh Goebs = or Lrom (GON = UL) | $lE=9> te ns One Can compre (28 | A ceBE ieBL)( OP! ak me -9Cow TP. [Hdepad aqhaly abe | 35 ul can be eeprened presliy tn takegeal form: = Fg fav Ha) UCL) or HA )HCK) Et Ut b) = Plow [af av non [E>ts PINOow(h)) = * Cheonslogieat erdee of Dyson (Gee) HLRDHO) bot, Time evolkion of expectation values : Given an ALY) dgA>= +<4INIQED = diy < . iS ee Steyn * ran I> + FIA (a he <7 vent 2 L<¥lAH-HA\YS Pern AT SIERO 1 28> Uk in oF A dee, mt have nee hoe dep Phin F< 2k >Observables conshant of mobon 26 De). An ob serab le Alb by a cons ban 4 motion q dor ¥irius solhen a Schr. eqvahen : d <4emlaAuleuy =o b —S indeed more in generel Heals polls d , end sol. S.E Using He preven resl b ik d< eA Leos [ + 66d eh WOH lend dr = 0 I 6 A(t n ny pheak 1QGlH >, [elHd etre aches heey caenty pene = Sols. of SC. \ >} LAGs), 105 rok 200) zo «6 ED oF be to Condshon fol filled by Com Obecoblesa7 Typicel case of COM . “A does pot depend explietly on time A Conmutes with bhe Hamilhoman chaAth + LAW, HH =O ak \ hh ) oO A is aconstant of motion More contewed case Al depends on time but such that DA = - 1 LA,H this wold ales be w@ Con at uk